Foreign Object Research Articles

A Critical Review of Laser Shock Peening of Aircraft Engine Components

Many aviation accidents are caused by the failure of aircraft engine components, and engine blades are especially vulnerable to high‐cycle fatigue fracture in severe working environments as well as to impact damage caused by foreign objects. To address this problem, the United States took the lead and has been successful in implementing laser shock peening (LSP) as a surface treatment for aircraft engine components to enhance their fatigue performance. This review provides an overview of the development of LSP for use in treating aircraft engine components over the past three decades, with a brief introduction to the development of high‐energy pulsed lasers for LSP. A particular focus of this review is on the limitations and challenges associated with the application of LSP for treating critical aircraft engine components. It is hoped that this review serves as a reference for future research and development that can lead to better performance of these components.

Biomembrane‐inspired design of medical micro/nanorobots: From cytomembrane stealth cloaks to cellularized Trojan horses

AbstractMicro/nanorobots are promising for a wide range of biomedical applications (such as targeted tumor, thrombus, and infection therapies in hard‐to‐reach body sites) because of their tiny size and high maneuverability through the actuation of external fields (e.g., magnetic field, light, ultrasound, electric field, and/or heat). However, fully synthetic micro/nanorobots as foreign objects are susceptible to phagocytosis and clearance by diverse phagocytes. To address this issue, researchers have attempted to develop various cytomembrane‐camouflaged micro/nanorobots by two means: (1) direct coating of micro/nanorobots with cytomembranes derived from living cells and (2) the swallowing of micro/nanorobots by living immunocytes via phagocytosis. The camouflaging with cytomembranes or living immunocytes not only protects micro/nanorobots from phagocytosis, but also endows them with new characteristics or functionalities, such as prolonging propulsion in biofluids, targeting diseased areas, or neutralizing bacterial toxins. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances and developments of cytomembrane‐camouflaged medical micro/nanorobots. We first discuss how cytomembrane coating nanotechnology has been employed to engineer synthetic nanomaterials, and then we review in detail how cytomembrane camouflage tactic can be exploited to functionalize micro/nanorobots. We aim to bridge the gap between cytomembrane‐cloaked micro/nanorobots and nanomaterials and to provide design guidance for developing cytomembrane‐camouflaged micro/nanorobots.

Effects of Different Materials on Residual Stress Fields of Blade Damaged by Foreign Objects.

Foreign object damage (FOD) is a common mode of failure in high-speed rotating machinery, such as aircraft engines. Therefore, research on FOD is crucial for ensuring blade integrity. FOD induces residual stress on the surface and within the blade, impacting its fatigue strength and service life. Therefore, this paper utilizes material parameters determined by existing experiments, based on the Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive model, to numerically simulate impact damage inflicted on specimens, compare and analyze the residual stress distribution of impact pits, and investigate the influence law of foreign object characteristics on blade residual stress. TC4 titanium alloy, 2A12 aluminum alloy, and Q235 steel were selected as foreign objects, and dynamic numerical simulations of the blade impact process were performed to explore the effects of different types of metal foreign objects. This study analyzes the influence of different materials and foreign objects on the residual stress generated by blade impact through numerical simulation, examining the distribution of residual stress in different directions. The findings indicate that the generated residual stress increases with the density of the materials. Additionally, the geometry of the impact notch is also influenced by the density difference between the impact material and the blade. The distribution of the residual stress field reveals that the maximum residual tensile stress in the blade is related to the density ratio, and the residual tensile stress in the axial and circumferential direction is relatively large. It is important to note that a significant residual tensile stress has a detrimental effect on the fatigue strength.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN IMUNITAS TUBUH DALAM PENCEGAHAN COVID-19

The specific immune system has the ability to recognize objects that are considered foreign to itself. The first foreign object that appears in the body is immediately recognized by the specific immune system, which will sensitize the immune system. The immune system has three main functions, namely the function of being able to recognize and distinguish various molecular targets and also have a specific response, the ability to distinguish between self-antigens and foreign antigens, and the ability through previous experience of contact with pathogens. foreign substances react faster and faster than the first contact. The method used is the health education method, efforts to increase body immunity in preventing COVID-19 in Jati Village, Jaten District, Karanganyar Regency, and carried out in March 2021. The results of the evaluation after the counseling were that most of the participants understood the problems they were experiencing. There was a change and an increase in the knowledge of the participants from the respondents' knowledge level of good (41%), sufficient (56%) and less (3%) then after counseling there was a change in the level of knowledge from good to (71%) and sufficient knowledge level (29%)

O167 A decade of NHS never events – has formal reporting made a difference?

