Foreign Labor Migration Research Articles

Exploring Labor Migration Patterns: A Study On Uzbek Migrant Workers Abroad

This study explores the various methods employed by labor migrants from Uzbekistan to migrate abroad for employment, both temporarily and permanently. It provides a comprehensive analysis based on data from a survey conducted by official sources. The research reveals the significant presence of Uzbek migrant workers in countries such as the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Turkiye, and Korea, with construction being the primary sector of employment. It also examines the role of the Foreign Labor Migration Agency (FLMA) in facilitating overseas employment and highlights Uzbekistan's efforts to diversify its labor migration destinations amidst growing concerns regarding migrants in Russia. The findings underscore the need for a comprehensive review incorporating data from both Uzbekistan and the receiving countries to understand the full scope of labor migration dynamics.

Миграционная политика и проблемы иностранной трудовой миграции в Российской Федерации (по материалам экспертного опроса)

This article presents basic results of an expert survey on the problems of foreign labor migration and the im-plementation of migration policy. As part of this study, among other things, the current state of Russian migra-tion legislation was discussed, the existing legal system of conditions and measures determined by national migration policy was assessed, and the problems of adaptation and integration processes of foreign labor mi-grants were considered. The results of the study made it possible to identify entrenched generalized problems of the current migration policy: insufficient flexibility and unacceptable implementation of migration legislation, imperfection of the existing system of visa-free entry and stay of foreign citizens. Also, during the expert survey, the difficulties faced by migrants were highlighted. The work emphasizes that the success of adaptation and integration processes largely depends on how open/closed the migrant community itself is, and how favorable conditions for adaptation and integration of migrants are created in the receiving social space. It is emphasized that the creation of conditions for effective adaptation and integration of newcomers on the territory of the Rus-sian Federation is among the priority tasks of the national migration policy. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that a competent migration policy is based on a balance between control and liberalization, depending on the goals and objectives to be achieved.

Family's Perception of Death of Foreign Labour Migrants and Its Impact on Their Economy

This study explores the perceptions of families of foreign labour migrants who have experienced an increasing number of deaths in their workplaces. Nearly one thousand foreign labour migrants died in their workplace in the year 2019, this number is increasing day by day. This study analyzed the family’s perceptions of the death of foreign labour migrants and its impact on their families. It uses a sequential mixed method to show the experiences of schooling children (age 8–18 years). Purposive sampling was used to choose the Bagmati province and districts, while simple random sampling was used to choose schools and students. The reason for selecting the province and districts was the higher foreign labour migration in 2019. About 77 respondents were selected by using simple random sampling, and a semi-structured questionnaire was used for quantitative data collection. The death of parents in foreign labour migration raises many difficulties for the persons left behind at home. Nearly thirty per cent of families, including children, were suffering sensitively from the loss of parents. Missing remittance from the death of the breadwinner hurt the family's food consumption, accommodation, and health facilities. Some families could not get government support and insurance due to the loss of legal documents. Parental death also impacts children's schooling like attendance and academic achievement. It also raises family complications like remarriage, separation, and divorce. The demise of a family member increases the social and economic burden on the migrant community. It negatively impacts family harmony and child education. To support family migrants, an awareness programme is recommended to slow down the psychological stress on families, and a special support mechanism is recommended for orphan children’s education.

СУЧАСНІ ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ТРУДОВОЇ МІГРАЦІЇ УКРАЇНЦІВ

