Foreign Migration Research Articles

THE LABOUR MIGRATION INFLUENCE ON KAZAKHSTANCHINESE RELATIONS

The article considers the process of Chinese migration to Kazakhstan. The piece analyzes the preconditions, flow, geography, and composition of labor migration; and predicts the possible consequences in the future. The article summarizes the results of surveys and social research conducted in Kazakhstan in different years. The analysis shows that widespread claims about Chinese demographic expansion in Kazakhstan are unfounded. However, it was noted that the uncontrolled expansion of China's economic presence, especially in strategically important sectors of Kazakhstan's economy, could lead to a rapid and large-scale increase in the flow of legitimate foreign migration from China.

Türkiye’de Göçmenlere Yönelik Sosyal Koruma Rejiminde Değişim ve İşgücü Piyasalarına Etkileri

Turkey has been exposed to constant migration flows in the historical process, and Anatolia has been shaped as a migration geography. The civil war in Syria in 2011 became a turning point in migration to Turkey. The Turkish social welfare regime, which mostly covers immigrants from Europe, has been reshaped after the influx of Syrian refugees. This study deals with the impact of the change in the social welfare regime on the migration movements towards Turkey. On the other hand, the effect of opportunity areas in the labor market in Turkey on foreign migration, which has been in a constantly increasing trend after 2011, is evaluated. The welfare regime models to which the countries belong are shown among the main motivations of the migration mobility to that country. In this respect, the access of immigrants to a range of social rights is evaluated according to the welfare regime of immigrant country. In this context, the social protection regime for immigrants is analyzed based on Turkey's welfare regime model. The literature on migration in Turkey mostly tends to deal with Syrian migrants and the problem of mutual integration and exclusion of this group. However, increasing migration movements in recent years put forward labor migration in migration from different geographies to Turkey. In this respect, the reasons of why immigrants prefer Turkey are discussed based on both the scope of the social protection regime and the opportunities in the labor market. While the social protection regime tends to cover mostly Syrians under Temporary Protection, the increased mobility of other migrants to Turkey is largely due to opportunities in the labor market.

The state of public participation in the EIA process and its role in South Africa: a case of Xolobeni

ABSTRACT Public participation is an integral part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, as it provides opportunities for interested and affected parties (I&APs) to participate in the decision making process. This process is part of the legislative regime in South Africa and recognized as the main instrument to ensure that the proposed development is sustainable from a triple-helix perspective (i.e., ecological, socially, and economically sustainable). Therefore, the paper describes a case of public engagement in Xolobeni, located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, as well as the environmental politics that evolved from arguments that favoured development over environmental conservation. The proposed mining project was known as the Xolobeni mining development project. The Department of Minerals and Petroleum Resources announced in 2005 that an Australian company, Transworld Energy and Minerals (TEM), would establish a mining development project in Xolobeni to mine red sand dunes contained within five blocks, each named after the river that runs through it on its southern border. The Department of Minerals and Energy is the exclusive custodian of mining licences and thus the only Department that issues them, according to the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28 of 2002). When seeking mining rights, it also requires corporations to consult with local populations. The Amadiba Crisis Committee filed a mining licence appeal based on a lack of consultation. One of the complications was also brought about by the divided community. TEM’s solicitors sent a redacted copy of the mining right application to the community on 3 February 2016. The community was informed that drilling would begin on February 22nd, and that force would be employed if access was not granted. Following the receipt of the mining rights copy, an objection was lodged under section 10 of the MPRDA. The people resisted because they did not want their land, to be taken away. The community also opposed the proposed mining because they were concerned about the negative social, economic, and environmental effects. The land in Xolobeni was also used by the community for agriculture, or tourism and they did not want to lose that. The community also resists the migration of foreigners who wish to dwell in their village, fearing that they will overrun their way of life and impose a social lifestyle commonly connected with mining activity. The preceding study highlights the potential for conflict when communities reject the establishment of mining enterprises. As a result, the goal of this study is to see if incorporating community agreement into South Africa’s legal requirements for granting a mining licence could help to reduce community unrest. The High Court ruled in favour of Xolobeni residents in this mining rights case

