Foreign Trade Operations Research Articles

Issues Relating to the Identification and Customs Examination of Internationally Traded Goods in Uzbekistan

The process of organising customs control of foreign trade operations in the context of an ongoing global pandemic and the urgent need to provide food is an important one. Here, we analyse the methodology of non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity and the interaction between the authorised bodies of Uzbekistan state administrations in this process. The role and place of customs examination in the process of certification of foreign trade goods is explored, including the participation of customs experts from the Central Customs Laboratory. This paper outlines the issues involved in the overall customs clearance process as it relates to the identification of controlled goods, and identifies areas for improvement.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF COOPERATION BETWEEN FREIGHT FORWARDING ENTERPRISES AND CUSTOMS-LOGISTICS INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS

The purpose of the paper is to plan the activities of freight forwarding enterprises when organizing cooperation with customs-logistics infrastructure objects to meet customer needs. The efficiency indicators of cargo customs complexes, customs warehouses, and temporary storage warehouses were analyzed. The process of selecting customs-logistics infrastructure objects with varying levels of organizational, technical, and technological support was investigated. The proposed development will enable specialists of freight forwarding enterprises to form recommendations for cooperation with customs-logistics infrastructure objects in accordance with individual customer needs. Methodology. The determination of technical and operational performance indicators of customs-logistics infrastructure objects was implemented based on a simulation model developed in the GPSS software environment. This approach allows for the identification of deviations of generalized performance indicators of infrastructure objects from benchmark levels, which are formed taking into account customer requirements. Findings. To ensure a high level of competitiveness of the freight forwarding enterprise, it is necessary to use modern software systems capable of implementing management decisions regarding the formation of partnerships with customs-logistics infrastructure objects. Based on the assessment of technical and operational performance indicators of cargo customs complexes, customs warehouses, and temporary storage warehouses, and considering the main requirements of service customers, it becomes possible to select the most efficient business entity for cooperation. A significant advantage of the proposed development is the ability to perform a comparative analysis of the efficiency indicators of all studied enterprises in relation to the benchmark infrastructure object. Originality. The proposed simulation model for selecting customs-logistics infrastructure objects will allow specialists of freight forwarding enterprises to make a choice of intermediary organizations based on a comparative analysis of the technical and operational performance of the studied objects. Practical value. The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the proposed model enables the selection of the customs-logistics infrastructure object that most effectively meets the individual needs of the customer. This will make it possible to plan the work of the freight forwarding enterprise based on the implementation of organizational and management measures that will positively impact the internal processes of the organization and contribute to forming its competitive advantages in the market of freight forwarding services. This implementation will reduce the duration of freight forwarding and customs-logistics services and minimize commercial risks at all stages of foreign trade operations by establishing cooperation with the most efficient intermediary organizations.

Contemporary Challenges in the Digitization of Companies' Foreign Trade Activities

Digitalisation enables companies to significantly reduce costs associated with their foreign trade activities. The implementation of digital technologies simplifies the organization and execution of foreign trade operations, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of exported goods. Furthermore, the widespread adoption of digital technologies within companies' foreign trade activities is driving the emergence of new trends in both the supply and demand of goods. This shift allows for the substitution of expensive resources with more cost-effective alternatives, reduces labour costs, and uncovers previously untapped resources in the production process. The article explores and substantiates the potential benefits of digitalization in the foreign trade activities of companies.

Global changes in the development of the export potential of the grain sub-complex of the agrarian sector of Ukraine

In modern conditions, the export of agricultural products is one of the main sources of income for the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Thus, conducting multi-faceted studies of foreign trade in this sector is relevant. The purpose of the study was to develop estimates of the possibility of developing grain exports in Ukraine based on the analysis of current data on the development of this sector, and individual global trends. The paper investigated global changes in the development of the export potential of the grain and food sub-complex of the agricultural sector of Ukraine. It is proved that the decomposition of the export potential of the grain sub-complex according to the sectoral system of the agrarian sector allows forming a step-by-step methodical assessment of its quantitative and qualitative indicators to determine the compositional integrity of the effective value of the object under study. A comprehensive functional-resource analysis of the parameters of the export potential of the grain sub-complex, which are grouped according to the process approach for calculating the food security of the export chain of grain production entities, is presented. The procedure for assessing the state of food security of the grain sub-complex of the state through the resource component allows diagnosing the export capabilities of subjects of foreign trade operations in the presence of numerous risks. The actual dependence of the gross domestic product of Ukraine on the export of products of the grain sub-complex was determined and its forecast value for a five-year period was calculated. A pessimistic-optimistic scenario of the growth (reduction) of Ukraine’s gross domestic product at the lower and upper limits of realisation of the export potential of the grain sub-complex is given. The conclusions obtained in the framework of the study can be used to form a policy in the agricultural sector of Ukraine

STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INERNATIONAL TRADE IN UKRAINE

Foreign economic security is one of the key aspects of the stable development of the economy of any country, including Ukraine. To strengthen it, it is necessary to develop and implement strategic directions aimed at ensuring reliable and sustainable functioning of the economy and reducing its dependence on external risks. The practical significance of the study of strategies for the development of the State's foreign economic activity is to identify the main guidelines for Ukraine's further development in the context of post-war recovery. The purpose of the study is to identify the main strategic directions for the further development of Ukraine's foreign trade operations caused by the development of the European integration process, the complication of the political and legal situation, and changes in partnership relations between countries. The following priority areas of action have been identified for Ukraine's foreign trade in view of European integration: adherence to and acceleration of the strategic sequence of reforms, taking into account changes in the state of political and economic relations; Increasing financial and technical support from the EU, subject to the conditions for increasing the transparency of cash flows and the efficiency of their use; increasing partnership with non-European countries.

Trade and economic relations of Eastern Caucasus with Russia (17th–18th centuries)

Importance. In the 17th–18th centuries the development and strengthening of trade and economic relations between the peoples of Eastern Caucasus and the Russian state took place, which became systematic since the second half of the 16th century. The urgency of the work is due to the importance of studying these relationships, identifying the ways in which trade and economic relations took place. The aim of the paper is to consider the relations of the peoples of Eastern Caucasus with Russia, to reflect the role of cities, villages acting as trade centers between peoples.Materials and Methods. The object of the study was trade and economic relations of the peoples of Eastern Caucasus with Russia. The main scientific methods used in the paper can be attributed – the method of description, synthesis, analysis, the principle of objectivity, etc.Results and Discussion. It is noted the growing role of cities as trade centers, through which trade routes passed to different countries. Thus, Tersky city is a link in the trade of the peoples of Eastern Caucasus with the Russian state. Local feudal owners are given free trade for loyalty to the Russian state, which testified to the further development of the productive forces of the region and external economic relations. The peoples of Eastern Caucasus traded with the townspeople and merchants of Astrakhan, from Terki to Astrakhan went goods and products of Caucasian production and from Astrakhan to the mountain people are delivered Russian, Western European and Eastern goods. In the 18th century, in Eastern Caucasus there are trading centers, where the exchange of goods is conducted between the plain and the mountainous parts.Conclusion. Initially, the trade of the peoples of Eastern Caucasus with the neighboring peoples is of an exchange nature. Gradually there is a transition to the development of commodity and monetary relations, which is characteristic for foreign trade operations. The local feudal elite are mainly involved in trade, which managed the process through their own people, and later the middle classes became involved.

Чеки как предмет контрабанды денежных инструментов

The Russian Federation is a member of the Customs Union, whose activities are aimed at more effective realization of the common benefits and national interests of its members. In the context of this union, conditions are being created between the participants for deepening economic integration, developing cooperation in the monetary and financial sphere, ensuring the free movement of goods, services and capital, increasing the role of national currencies in foreign trade operations and conducting a coordinated monetary policy. Consequently, within the framework of established contractual relations, compliance with the requirements of currency control and currency regulation contributes to the development of effective ways to influence public relations that are developing regarding the movement of capital. At the same time, statistical data confirm the stability of high rates of damage from smuggling of funds and (or) monetary instruments. The reasons for such indicators are seen in the problems that arise when interpreting the distinctive features of the crime in question, primarily the subject. The article is devoted to the consideration of traveler’s checks and checks (bank checks) as an object of smuggling of monetary instruments.