The article examines the modern prerequisites of foreign labor migration, analyzes the main factors and the impact on donor countries and recipient countries. Economic, social and political prerequisites are proposed among the main aspects that are considered, which encourage Ukrainians to go abroad with pension provision. The directions of the choice of recipient countries by Ukrainian labor migrants before the Great War and during the period of military aggression were analyzed. The article examines the influence of global economic trends on migration flows, considering the level of wages in Ukraine and the country of migration of Ukrainian labor migrants, the main economic indicators that affect external labor migration, among them are the high level of unemployment and inflation, and the low level of wages. The social prerequisites contributing to the growth of labor migration activity have been identified. Social prerequisites interact with economic, political and other aspects, forming the motive for external labor migration. All the prerequisites created in the study positively and negatively affect the economic and social condition of the donor country and the recipient country. The political situation in Ukraine, in particular conflicts and unrest, is also considered as one of the important factors influencing the decision of citizens to emigrate. The modern prerequisites of the international migration of Ukrainians are a relevant topic in the conditions of globalization and changes in the political, economic and socio-cultural environment. The research is aimed at analyzing the factors affecting the mass migration of Ukrainians abroad. Considering these factors, it is important to develop comprehensive strategies and policies aimed at improving the economic situation in Ukraine, maintaining stability and developing society. Attention should also be focused on the conditions created for the integration and adaptation of migrants to ensure mutually beneficial and harmonious relations in the international community. The article is relevant and important in the context of the modern world, where external labor migration is an extremely large challenge and opportunity for the country.Keywords. external labour migration, prerequisites for migration, labour migrants, remuneration, employment, economic instability, National Bank of Ukraine.

The Status of Foreign Labor Migration in Jhapa District

This paper describes the labor migration of Shivasatakshi Municipality of Jhapa District. The main objective of this research study is to examine the foreign labor migration from Nepal to Gulf countries including Malaysia. Information was collected through 136 respondents and respondents' households' information and sample selection has been based on a systematic sampling method. The highest percentage of foreign labor migrants (23.53%) was found in the age group of 25-29 years. 55.88 percent of the respondents are married. About 44.12 percent of foreign labor migrants went to Malaysia due to unemployment. About 58.09 percent of respondents went for factory labor work. Hill Brahmin/Chhetri occupies the highest percentage. The Hill Brahmin/Chhetri respondents are 32.36 percent in first position and Tarai Janajati respondents are 26.47 percent in the research area. Most of the Hill Brahmin/Chhetri and Tarai Janajati people are involved in the agriculture sector and lack employment opportunities and services in other sectors. Moreover, this community is migrated from hills and holds less percentage of agricultural land in the research area. Due to unemployment and insufficient agricultural land, most Hill Brahmin/Chhetri and Tarai Janajati migrate to Gulf countries. Selection for Gulf countries as destinations by Hill Brahmin/Chhetri and Tarai Janajati people in the research area due to the low-privilege households and lack of skills in this manpower. The Government of Nepal should guarantee/ manage safer and better foreign labor migration. Foreign labor migration sends a large amount of remittance to Nepal, but they do not utilize it properly.

Climbing the Peak: Understanding Contemporary Trends of Foreign Labor Migration in Nepal

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of labor migration trends in Nepal, focusing on the significant increase in the number of laborers migrating and the government's role in facilitating migration to new destinations. It also explores the long-term consequences of labor migration, particularly the brain drain resulting from the outflow of skilled and educated workers, and its negative impact on Nepal's holistic development, innovation, productivity, and economic growth. This study is based on existing secondary data and used published research articles, books, and report. The article emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive actions to safeguard the rights of migrant workers, mitigate the negative effects of labor migration, and harness its potential for sustainable development. It is found that labor migration from Nepal is a complex issue with far-reaching impacts, and it is crucial for the government, civil society, and the international community to address the challenges and risks faced by Nepali migrant workers and ensure their rights and well-being.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN LABOUR MIGRATION IN AGRARIAN SOCIETIES OF NEPAL

Socio-cultural, economic, political, and environmental factors play a crucial role in migration. The phenomenon of foreign labor migration has been shaped by a variety of factors including different dimensions of sustainable livelihood that push people to seek better opportunities. The main objective of this research was to assess the socioeconomic determinants of foreign labor migration in the agrarian community of the Sindhuli district of Nepal using a simple random sample technique. Accordingly, a quantitative interview protocol was employed along with the use of key informants’ interviews to collect pertinent information in the year 2021. Findings revealed that determining factors responsible for foreign labor migration were primarily low individual income (with a score of 0.72), followed by a lack of employment opportunities (0.66); poor economic conditions (0.57); limited access to social protection (0.42), and child education (0.36). Additionally, other factors that contributed to the migration included social prestige, desire for property accumulation, peer pressure, the decline in agricultural production, lack of education, inability to pay loans, and food insecurity. The finding of this research thus suggests the need to consider these core facts while developing strategies to manage migration so as to impact positive implications in the agrarian context of Nepal.