Preferences Over Foreign Migration

AbstractDo existing theories regarding the impact of foreign migration explain preferences in non-oecd countries? The author adapts and applies explanations for opposition to migration in the Arabian Gulf, a significant region in global migration today, using a survey experiment implemented in Qatar. The results offer a rare validation of predictions from the labor market competition model, demonstrating that individual employment circumstances are important preference determinants. Additionally, while OECD citizens prefer high-skilled migrants, Qataris are indifferent about blue- versus white-collar workers. Mediation analysis suggests that this null effect is the result of competing cultural and economic concerns over the effect of differing classes of migrants on economic and social welfare. The novel context provides a critical test case of the labor market hypothesis and offers insight into how migration preferences in the Global South differ from the Western experience.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE SILESIAN VOIVODSHIP IN THE BACKGROUND OF DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT

The aim of the article is to analyze, from statistical and econometric perspectives, the dynamics of economic activity of the population of the Silesian Voivodeship in particular, an attempt at a statistical measurement of the impact of select phenomena conditioning the labor market. Key considerations are preceded by a presentation the historical and current demographic situation in the voivodeship. Problems of foreign and inter-voivodeship migrations, the aging of population of the province were investigated. Moreover, impact of social policies on the labor market was analyzed, including the “Family 500+” program as well as regulations concerning retirement age. The study utilizes quantitative methods of time series analysis, including the time series models taking into account the occurrence of turning points. The results of research show, that in the near future, the demographic situation of the Silesian Voivodeship will not improve,, the lowering of retirement age is a threat to the labor market, the “500+” program not only did not influence a rise in fertility rate but lowered the rate of economic activity of women.

Public Attitudes toward Internal and Foreign Migration

AbstractWe explore attitudes toward internal and foreign migration in China using an original survey experiment. If labor-market competition drives attitudes, then residents will be opposed to migrants with comparable skill levels, regardless of migrant origin. If residents fear a dilution of national identity, then they will be more opposed to foreign than internal migration. We conduct a national survey in Mainland China, where we randomly assign respondents to answer questions about migrants with different skill levels and from either foreign countries or other provinces in China. We find that attitudes cleave over skill level, but the foreign-internal dimension is, on its own, not a salient cleavage in preferences. However, when considering high-skilled migrants, respondents are more supportive of foreign than internal migration; when considering low-skilled migrants, they are more opposed to foreign than internal migration. The results cast doubt on material explanations for attitudes toward migration and suggest a reevaluation of cultural threat arguments that privilege national borders.

Sustainable Recovery of Architectural Heritage: The Experience of a Worksite School in San Salvador

This paper presents the experience of both interdisciplinary and sustainable implementation of an educational construction site for the recovery of the architectural heritage in Central America. Rey Prendes House is representative of one hundred and forty-five houses made of wood, stamped steel sheet, and deployé that are located in the historical center of San Salvador. Its origin is linked to historical events, such as the strong migration of foreigners to El Salvador in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the presidential decrees that encouraged the reconstruction of the city with anti-seismic materials as a result of the earthquakes of 1873 and 1917. More recently, since 2017, Rey Prendes House has been included in the project funded by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation. In this paper, the phases of the survey are documented with both materials and degradation analyses, the new design construction with BIM technology for the organization of the educational construction site, the creation of offices and laboratories for restoration and treatments of timber and metal details. Moreover, the study provides a contextual framework with the aim of describing the policies and the projects implemented, highlighting the adopted strategies, the results achieved, and outlining the path followed towards the design solutions for sustainable rehabilitation relating to future use.

ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ В АВСТРАЛИИ: РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ПРОГНОЗЫ

Demographics situation in Australia determinates by internal and foreign migration floods, as well by natural increment of population. Australia is a multinational country, therefore the solution of demographics problem is important part of the government policy. Before the pandemic COVID-19 the growth rates of Australian population was higher than in the most developed countries. The main factor of population growth in the years before the pandemic was foreign migration. The population of Australia is the association of the people with rich variety in culture, linguistics and religious attitudes. The most of Australians is the immigrants or the posterity of the immigrants. Introduction of international frontier restrictions in times of pandemic led to the reduction of migrant’s flow, as well to the deceleration of Australian population growth rates. Like this, results of pandemic to a great extent changed demographics situation in the country. As far as to further demographics development of Australia, forecasts shows, that in a future population growth rates must restore, since together with the opening of international frontiers starts the return of provisional and constant migrates. In opinion of experts, in a future migration questions also will be important element of Australian demographics policy.