Abstract Introduction NHS England defines “Never Events” (NE) as 'patient safety incidents that are wholly preventable where guidance or safety recommendations that provide strong systemic protective barriers are available at a national level and have been implemented by healthcare providers’. NHS Organisations were required to publish NE data from April 2012. This project aims to identify changes in NE patterns to help inform training. Methods Published data between April 2012 and March 2022 was collected from NHS England. Data processing and manipulation was carried out using Microsoft Excel. Results A total of n=4,055 NE and n=175,920,530 procedures were reported. During the 2020-2021 year there were significantly less (p=0.029) NE compared to 2019-2020, however the rate of NE per million procedures (25 vs 27) remained unchanged p=0.18. Overall, there appears to be an increasing trend in NE, p<0.001. The majority of NE related to wrong site surgery, n=1,628(40%), retained foreign objects, n=1,090(27%) and wrong implant/prosthesis, n=506(12%), p<0.001. Within wrong site surgery, the most common NE was wrong procedure, n=529(32%), followed by laterality errors, n=391(24%), p<0.001. Conclusion The results demonstrate that despite systemic protective barriers such as the WHO Checklist, overall rate of NE has not reduced. This is likely to be confounded by changes in reporting as well as definitions, for example from April 2021 wrong tooth extraction was not considered a NE. The importance of Human Factors must not be overlooked, and NHS Trusts should consider formal provision of such training for all those in clinical roles.

Detection of Secondary Side Position for Segmented Dynamic Wireless Charging Systems Based on Primary Phase Angle Sensing

In dynamic wireless charging systems, the detection of secondary side positions has been attracting much attention in academic research. Due to the strong electromagnetic interference and the presence of foreign objects in the charging area, the use of conventional detection methods such as wireless communication and infrared techniques may be problematic; therefore, as an alternative to solve the above problem, a new detection method based on phase angle sensing is proposed in this paper. Through phase analysis of the primary input impedance and by reference to the relationship between the input port phase angle and the secondary side position, the proposed method is able to sense the secondary side position in real time. In addition, an analysis of the sensitivity of the proposed method to parameter variations is also carried out. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed position detection method, a dynamic wireless charging system with four segments is built for experimental verification. The experimental results show that when the phase angle threshold is set at 300°, the secondary side position can be accurately identified, and the proposed method is quite robust within a parameter deviation of up to 4%.

Verification of Airport Pavement Serviceability Level Index Components Proposed by the Federal Aviation Administration

The Federal Aviation Administration is developing new design procedures for extending airport pavement life beyond 20 years based on the concept of serviceability: the measure of a how well a pavement fulfills user expectations. A key element is a new distress “mega-index” whose elements are intended to represent the independent components of airport pavement serviceability: low foreign object damage potential, low skid potential, and smoothness. This research verifies the assumption that these three components completely describe airport pavement serviceability and proposes an improved probability-based form for the mega-index. The new form has several anticipated advantages including a real-world meaning, the expectation that it can be integrated into a risk management system, and the ability to break down condition into multiple submodels with separate inputs to improve the accuracy of pavement condition predictions.

Gradual changes in model shape affect egg-directed behaviours by parasitic shiny cowbirds Molothrus bonariensis in captivity.

Eggs are critically important for avian reproduction as all birds are oviparous. Accordingly, the recognition and care of own eggs represent the cornerstones of avian breeding, whereas the elimination of foreign objects, including brood-parasitic eggs and non-egg items from the nest are known to also increase fitness by refocusing incubation effort on the parents' own eggs. But egg recognition also plays a role in some avian obligate brood parasites' reproductive strategy through the pecking of already present eggs in the hosts' clutch to reduce nestmate competition with the parasite's own hatchling. Here we tested egg shape recognition in this parasitic egg-pecking context by exposing two different series of 3D printed models to captive obligate brood-parasitic shiny cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) in artificial nests. Natural egg-shaped models were pecked more often compared with increasingly thinner models, but there was no effect of increasing angularity on pecking rates, implying that a natural, rather than an artificial, range of variability elicited adaptive responses from parasitic cowbirds.

Ingested Nasopharyngeal Swab for Viral Testing Retained in a Child's Duodenum.