Foreign labour migration in Nepal in relation to COVID-19: analysis of migrants’ aspirations, policy response and policy gaps from disaster justice perspective

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the effectiveness of migration policies in dealing with the challenges that Nepalese migrants faced during this pandemic from a disaster justice perspective. Like in other periods of natural or human-made crises, the Nepal Government brought new policies and programmes to help the victims in their reintegration. In this context, this paper examines what policies and programmes worked and what did not work based on the findings of a large survey conducted among migrants and qualitative information collected during the implementation of a programme on reintegration. The paper highlights that understanding the social vulnerability of migrants is critical to devising policies that could benefit them in such disasters. It demonstrates that socially vulnerable groups are not only disproportionately affected by disasters and are less capable of resilience and recovery; they are also not supported well by public institutions like the government. This situation makes such migrants further vulnerable to poverty, physical exploitation and psychological stresses, which calls for policies and programmes that support them in preparedness and, in the event of a disaster, long-term recovery until they become resilient. This study shows that local governments are in a better position to target the ‘socially vulnerable’ and to implement reintegration programmes.

Status of Foreign Labour Migration and Impact of Migrants by COVID - 19 in Nepal

The paper based on the status of labour migration and remittances of Nepal in 2014 to 2022. The aims of this paper are to find out the situation of foreign labour migration in Nepal and to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the Outflow of Nepali Migrants. It is descriptive in nature and entirely based on secondary sources of information. The trends in foreign employment are presented for past eight years, 2009/10-2018/19. Although Nepal labour migration report 2022 and prelimanari report of 2021, this report reiterates those trends along with updated data from the past fiscal year to create a single comprehensive report. According to National Living Standard Survey 2011, 56 percent of Nepali households have at least one member of their family working and living abroad. The remittances sent by these members have helped improve the standard of living of Nepali households. In 2020, the remittances sent by migrant workers covered to 23.5 percent of the Nepal’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Therefore, international labor migration plays a huge role in keeping Nepal’s economy afloat. The decision of the youths to go abroad as labor was a strategy to escape from the potential threat, livelihood options, and get new country experience which ultimately became the major source to bring back remittance. Though low- skilled, foreign labor migration has been the major phenomenon for the country, which is now fully dependent on the remittance economy and counts for over one- fourth of the total national income. Nepal has undertaken several policy measures to overcome these anomalies. Although the implementation aspect is fragile to meet the ground reality, and from the notion of strategic intervention, it is necessary to revisit the policy measures to make foreign labor migration safe, secure, and informed choice based.

Study of Foreign Labor Migration Causes of the RA within the Framework of Public Opinion Analysis

Key words. migration, migration mobility, demographic image violation, social opinion, migratory sentiments The article deals with a study of the causes of external migration tendencies of RA conducted in accordance with the methodology of sociological research. This research has a selective nature that preserves the standards used in Sociology. 1 urban and 14 rural settlements in Shirak Marz of RA were included in the sample of the sociological research. The sample survey is compiled with regional, professional, migration as well as gender and age characteristics so that valuable and relevant information could be extracted for further study and usage in the development of migration policy. In this regard, there was a problem of assessing the role and importance of migrants in the development of households in Shirak Marz. At the same time, it was necessary to understand what existential problems were formed by the outflow of the workable population from Armenia in recent years, particularly due to the demographic decline and depopulation. The scope of this topic also covers the question of where the Armenian youth currently wants to go and what are the reasons for the migration trend. The outcomes of the author’s empirical investigation, as mentioned in the document, were derived through systematic validation and analysis of pre-designed protocols. The instruments, crafted by the author, underwent rigorous testing and authentication in educational settings and among the population of 18-year-old migrants domiciled in the city of Gyumri, RA, as well as among the elderly. The report incorporates a comprehensive exposition of the pertinent issue and the delineated objectives of the research. The primary and secondary research data were subjected to instrumental measurements, systematically analyzed, and generated insightful inferences, paving the way for a thought-provoking scientific exposition. The data, obtained in the framework of the article, will be valuable for scientific and public circles, for institutions dealing with migration issues.