Neither here nor there: exploring the transnational identity of West African migrants living in South Africa

Xenophobia as a form of othering manifests differently in varying contexts, and against the backdrop of globalisation, the nature of migration and societal integration of foreigners has changed over time. In South Africa, xenophobia has been a vital issue connected to migrants, whereby those from other African countries face discrimination based on their nationality, ethnicity and economic disparities. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding how othering as a concept manifests beyond overt forms of violence and how it links to systemic forms of exclusion. The concept explored in this article is ‘West-a-phobia’, coined by Petkou (2005) when conducting his PhD research on West African migrants living in Johannesburg, South Africa. By reappropriating Petkou’s concept through a transnational theoretical framework, this article delves into the experience of six West African migrants living in South Africa over a long period to analyse how systemic and covert forms of othering manifest within the post-apartheid context. The key findings from this study conclude that West African migrants who have lived in South Africa over a particular period experience a lack of cohesion and integration into society.

The impact of illegal migration on Russia's demographic and economic security

The article examines the patterns and causes of the development of illegal migration, which contributes to the formation of the shadow sector of the economy, which negatively affects the demographic and economic security of the country, the prospects for economic development of Russian regions. The steady nature and unchangeable scale of illegal migration has been determined. A detailed conceptual and categorical analysis of this phenomenon is carried out with the study of the interrelationships with demographic security. The mechanism of reducing demographic and economic security due to the development of illegal migration is studied in detail, such concepts as “beneficiaries of the shadow economy and illegal migration” are proposed. The object of the study is the demographic and economic security of the country and regions, and the subject is the order and scale of the impact of illegal migration of foreigners and partly Russian citizens registered in one region and showing economic activity in another. This paper assesses the reasons for maintaining a high level of the shadow economy, involving people with new types of economic activity in it, in general, new spheres of activity that increase the capitalization of the shadow sector of the economy, which significantly reduces the economic security of the country. The study analyzes trends in the social and labor sphere and labor migration, the reasons for the increase of the shadow sector, the authors developed a set of measures to reduce the scale of illegal migration, the shadow economy and to increase the level of demographic and economic security of the country.

Looking ahead in anger: The effects of foreign migration on youth resentment in England

AbstractFigures are showing that ethno‐cultural issues are increasingly related to most school bullying incidents happening lately. While many theoretical arguments and empirical investigations scrutinize the effects of foreign migration on hostile behaviors enacted by the adult population, there is insufficient evidence on the effects of immigration on youth. This paper provides evidence by exploiting the shock from migration that occurred in the UK after the 2004 European Union Enlargement to estimate the magnitude and the directionality of the effect exerted by the resulting inflow of migrants on school bullying. Multilevel logit, generalized estimating equations, and control function with two‐stage residual inclusion are used on a novel data set containing spatially fine‐grained observations on school bullying across the UK. Findings highlight a relevant effect of the shock from migration in triggering bullying, which is robust to the accounting for potential endogeneity with respect to immigrants' location choice. The role of existing language barriers as a channel for the effect of the migration shock is also scrutinized, to find that they increase its effect.

Emigranti italiani tra confini e paesaggi di confine

In recent years a lot has been written about foreign migration in Italy, about the crossing of invisible borders that become liquid in the Mediterranean Sea, about the policies of exclusion that make Europe a fortress, about the narratives expressed by migrants and others actors who inform civil society of passages and invasions, less has been written on the crossing of borders by Italian emigrants. In this paper we want to analyze the relationship that has developed with borders by Italian emigrants, the role that these delimitations have assumed in the rhythms of life and socio-economic practices in the different national realities of the time, the importance of living on either side of a border in relation to being a desired or unwanted migrant and the representation of borders at the basis of some stereotypes, because borders, in the intertwining of their temporal, spatial and symbolic dimensions, have given life to numerous phenomena of differential inclusion.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION IN POLAND – SELECTED PROBLEMS AND CONDITIONS