We face a variety of foreign object ingestions. However, we agree that any object longer than 6 cm is not likely to be excreted spontaneously (1). This is the case of a child ingesting a nasal swab accidentally that stayed in the duodenum. The nasal test for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using a flock swab with breakpoints was administered to a 4-year-old boy presenting with fever at a clinic. Although his mother held him, he moved during the test, thus breaking the swab. On computed tomography, the ingested swab was in the stomach and advanced to the third portion of the duodenum after 5 days (Fig. 1A); spontaneous passage was expected. Four weeks since the entry, he was referred to our hospital. No gastrointestinal symptoms or food intake issues were noted. On endoscopy, the foreign body remained in the same location (Fig. 1B), with a mildly red mucosa but without ulceration. The 9-cm-long swab was removed (Fig. 2), and he was discharged the next day without complications.FIGURE 1.: Nasal swab retained in the third portion of the duodenum. A) Computed tomography 5 d after the accidental ingestion. B) Endoscopic image. The top of the nasal swab was on the anorectal side. Only mild redness was seen on the contact surface.FIGURE 2.: Top: Unused swab. Bottom: Swab removed from the patient, fractured at the breakpoint (arrow).Adverse events of nasal swab testing, including accidental ingestion even in an infant, have become common due to the increased number of COVID-19–related tests with the widespread use of nasal swabs with a breakpoint at its handle (2–4). In this case, spontaneous excretion was expected due to its flexibility. However, the length of the swab made it difficult. Nasal swabs can even perforate the sigmoid colon of adults (5). If nasal swab with a breakpoint is ingested, endoscopic removal should be attempted. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our sincere appreciation to the parents of the child who gave us their consent of this case report.

SwinTD: Transformer-based detection network for foreign objects in the cut section of tobacco packets

This study proposes a Swin Transformer for Tobacco Detection (SwinTD) to detect foreign objects in the cut section of tobacco packets. SwinTD uses a Swin Transformer to model the relationship between foreign objects and the background. Meanwhile, a local enhancement block is proposed to enhance the global modeling ability. Then, the Swin Transformer D-Block is proposed, which introduces dense connections, increases the reuse of features, and avoids overfitting. Subsequently, the Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) is adopted to fuse the multi-stage feature maps of the Swin Transformer. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an AP50 of 96.4% with the backbone network Swin-T in a cut-section dataset of tobacco packets. Also, the robustness and feasibility of the network are verified on two public datasets, namely the NEU-DET dataset and the rubber lumber dataset. The proposed method achieves an AP50 of 72.2% and 88.6% with the backbone network Swin-B. The datasets and program code used in this paper are available at https://github.com/QDLGARIM.

Rice Foreign Object Classification Based on Integrated Color and Textural Feature Using Machine Learning

Rice Foreign Object Classification Based on Integrated Color and Textural Feature Using Machine Learning

Pendekatan Diagnosis Holistik Pasien Asma Melalui Pendekatan Dokter Keluarga di Puskesmas Ulee Kareng

Asthma is a chronic disease that interferes with the airway due to inflammation and swelling of the walls in the airways so that becomes very sensitive to the entry of foreign objects which cause an overreaction. Based on data from the Ministry of Health for 2020, the number of asthma sufferers in Indonesia is 4.5% of the total population of Indonesia or as many as 12 million more. Meanwhile, based on Aceh Health Service in 2022, it was noted that Asthma sufferers in the Banda Aceh area has reached 11,534 cases. This study is a case report study with data obtained through autoanamnesis, physical examination, home visit to complete family data, psychosocial, and environmental data. Patient Mrs. NS, 51 years old, came with complaints of coughing and a runny nose for 3 days before coming to the Ulee Kareng Health Center, occasionally the patient coughed to the point of causing chest pain. The patient already has a history of asthma since elementary school. The application of family doctor services to asthma patients is necessary to prevent acute exacerbations and prevent the occurrence of asthma in the patient's family.

Expediting emergent MRI in acute ischemic stroke by extending CT scout image: a simple intervention to decrease time to treatment (P11-5.010)