Study on the Path of Digital Economy for High-Quality Economic Development

In recent years, the financial sectors have encountered significant challenges due to the international trade disputes, particularly between China and the United States. Furthermore, the outbreak of the new tube epidemic has further complicated matters for enterprises, impacting their profitability and foreign trade operations. In response, the financial industry has embraced the digital economy as a crucial aspect of its development, supported by advancements in science and technology and favorable national policies. The global economy is now predominately characterized by digitalization, marking the beginning of a new era for human society. The latest information and communication technologies have reached a mature stage of widespread implementation. Recognizing the pivotal role of the digital economy, leading nations worldwide have strategically chosen to seize new opportunities in the technological revolution and industrial transformation by prioritizing digital economic growth. The aim of this paper is to investigate the digital economy and its principal influencing factors. Drawing upon existing theoretical research, the analysis will focus on various dimensions, including the sustainable framework of the digital economy and its contribution to the high-quality development of the overall economy. The paper will examine the impact of the digital economy on economic growth and propose targeted countermeasures across different dimensions.

Econometric modeling of the mutual impact of import-export operations in the Republic of Azerbaijan

The recent economic changes have led to the formation of new bases for the interaction of the domestic economy with the world economy, which has significantly increased the role of external economic factors in the country’s development. The volume of foreign trade, as well as the structure of export and import of goods, is mainly determined by the state of the country’s economy and production. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the impact of economic factors such as the volume of industrial production and domestic consumption, the volume of gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income, the ratio of domestic and world prices, and the real exchange rate of the national currency. The primary objective of this article is to statistically analyze, reflect, and forecast the volume of export and import during the transition period of the economic development of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The econometric analysis of foreign trade operations, specifically import-export activities, in the Republic of Azerbaijan for the years 1995-2022 has been conducted in this research. Econometric research approaches were implemented using the operations of the Eviews 8 program package. Regression analysis, correlation analysis, construction of graphs, Descriptive Statistics, Dickey-Fuller test, Granger test, Cusum test, and Cointegration were performed using the tools in the Eviews 8 application package for evaluation.

ОЦІНКА СТАНУ РОЗВИТКУ МОЛОКОПРОДУКТОВОГО ПІДКОМПЛЕКСУ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article defines the essence and structure of the dairy subcomplex as an important component of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, focusing on changes in its localization with the outbreak of full-scale military operations. The results of the functioning of its main sectors: cattle breeding and production of dairy raw materials, milk processing, export-import commodity operations with dairy products and the sphere of consumption are investigated. It is found that Lviv region, with its considerable potential, does not show good results in the domestic market of raw milk, but due to its territorial remoteness from the area of direct hostilities, it has to some extent strengthened its competitive position in this market. There are significant differences in the structure of raw milk production in the region compared to the national figures, and the same disproportions are typical for foreign trade operations with dairy products. At the same time, there are a significant number of milk processing enterprises operating in the region, both local, interregional and national. The analysis of the situation showed that over the past five years, there have been steady deterioration trends in almost all sectors of the dairy subcomplex in Lviv region. These include high costs of keeping livestock, reduced livestock numbers (especially in households), lower milk yields, difficulty ensuring high quality raw milk and sufficient quantities in private households, unfavourable pricing policy on the foreign dairy market, low solvency of the population, negative demographic changes, and a difficult security situation due to the ongoing military operations in the country, a serious shortage of energy resources, which makes it difficult or even impossible to ensure the proper quality of dairy products in the supply chain. To support domestic dairy producers in the region, programs are being implemented to support farming and small manufacturing businesses, numerous grants are being provided, and production cooperation is taking place with the involvement of foreign private and public investment, which is yielding positive results. Also, the dairy industry in Lviv region actively promotes its products in the retail market, which ensures high ratings throughout the country, and is engaged in both meeting the needs of defenders and their social support.