Migration, Remittance and Its Consequences at the Household Level in Agrarian Nepal

Migration has historically been a feature of all societies. Over the decades, labor migration seeking employment has been a major revenue source for Nepali youth. This study aims to explore migration patterns, remittances flow, and consequences of foreign labor migration in agrarian Nepali households. The empirical analysis revealed that low individual income, a lack of employment prospects, poor economic conditions of the migrants, non-existence of social assistance, child education, social prestige, and a desire for property accumulation were the causes of migration in the study area. As a result, increased labor wages, family labor shortage for farming, less use of farmyard manure, a preference for farm machinery, decreased crop production, abandoned livestock rearing, and less use of local seed were the consequences of foreign labor migration in agricultural household practices. These findings will aid in developing policies related to labor migration and its consequences on agriculture.

Urbanization Transition in Nepal A Case Study of Dipayal Silgadhi Municipality, Doti, Nepal

This paper deals with the urbanization transition in Nepal: A Case Study of Dipayal Silgadhi Municipality analyzing the social and economic status of the residents of Dipayal Silgadhi Municipality, especially in new adjoining areas. This study is based on primary data which are derived from field surveys through household surveys, field observations, and in-depth interviews. For the household survey, 45 households were taken from ward no. 9, Dipayal Silgadhi Municipality with the help of convenience non-probability sampling. Dipayal Silgadhi municipality has rural characteristics. Most of the part is occupied by rural areas. Similarly, people do not feel like living in a municipal area in the new adjoining area. There is a lack of occupational diversification. Most people engage in primitive agriculture and another main livelihood strategy is foreign labor migration. There is also a lack of trade specialization and diversification which is the main criteria of urban development. This study is helpful to make plans and policies for the development of the municipality. The study concentrates on overviews of the municipality's existing condition and cannot include all aspects in-depth; therefore to fulfill the gap of this study; the researcher recommends that research should be done one by one in every sector in detail.

Actual aspects of Ukraines migration policy

In the article, the author considered the theoretical foundations of Ukraine's migration policy, defined the main regulatory measures and directions, the main of which are the provision of social and legal protection of labor migrants and their family members; cooperation with state bodies of foreign countries, international and public associations interested in solving issues of foreign labor migration; implementation of measures to prevent illegal foreign labor migration. The principles of the implementation of the state migration policy of Ukraine were substantiated legislatively. It was found that some of them today have a more declarative nature than a practical one. The author observed changes in the migration flows of Ukraine for the period 2013-2021 and identified certain trends and contradictions: an exaggeration of the number of people arriving in Ukraine than those leaving by 2021 was revealed. The author emphasized that the military events in Ukraine created the prerequisites for the forced migration of the majority of people who may not have previously planned to change their place of residence and go abroad. It was found that the outflow of young people and persons with a high educational level is alarming, which negatively affects the economic development of Ukraine, its provision of highly qualified personnel. The main ways of overcoming the negative economic consequences of the migration crisis and improving the migration policy have been determined, in particular through a complex of stimulating, corrective and regulatory measures of a socio-economic nature. It was determined that in today's conditions, in order to solve the primary problems of the population, the state should perform the function of the main driver of the economy and stimulation of business development. The author emphasized that a relevant aspect of migration policy is solving the problem of optimizing the use of labor potential, taking into account regional specifics. The author points out the importance of the actions of the government of Ukraine regarding the development of certain mechanisms for attracting savings accumulated by citizens as a result of working abroad to the development and support of small and medium-sized businesses in Ukraine. It was determined that a modern effective migration policy should focus on expanding the information base and volume of consulting services in the countries of origin, transit and destination of migrants.