<h3>Objective:</h3> We revised our acute stroke CT protocol to reduce time to MRI in acute ischemic stroke. <h3>Background:</h3> “Time is brain” in acute stroke. Patients requiring emergent MR imaging in the emergency department prior to thrombolytic treatment (e.g. wake-up strokes, iodinated contrast allergy, assessment of DWI/FLAIR mismatch) must undergo the MRI safety screen for implantable devices and foreign metallic bodies. Patient factors including neurologic deficits, language barrier, or lack of information on implantable devices make the screening process time-consuming. If patients cannot complete the safety checklist, radiographic clearance with chest and abdomen x-rays is pursued which delays time to treatment. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> We revised our CT acute stroke radiology protocol to include scout images from the head to the femur to screen for foreign bodies, implantable devices or metallic objects. Standard CTA head and neck scout images previously only extended to the mid-chest. The new protocol obviates need for MRI screening checklist in emergent situations and allows to proceed directly from CT to MRI with the assistance of the radiologist interpreting the scout image. <h3>Results:</h3> Our multidisciplinary stroke team has implemented this change in our emergency department CT acute stroke protocol. The difference in additional radiation exposure is minimal to non-significant; the estimated total radiation dose of the topogram for the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvic regions is approximately 0.24mSv (of which only the abdomen and pelvis are additional in this protocol). In comparison, the radiation dose of a standard abdomen/pelvis radiograph is 0.7mSv. Data collection is ongoing to measure impact on door to needle time. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Revision of the CT stroke protocol to extend the CT scout from the head to the femur can expedite clearance for emergent MRI in patients who are candidates for thrombolysis or thrombectomy at no significant expense or radiation. This has potential to reduce time to acute stroke treatment. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Aghajan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gupta has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for •

Incidental Diagnosis of Foreign Object in Untreated Rootcanal Tooth – A Case Report

Incidental Diagnosis of Foreign Object in Untreated Rootcanal Tooth – A Case Report

Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Applications for Bone Tissue Engineering

The skeletal system is a key support structure within the body. Bones have unique abilities to grow and regenerate after injury. Some injuries or degeneration of the tissues cannot rebound and must be repaired by the implantation of foreign objects following injury or disease. This process is invasive and does not always improve the quality of life of the patient. New techniques have arisen that can improve bone replacement or repair. 3D bioprinting employs a printer capable of printing biological materials in multiple directions. 3D bioprinting potentially requires multiple steps and additional support structures, which may include the use of hydrogels for scaffolding. In this review, we discuss normal bone physiology and pathophysiology and how bioprinting can be adapted to further the field of bone tissue engineering.

Common Failures in Hydraulic Kaplan Turbine Blades and Practical Solutions.

Kaplan turbines, as one of the well-known hydraulic turbines, are generally utilized worldwide for low-head and high-flow conditions. Any failure in each of the turbine components can result in long-term downtime and high repair costs. In a particular case, if other parts are damaged due to the impact of the broken blades (e.g., the main shaft of the turbine), the whole power plant may be shut down. On the other hand, further research on the primary causes of failures in turbines can help improve the present failure evaluation methodologies in power plants. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to present the major causes of Kaplan turbine failures to prevent excessive damage to the equipment and provide practical solutions for them. In general, turbines are mainly subjected to both Internal Object Damage (IOD) and Foreign Object Damage (FOD). Accordingly, this paper presents a state-of-the-art review of Kaplan turbine failures related to material and physical defects, deficiencies in design, deficits in manufacturing and assembly processes, corrosion failures, fatigue failure, cavitation wear, types of cavitation in hydro turbines, hydro-abrasive problems, and hydro-erosion problems. Eventually, the authors have attempted to discuss practical hints (e.g., nanostructured coatings) to prevent damages and improve the performance of Kaplan turbines.

A Rubber Protective Barrier for Oral Protection Against Accidental Swallowing

Background: During dental treatment, it is often necessary to isolate the teeth from the oral environment with a rubber barrier so that saliva does not flow into the doctor's operating area, and to prevent the tongue from being scratched by dental instruments during treatment, and to prevent the inhalation or swallowing of foreign bodies due to human error. Objective: To provide an oral anti-swallowing rubber protection barrier for medical procedures without the need for wetting the tooth surface. Method: The oral anti-swallowing rubber protective barrier includes a pharyngeal barrier body, a tongue sleeve body, a bracket, a first elastic fixing member and a second elastic fixing member. With this new oral anti-swallowing rubber protective barrier, on the one hand, the support frame is used to support the pharyngeal barrier body to form a protective barrier for the pharyngeal passage to prevent inhalation or swallowing of foreign bodies; on the other hand, the tongue sleeve body is used to cover the tongue to prevent dental instruments from accidentally injuring the tongue. The use of the telescopic and spring-loaded connecting bar ensures that the curved bar is held against the palate while the height is adjusted according to the size of the patient's opening, extending the range of application; the use of the elastic fixing member stuck to the posterior area of the molar not only holds the rubber protective barrier in place but also assists in holding the mouth open. Results: The use of the rubber barrier in oral treatment is clinically effective and can significantly improve patient comfort and reduce treatment complications. Conclusion: An oral anti-swallowing rubber shield is provided to solve the problem of inadvertent swallowing of foreign objects such as instruments during medical operations without wetting the tooth surface.