The aim of the article is to analyze, from statistical and econometric perspectives, the dynamics of Poles’ economic activity, in particular, an attempt at a statistical measurement of the impact of select phenomena conditioning the labor market. Key considerations are preceded by a presentation the historical and current demographic situation in Poland. Problems of foreign migration and the aging of the Polish society were investigated. Moreover, impact of social policies on the labor market was analyzed, including the “Family 500+” program as well as regulations concerning retirement age. The study utilizes quantitative methods of time series analysis, including the time series models taking into account the occurrence of turning points. The results of research show, that: in the near future the Polish demographic situation will not improve, the lowering of retirement age is a threat to the labor market, the “500+” program not only did not influence a rise in fertility rate but lowered the rate of economic activity of women.

Ukrainian

The aim of the article is to analyze the development of migration policy of the European Union, its main directions set out by the European Commission in the draft of new Pact on Migration and Asylum, and assess the impact of European approaches to migration management on migration of population of Ukraine. To achieve it, general scientific methods are used, such as systemic, comparative, structural-functional. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of migration of Ukrainians to the EU for the development of the country, as well as the need to implement the norms and principles of European legislation as a component of European integration of Ukraine. The novelty of the article is to identify current trends in EU migration policy and predict their impact on changes in the volume, direction and characteristics of migration of Ukrainians. It is concluded that the development of the channels of legal migration envisaged by the new Pact, primarily for skilled labor, and strengthening the fight against illegal migration, will encourage Ukrainians to move more orderly to European countries. This, of course, will help to improve working conditions of migrants, ensure their rights, but will increase the risks of turning part of temporary labor migration into permanent one and, consequently, further loss of labor and intellectual potential of the country. At the same time, the European Commission’s proposals to deepen cooperation in the field of migration with neighboring countries open up new opportunities for Ukraine to mitigate the negative effects of migration processes. In particular, it is time to raise once again the issue of concluding agreements with the countries of destination of la bor migrants from Ukraine on the joint use of labor and on social security of migrants. The possibility of support by European partners of programs of promoting the reintegration of returnees is worth discussing. The proposal for a “talent partnership” contains certain prospects for transforming the brain drain from Ukraine to their mutually beneficial circulation. The development of migration management in the EU should be taken into account in order to improve migration policy of Ukraine. In particular, the European experience of a differentiated approach to immigration, promoting the arrival of professionals, students and investors is noteworthy. In order to prevent illegal migration and shadow employment of foreigners, EU developments on procedures for admitting seasonal workers, obtaining a residence permit and permit for employment in one document can be used. European experience in improving the efficiency and timeframe of asylum procedures is also useful. Key words: migration policy, European Union, migration of the population of Ukraine.

Development of national structure of population in the Czech Republic and impact of international migration of foreigners after 1990