Causes of Female Labor Migration in Nepal

This is related with female labor migration in Sindhupalchowk District in Nepal. Foreign labor migration is a global phenomenon that dates back to the time when payment in return for labor was first introduced. There is no country in the world where foreign labor migration has not occurred. However, economic globalization has speeded up the process way beyond its normal pace. Fast economic growth and slow economic development made people in poorer countries migrate for a better life. While previously only men used to migrate in search of employment, recently, women are leaving for foreign employment as well. Such migration for employment has added value to the national income of the country in the form of remittance. Most of the developing countries are thriving on remittance. Labor exportation has been an important solution for internal unemployment for developing countries. It is a major source of foreign exchange. Therefore, countries like the Philippines and Indonesia have integrated labor export as part of their development strategies. In case of Nepal, remittance helped sustain the economy throughout the conflict period and it continues to be so. Nepal has adopted an open policy towards foreign labor migration. Currently, there are 108 countries approved by the Nepal government for foreign labor migration. The paper was prepared on the basis of 40 households.

Status of Foreign Labour Migration and Impact of Migrants by COVID-19 in Nepal

The paper based on the status of labour migration and remittances of Nepal in 2014 to 2022. The aims of this paper are to find out the situation of foreign labour migration in Nepal and to examine the impact of COVID[1]19 on the Outflow of Nepali Migrants. It is descriptive in nature and entirely based on secondary sources of information. The trends in foreign employment are presented for past eight years, 2009/10-2018/19. Although Nepal labour migration report 2022 and prelimanari report of 2021, this report reiterates those trends along with updated data from the past fiscal year to create a single comprehensive report. According to National Living Standard Survey 2011, 56 percent of Nepali households have at least one member of their family working and living abroad. The remittances sent by these members have helped improve the standard of living of Nepali households. In 2020, the remittances sent by migrant workers covered to 23.5 percent of the Nepal’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Therefore, international labor migration plays a huge role in keeping Nepal’s economy afloat. The decision of the youths to go abroad as labor was a strategy to escape from the potential threat, livelihood options, and get new country experience which ultimately became the major source to bring back remittance. Though low- skilled, foreign labor migration has been the major phenomenon for the country, which is now fully dependent on the remittance economy and counts for over one- fourth of the total national income. Nepal has undertaken several policy measures to overcome these anomalies. Although the implementation aspect is fragile to meet the ground reality, and from the notion of strategic intervention, it is necessary to revisit the policy measures to make foreign labor migration safe, secure, and informed choice based.

Assessment of Land Use Land Cover and River Dynamics of Himalaya: Seti River Sub-Basin of Nepal


 
 
 In rapidly growing areas, land use land cover (LULC) change is one of the most pre-eminent features of environmental changes produced by human-induced activities. LULC changes are critical issues and challenges for environmentally friendly and sustainable development. Understanding land-use and land-cover (LULC) changing patterns is critical for sustainable environmental management, particularly effective water management. This study was focused on the assessment of LULC and sinuosity of the Seti River sub-Basin over 28 years. Satellite imagery of Landsat series (MS, TM, and OLI) were classified using maximum likelihood classifier to create LULC maps for 1991, 2004 and 2019. The LULC change was assessed using change detection analysis and verified the result by confuse matrix. The results showed that forest cover is regaining its original status with the increasing rate of 1.31%. In the meantime, built-up areas are expanding with the rate of 2.62% while agricultural land has decreased with the rate of -1.89% per year and are more converted to built-up area. Trendofsinuosityindexfoundincreasing and varying in different sections of the river path indicated the complex response of changing characteristics of river flow, river mining and geomorphology of landscape. Based on research findings and descriptions from earlier works, river morphology is affected by both natural (topography, climate, precipitation), and anthropogenic (rapid urbanization, foreign labor migration, abandonment of cultivable land, community forest programs, development activities) factors.
 