Metaheruistic Optimization Based Ensemble Machine Learning Model for Designing Detection Coil with Prediction of Electric Vehicle Charging Time

An efficient charging time forecasting reduces the travel disruption that drivers experience as a result of charging behavior. Despite the machine learning algorithm’s success in forecasting future outcomes in a range of applications (travel industry), estimating the charging time of an electric vehicle (EV) is relatively novel. It can help the end consumer plan their trip based on the estimation data and, hence, reduce the waste of electricity through idle charging. This increases the sustainability factor of the electric charging station. This necessitates further research into the machine learning algorithm’s ability to predict EV charging time. Foreign object recognition is an essential auxiliary function to improve the security and dependability of wireless charging for electric vehicles. A comparable model is used to create the object detection circuit in this instance. Within this research, the ensemble machine learning methods employed to estimate EV charging times included random forest, CatBoost, and XGBoost, with parameters being improved through the metaheuristic Ant Colony Optimization algorithm to obtain higher accuracy and robustness. It was demonstrated that the proposed Ensemble Machine Learning Ant Colony Optimization (EML_ACO) algorithm achieved 20.5% of R2, 19.3% of MAE, 21% of RMSE, and 23% of MAPE in the training process. In comparison, it achieves 12.4% of R2, 13.3% of MAE, 21% of RMSE, and 12.4% of MAPE during testing.

Repeated Intentional Swallowing of Foreign Objects by an Adolescent Girl (Case Report)

Introduction: Intentional swallowing of foreign objects is a relatively rare psychopathological behavior. Adolescents and young adults may carry out this act to hurt themselves or even suicide. Often, most reports related to deliberate swallowing are typically either surgical or gastrointestinal and rarely are found in psychiatric articles; more often, the swallowed foreign objects (80 - 90%) are disposed of spontaneously, and 10 - 20% of them require endoscopy for more study and less than 1% of them need surgery to be removed or its complications. Case Presentation: The presented patient is a 17-year-old girl admitted to the psychosomatic ward of Afzalipour Hospital due to intentional poisoning. During the year before her admission, on three separate occasions, she detached the knife blade from its haft and swallowed it. She underwent laparotomy twice, one time for sigmoid tearing and damage to the left Ovary, to remove the knife and regeneration of the left ovary and sigmoid, and another time to remove the knife in order not to cause damage to her intestines. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in the world in which an ovary has been damaged. Further investigation into her background shows some extent of privation due to her family's long-term economic problems and instability; moreover, sexual and physical abuse was also confirmed. The patient was prescribed clozapine, which decreased her suicidal behavior and attempts noticeably. Conclusions: Swallowing foreign bodies in this patient is interpreted as both self-punishment and punishing others (those who thought they were hurt or may be blamed for their despair or rejection). Intentional swallowing of foreign objects behavior is more resistant than other self-harming activities and may have a worse prognosis. Swallowing foreign objects requires a sophisticated process that, if not correctly managed, may result in serious complications; therefore, appropriate psychiatric counseling and supportive treatment are necessary for these patients. Specific to this patient eliminating the effects of suicide and reaching medical stability with a short admission was necessary. Her suicidal behavior and attempts decreased significantly after starting clozapine treatment. Therefore, clozapine treatment is recommended for patients with suicidal behavior and self-harm.

A supramolecular gel-elastomer system for soft iontronic adhesives

Electroadhesion provides a promising route to augment robotic functionalities with continuous, astrictive, and reversible adhesion force. However, the lack of suitable conductive/dielectric materials and processing capabilities have impeded the integration of electroadhesive modules into soft robots requiring both mechanical compliance and robustness. We present herein an iontronic adhesive based on a dynamically crosslinked gel-elastomer system, including an ionic organohydrogel as adhesive electrodes and a resilient polyurethane with high electrostatic energy density as dielectric layers. Through supramolecular design and synthesis, the dual-material system exhibits cohesive heterolayer bonding and autonomous self-healing from damages. Iontronic soft grippers that seamlessly integrate actuation, adhesive prehension, and exteroceptive sensation are devised via additive manufacturing. The grippers can capture soft and deformable items, bear high payload under reduced voltage input, and rapidly release foreign objects in contrast to electroadhesives. Our materials and iontronic mechanisms pave the way for future advancement in adhesive-enhanced multifunctional soft devices.