FINANCIAL POLICY OF UKRAINE IN THE DEVELOPING ITS FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS

At the present stage of development of the market economy in Ukraine, the priority is the steady inclusion of the domestic economy in the system of international division of labor and global integration processes. One of the stages of our country's integration into the world is the intensification of Ukraine's trade relations with the countries of the European Union. Therefore, Ukraine's financial policy should be aimed at shaping integration priorities. The basis of financial policy are strategic directions, which determine the long-term and medium-term prospects for the use of finance and provide for solving the main tasks of society. At the same time, the state takes a number of measures aimed at using financial relations in terms of solving tactical tasks, namely - to mobilize and effectively use financial resources, regulate foreign trade processes, stimulate the development of STP, certain sectors of the economy, certain territories. Therefore, we can state the fact that Ukraine has chosen integration into the European Union as a priority of its integration into world structures. After all, the focus on the European Union it's a significant capital markets, new technologies, higher standards of production, and environmental protection. Ukraine's integration with the EU is also important as a reform-stimulating factor for its economy, legal framework, and the main means of avoiding the threat of being outside the common European home. Thus, in the article are analysed the basic strategic direction of financial policy, which focused on the intensification of foreign trade cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. Are assessed the obstacles that negatively affect at the further development of the foreign trade sector of Ukraine's economy . The main causes of the investment crisis in the country as a factor in reducing integration processes are highlighted. The model of formation of the optimum system of financing of foreign trade operations is offered. Recommendations for the formation of an optimal system of regulation of foreign economic activity in Ukraine are formulated. Are offered the main directions of financial policy improvement in the conditions of European integration development of the country.

ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND DYNAMICS OF UKRAINE'S FOREIGN TRADE IN FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF A FULL-SCALE INVASION WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE FTA+ WITH THE EU

ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND DYNAMICS OF UKRAINE'S FOREIGN TRADE IN FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF A FULL-SCALE INVASION WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE FTA+ WITH THE EU

Risk management system as a tool of Customs Protectionism in the context of changing Economic policy of Russia

Subject/topic. This article examines the development of the risk management system used in customs control by the customs authorities of Russia as an instrument of customs protectionism. Goals/tasks. The purpose of the study is to determine the importance of the risk management system in ensuring the protection of national economic interests in the context of changes in Russia's economic policy. The objectives of the work include: identifying the impact of the risk management system on the transparency of foreign trade operations and economic sustainability; establishing the adaptability of its application for the purposes of economic policy; identifying promising areas for its improvement. Methodology. The work uses general scientific methods (collection, analysis, synthesis) of information. To obtain intermediate conclusions, the method of structural-dynamic analysis, structural analysis, and analysis of the source base was applied. The conclusions obtained in the results are due to the use of logical research methods. Results. It has been established that customs risk management is carried out in accordance with international standards involving the reduction of administrative barriers in the implementation of foreign economic activity and ensuring trade security, as well as national standards in the field of risk management. The effectiveness and expediency of applying a modern risk management system in order to increase the transparency of foreign trade operations and the stability of the economy is proved. It is revealed that the risk management system is effectively used as a tool to protect Russian foreign trade participants under international restrictions. The expediency of modernizing the risk management system in terms of expanding and unifying its application within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as through the introduction of artificial intelligence methods into its algorithms, is argued. Conclusions/significance. The authors conclude that the risk management system is of significant importance as a tool of customs protectionism in the context of changes in Russia's economic policy. The results obtained on the adaptability of the risk management system to modern goals and objectives of economic policy can be taken into account when developing mechanisms for implementing state regulation of economic processes both in the aspect of domestic economy and in the aspect of international economic interaction.

Sanitary and hygienic control both of goods and foreign trade operations at fairs of the Volga region over the XIX century

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation and development of sanitary and hygienic control at the largest and local fairs of such vast region of the Russian Empire as the Volga region during the XIX century. Particular attention is paid to legislative acts in the field of fair trade and compliance with sanitary measures in the implementation of both retail and wholesale (including foreign) trade. The author analyzes normative legal acts, decisions of regional (provincial and city) authorities on the definition of sanitary rules of trade, as well as control over trade operations during fairs. 
 A significant layer of pre-revolutionary research has been studied, including monographs, narrative sources, statistical collections, journalistic materials, etc. The paper notes the basic principles of the management of fair trade in the Volga region, the preventive and prohibitive measures of the fair guidelines for the prevention and spread of infectious and other diseases, epizootics and epiphytotics. The analysis of preventive measures in crowded places, providing visitors with drinking water, food, etc. is presented. Sanitary and hygienic rules are noted in the implementation of foreign trade operations at the Volga Region fairs, taking into account the specifics of goods, their origin, etc.