The first part of the article examines changes in the ethnic structure of population on the territory of the Czech Republic from the historical aspect. The second part is focused on analysis of changes in the ethnic and demographic structure of foreigners in the Czech Republic in the 1990s and at the start of 21st century. The intensity of migration streams and the long‑term destinations of immigrants are the main factors that are contributing to the growing number of foreigners and influencing their structure by residence status, and regional distribution. The demographic characteristics of foreigners also differ by their purpose of residence. Despite increasing number of foreigners is the Czech Republic very homogeneous state. Persons of Czech nationality (incl. Moravian and Silesian) made up 94% of the population in 2001, the largest other ethnic group was made up Slovaks. The descriptive analysis is based mainly on data from population censuses and from publication “Foreigners in the Czech Republic” (Czech Statistical Office). <b>Vývoj národnostní struktury obyvatelstva České republiky a dopady mezinárodní migrace cizinců po roce 1990</b> Obyvatelstvo českých zemí až do druhé světové války tvořily zhruba ze dvou třetin osoby české, moravské a slezské národnosti, podíl německého etnika se pohyboval kolem třetiny, přičemž od vzniku samostatného Československa se zastoupení Němců snižovalo, a to i při jejich rostoucím počtu. Bylo to způsobeno objektivně vyššími přirozenými přírůstky osob české národnosti, větší emigrací Němců, zřejmě i asimilací a konjunkturálním přikláněním k majoritní české populaci. Snížení podílu německého obyvatelstva po vzniku Československé republiky mohlo být způsobeno i změnou způsobu zjišťování národnosti při cenzech; v československých předválečných cenzech byla národnost zjišťována deklaratorně a ve vazbě na mateřský jazyk, zatímco v rakousko‑uherských cenzech se odvozovala národnost z obcovací řeči. Jedinou další větší domácí národností byli v předválečném Československu Poláci, žijící převážně ve Slezsku, kteří tvořili zhruba 1 procento obyvatelstva. Po druhé světové válce se národnostní situace velmi změnila, neboť následkem odsunu německého obyvatelstva se stalo Česko národnostně homogenním státem. Při prvním poválečném sčítání lidu v roce 1950 osoby české národnosti tvořily necelých 94 % přítomného obyvatelstva, druzí Slováci 2,9 %, třetí v pořadí byli Němci s 1,8procentním podílem. V dalších čtyřiceti letech se národnostní složení významněji neměnilo. Ačkoliv se od roku 1990 výrazně zvyšoval počet cizinců, zůstalo Česko i v současnosti národnostně velmi homogenním státem. Osoby české, moravské a slezské národnosti v roce 2001 tvořily 94 % populace, druhé nejvyšší zastoupení měli Slováci (1,9 %), následovali Poláci (0,5 %). V důsledku legislativní úpravy, podle níž jsou do počtu obyvatel od roku 2001 započítáváni i cizinci s povolením k dlouhodobému pobytu žijící na území ČR déle než rok, se zvýšily podíly osob ukrajinské, ruské a vietnamské národnosti na více než desetinu procenta. Česko se po změně politického systému v roce 1989 a zvláště pak po rozdělení Československa postupně stalo pro cizince migračně atraktivní zemí. Počty cizinců trvale nebo dlouhodobě usedlých poměrně strmě vzrůstají zejména po roce 2004. Do roku 2007 dosáhl počet cizinců téměř 400 tis., z toho cizinců zahrnutých do počtu obyvatel České republiky bylo 346 tis., což představovalo 3,3 % obyvatel. Největší podíl mezi nimi měli Ukrajinci, Slováci, Vietnamci a Rusové (národnost cizinců je chápána ve smyslu státního občanství, na rozdíl od deklaratorně zjišťované národnosti obyvatelstva při sčítání). Věková a pohlavní struktura obyvatelstva jiných národností než české se odvíjí jednak z vývoje obyvatelstva na našem území historicky usedlého a jeho přirozeného přírůstku, jednak se v ní promítají změny migrační mobility, především od 90. let 20. století. Největšími rozdíly oproti české populaci se vyznačuje věková a pohlavní struktura cizinců, kteří k nám přicházejí za prací nebo za studiem, což jsou zejména cizinci s povolením k dlouhodobému pobytu. Toto obyvatelstvo se vyznačuje vysokým zastoupením osob produktivního věku, velmi nízkým podílem osob poproduktivního věku, nízkým podílem dětí a v produktivním věku výraznou převahou mužů. Do konce roku 2008 počet cizinců vzrostl na 438 tisíc, na 1000 obyvatel tak připadalo již 4,2 % cizinců. Ačkoliv se od roku 1993 zvýšil počet cizinců v Česku více než 5,5krát, patří Česko v evropském srovnání dosud k zemím s nízkým podílem cizinců.

Welcome to Brazil: An Analysis of the Migration of Foreign Players to Brazilian Basketball

This study aimed to analyze the migration of foreign athletes to compete in the New Basketball Brazil (NBB). This descriptive study was used for documentary research, and data were collected from the National Basketball League (LNB), referring to all seasons of the competition. The results point to a gradual increase in the number of foreign players until the 2013/14 season, after a slight decline. It was also observed that Minas was the club that received the most foreigners and that counted on them in all the seasons. The country with the highest number of migrant athletes in the NBB was the United States. It was concluded that the pattern of migration of foreigners in Brazilian basketball is predominantly continental and that the coming of many Americans to Brazil can be explained by the fact that the United States is the mother country of many players whose quality is superior to their domestic demand. That leads these players to leave the world's largest basketball league, the NBA, corroborating the reality of other countries' leagues around the world.