 

Development of Russian tourism in the contemporary social and ethnocultural conditions

The author considers tourism as a relevant social-cultural phenomenon of contemporary Russia, which is important for economic development and establishing interethnic and interreligious balance in the cultural-axiological space of Russa. The author pays special attention to the migration processes in their connection with the situation in the tourism and hospitality industry and prospects for its development. Considering the global diversity of migration forms and types, the category of legal foreign labor migration is analyzed to clarify some substantial issues of external labor migration as having social and intercultural meanings. The author explains the efficiency of labor migrant flows in the renewing Russian touristic sphere; emphasizes the ethnocultural specificity of tourism and the ethnic character of migration; considers the regional situation through the host population’s perception of labor migrants and the native population’s assessment of the ambiguous role of foreign specialists in the formation of ethnic-cultural and civil identities in the multicultural Russian society. Tourism is defined as a significant economic and intercultural stabilizing factor contributing to the development of a tolerant environment and integrating external migrants into the host society. The article describes the relationship between the effective development of internal tourism and the progressive regulation of foreign labor migration. The analysis of the features of migration processes shows the changing nature of external labor migration due to objective socialeconomic factors, and the role of labor migrants in the formation of the all-Russian civil identity. The author insists on the correlation between the growing attractiveness of tourist sites and a stable and peaceful situation in the sphere of interethnic and interreligious relations, including between the autochthonous and allochthonous peoples of multinational Russia.

VIRTUAL MEHNAT MIGRATSIYASINI HUQUQIY TARTIBGA SOLISH KONSEPSIYASI VA UNI OʻZBEKISTONDA JORIY QILISH ISTIQBOLLARI

"This article examines the prospects of regulating virtual labor migration, its consequences, and causes, which are formed as a result of changes in the process of demographics and globalization. By the end of 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the world, the introduction of serious restrictions in the field of the labor force and foreign labor migration, which has a particularly important role in the economy of the country, made it necessary to develop a new form of ensuring the labor safety of the population with the aim of improving this field and developing a virtual labor institute. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the number of remote workers in the world is 17%, and in Japan and the USA, this figure has reached almost 40%. These figures indicate the need to improve the public and the private legal system at the national level, to improve the labor migration system, and to develop a more effective mechanism for protecting the rights of virtual labor migrants. In the world, special attention is being paid to the issue of creating a legal basis for virtual labor migration, expanding the means of the national legal protection of the rights of labor migration, and creating a legal basis for applying “artificial intelligence” technology to the management of labor migration as a research direction of significant scientific and practical importance. The author puts forward a firm position that the main direction in finding a legal solution to the issues related to the regulation of virtual migration should be information technologies aimed at guaranteeing the right of a person to move from one place to another and to work and simplify these processes. "

Female Labor Migration: Gender Prospective

This paper is based on level, trends and pattern of female labor migration in Nepal. The changes in the lives of Nepalese women due to the increasing trend foreign labor migration of men. The changes in intra-household power relations and the transformations in women’s lives, due to the male-dominated nature of Nepalese migration, are largely neglected. The aim of this paper to find the level and trend of female labour migration in Nepal and also examine women’s experiences, as they assume the role of household heads, financial managers and single parents, in a society that has historically suppressed their freedom. The analysis is based on secondary data source. Women who take on the role of household head are more likely to gain decision-making power and experience an increase in social participation, while those left under the supervision of other members (usually their in-laws) may suffer from reduced decision-making ability and increased restrictions on their mobility in public spaces. These consequences are highly sensitive to the regional socio-cultural norms as well as women’s caste, class, and individual characteristics. The consequences of female migration increasing trend day by day and their experience provides the valuable information for the developing policy of migration as well as traditional gender inequality and providing women with the resources to manage with the challenges faced during men’s migration.

The Role of Remittance on Socio-Economic Progress in Nepal

This research paper examines the contribution of remittance on socio-economic development of Nepal. The specific objectives are to study the trends, patterns and diversifications of foreign labor migration. This study uses entirely secondary data. The majority of Nepali families earn their income through foreign employment. Nepal has about 200 years’ long history of receiving international remittance, as a sum of money transferred from foreign migrant workers to individual or their families in their homeland. The Gulf Cooperation Council and Malaysia are the major destination countries for Nepalese workers. The report of National Planning Commission 2020/21 shows Nepal received NPR 961.05 billions remittance from 128 different countries constituting 22.5 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The report of economic survey 2020/21 shows annual per capita income of Nepal reached 1, 381 US dollars in 2021, with an increment of about 11 percent to the previous year. Migration and remittance have contributed to increase the per capita income of Nepal over the years along with significant change in the social development.