Doctrinal Basis for Financial and Legal Regulation of Parallel Imports in the Russian Federation

This article is devoted to the consideration of issues related to the formation of a modern financial and legal concept for regulating the parallel import of a number of goods into the territory of the Russian Federation. The basis of the study was the objective needs of modern Russian society in achieving the national development goals of the state as a guarantee of its sovereignty, which determines the public law nature of the regulation of parallel imports in the Russian Federation. It has been established that parallel imports within the framework of the concept being formed are considered as a multidimensional concept: a type of economic activity and a type of public financial activity. In the course of the study, various groups of public relations were identified that are developing in the field of public financial activity regarding the implementation of foreign trade operations in the parallel import mode. Conceptual proposals on the doctrine and regulation of these social relations in the norms of financial law are formulated.

The Gold Mining Industry of Magadan Oblast under Sanctions: Risks for the Region

—The introduction of a new package of sanctions in connection with the start of a military operation in Ukraine in 2022 is particularly changing the conditions for functioning of Russia’s gold mining industry, which uses high-performance foreign equipment for mining and sells its output on the global market. The article considers the factors complicating the industry and which have triggered an increase in production costs and decrease in the sale price of gold: a ban on foreign trade operations for the largest partner banks of subsoil users, an embargo by foreign countries on the purchase of Russian gold and import of foreign equipment and spare parts, and the Russian Central Bank’s decrease in the dollar/ruble exchange rate from May 2022 to January 2023. The case of a specific enterprise in Magadan oblast was used to assess the efficiency of placer gold mining under the changed conditions as of July 2022 and the forecast for 2023. Federal and regional measures were proposed to help smooth the severity of emerging problems in the industry and consequences for the economy of this single-resource northern region.

Construction of a simulation model of goods delivery in international road transportation taking into account the functioning efficiency of logistics supply chain

The object of this study is the process of goods delivery in international road transport using various types of logistics chains. The problem being solved is due to the need to develop recommendations for exporters of goods to reformat or design new supply chains during wartime. The expediency of organizing foreign trade operations by the cargo owners' own forces or with the involvement of enterprises providing logistics consulting services is considered. A simulation model of goods delivery in international road traffic was built and implemented in the GPSS World simulation automation package. The model involves the optimization of organizational and technological processes related to the activity of both a separate link and the entire supply chain. The study takes into account the components of the time characteristics of the performance of preparatory work when establishing cooperation with institutions and organizations, as well as the direct service of the exporter. The application of the developed model in practical activities will provide an opportunity for exporters to obtain information about the duration and reliability of the stages of a foreign trade operation and the feasibility of involving consulting enterprises in cooperation. At the same time, the simulation results reflect the performance indicators of the proposed supply chains when delivering goods by road transport along various routes. The proposed simulation model will make it possible to reduce the time spent searching for links in the formation of a supply chain by 8–12 %, and the duration of a foreign trade operation by 10–14 %. Thus, the reliability of cooperation with intermediary organizations will increase by 8–11 %

ABOUT FOREIGN EXPERIENCES ON EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF TAXATION OF FOREIGN TRADE OPERATIONS

In the article, the possibilities of using foreign experiences regarding the effective management of the practice of taxation of foreign trade operations at the current stage of economic liberalization and modernization in the Republic of Uzbekistan are scientifically substantiated.

Оценка и перспектива развития внешнеторговых операций в национальных валютах.

The article considers issues related to importance of exports and imports for the Russian economy as a development factor in the face of uncertainty and sanctions pressure, as well as the prospects for reorienting of foreign trade operations from west to east.

L comercio exterior del Ecuador, 1890-1950

At the end of the 19th century, Ecuador was integrated into international markets through esports of cocoa. In the mid-twentieth century, bananas became the most important product in Ecuadorian export basket. In this period, Ecuador’s foreign trade operations were subject to dynamics that deserve discussion. From a descriptive perspective, this paper analyzes several elements of Ecuadorian foreign trade: the reliability of local foreign trade statistics registered by Ecuador, its exportable supply, the behavior of imports and, finally, the geographical composition of the foreign trade flows of this small and open economy.