Direct Investment Exports and Emigration: The Experience of Modern India

The article uses the example of independent India to study the correlation of investment and migration flows to foreign countries. It is shown that Indian investment flows, whose origins date back to the first half of the 1960s, were particularly active outside, mainly in industrialized countries, after the economic reform of 1991. The main interests and activities of Indian TNCs and their methods of work abroad are demonstrated. The possibilities of foreign activities of Indian investors in the new conditions of the coronavirus pandemic were evaluated. The central directions of investment flows and Indian foreign migration (USA, England, West Asia, etc.) are fundamentally the same. Adaptation of Indian immigrants is more successful in the countries where the English language is spoken. The problem of possible Indian migration to Russia is highlighted as a separate topic. Its potential positive and negative consequences for the economy and politics of the Russian Federation are outlined.

Современная демографическая ситуация Забайкальского края: динамика и направленность основных показателей

Relevance. The conflict, which has become especially acute in recent years, associated with the growing contradictions between regional demographic problems and the objective needs for population reproduction, actualizes the problem of identifying and analyzing demographic events affecting the population, which is extremely important in the light of the strategic directions of the Transbaikal Territory development. The object of the study is the current demographic situation of the Transbaikal Territory, the subject is the dynamics and orientation of the main indicators characterizing the demographic situation. The purpose of the study is to identify and assess the dynamics and direction of the main indicators characterizing the demographic situation of the Transbaikal Territory. The task is to determine the direction of changes in the main demographic indicators for the period 2018-2020, characterizing the demographic situation of the Transbaikal Territory. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach as a set of general scientific methodological principles, which are based on the consideration of objects as a system, as well as a structural and functional approach based on the allocation of their structure in integral systems. The solution of the problem was carried out on the basis of the use of general logical methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. Results. Based on a comparative analysis of the period 2018-2020 and partially 2021 with the use statistical data, the trend of a significant natural decline in the population of the Transbaikal Territory, associated with childbirth due to the annual loss of women of the main reproductive cohorts, was revealed; a sharp increase in the marriage/divorce ratio to 88.1% is significantly lower than the maximum critical value (2.15) of the total fertility rate adopted in world practice to assess the sustainability of population reproduction. The forecast for 2021 of the natural decline of the population of the Transbaikal Territory is given, mainly more than 3 thousand people. The epidemic contribution to the mortality of the population in 2020 is estimated and the first half of 2021. It is shown that migration for the population of the Transbaikal Territory is unprofitable, an alarming fact is the decline of the working – age population-about 10 thousand people in three years. It is established that foreign labour migration does not have any noticeable quantitative impact on the population of the Transbaikal Territory and only simplifies its qualitative structure, strengthening the component, primarily focused on low-productivity physical labour

Социокультурные аспекты интеграции иммигрантов в приграничном регионе

Defined are socio-cultural features of integration of immigrants into host community at border regions. The article presents results of the author’s sociological research, organized in Belgorod and Voronezh regions in form of interviewing foreign migrants. Emphasized is, that border regions have special specifics, that require development of comprehensive state policy in relation to integration of migrants. Also the main problems of adaptation and integration of foreign labor migrants in the border areas are identified. Such are in particular the low level of trust of migrants in relation to state and municipal authorities. The study analyzes regional characteristics of foreign labor migration in border regions of Russia. It is noted, that presence of social ties with the host community is a significant factor in adaptation of migrants into new environment. Performed diagnostics of practice of integration of immigrants into border region made possible to identify the main problems that hinder processes of optimization of integration policy in relation to foreign labor migrants. One of the main directions is that, that development of state policy regarding integration of migrants into the host community is activation of new subjects of support for integration and adaptation, namely public organizations and the third sector.

The role of foreign migration in thedevelopment of national diasporas

The role of foreign migration in thedevelopment of national diasporas