Foreign Economic Factors Research Articles

International Practice of Liner Container Shipping Regulation in the Transport System

Effective regulatory and legal framework in this field has several positive advantages for the transportation participants. A significant place in the article is given to ensuring the principle of “common carrier” for access of a wide range of consumers to the container carriers service. In connection with the transformation both of supply chains and logistics flows under conditions of new foreign economic factors along with the emergence of new shipping lines on the Russian container market the relevance of this topic will continue to increase.Aim. To consider the aspects of normative and legal regulation of liner container shipping in the USA, EU, PRC and the Russian Federation.Tasks. To analyze the strategies of shipping lines on the Russian and global markets, to identify key regulatory legal acts of foreign countries in the sphere of liner container shipping, to identify the features of the Russian legislation in this sphere and the ways of its development.Methods. Regulatory legal acts of the USA, EU, PRC and the Russian Federation were collected, which play an extremely important role in the development of international container transportation and increasing the competitiveness of foreign economic activity.Results. The research of relevant legal frameworks and instruments of state regulation of sea container lines activity to ensure non-discriminatory access of consumers of transportation services, public availability of information about liner container services, high quality of transportation services for foreign economic relations was carried out.Conclusions. In modern foreign economic conditions, alliances and various forms of carrier cooperation are the subject of state regulation of liner container shipping in order to protect competition on the market. The legislation of the USA and the Russian Federation establishes compulsory publication of shipping line tariffs, while according to the provisions of the PRC legislation shipping lines provide their tariffs to the freight exchange, which is authorized by the competent state body. In addition, international experience shows that sea lines “Common carriers” are subject to a number of other requirements. In the Russian Federation, sea container transportation is carried out by both liner and tramp vessels due to the fact that the certain carriers are not registered as shipping line operators and information about some regular container services is limited.

Digital Transformation Challenges to the Tax Security of the State in Russia and Other BRICS Countries

The digitization of the economy creates new challenges that affect the tax security of a state. These challenges have both positive and negative effects on the economy. This study is devoted to the challenges brought about by a digital economy that result in the necessity of responses from governments and international organizations. First and foremost, there is a lack of necessity for physical presence in the digital state. Second, there is a significant need to offer incentives for IT companies that are, on the one hand, the key leaders of the economy in the modern world and, on the other hand, have been most affected by the conditions of economic crises since 2020. This article is part of a project that is aimed at solving the problem of forming the concept of tax security in order to prevent or neutralize the influence of negative geopolitical and foreign economic factors on the development of the various economic sectors with the help of economic and legal instruments. Thus, this article sheds light on the experiences of the BRICS member states, especially those of the Russian Federation, in facing and addressing the challenges that result from the rise of a digital economy.

The impact of the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve System of the United States on world oil prices

The relevance of the presented scientific research lies in the search for new data on foreign economic factors that can change world oil prices. The purpose of the study is to predict the prices of Brent crude oil based on the impact of new external economic factors, because the influence of supply and demand in the energy market has significantly weakened. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following tasks were solved: the theoretical foundations of the oil market were considered; a methodological approach to forecasting world oil prices was selected; as a result, an equation of multiple linear regression with independent variables in the form of indicators of the monetary policy of the United States is constructed, which makes it possible to make a forecast of world oil prices. The research involves general and special scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, monographic, statistical (graphical, tabular, centered moving average method, correlation and regression analysis). The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: based on statistical data on Brent crude oil prices, the effective federal funds rate of the US Federal Reserve, the M2 monetary aggregate in the US, the US dollar index, the US core personal consumption expenditure price index, the unemployment rate in the US for the period January 2014 January 2023, the equation is constructed multiple linear regression with the function of forecasting Brent crude oil prices. The above equation of multiple linear regression reflects the noticeable influence of the monetary policy of the US Federal Reserve System on world oil prices.

The Dynamic Effects of the Foreign Economic Shocks on the Korean Port Industry

Although the port industry is very important in the Korean economy, there are few literature studies that shed light on the macroeconomic implications of the business cycles in this industry. This paper examines the roles played by foreign economic factors in the business cycle in the Korean port industry. Specifically, it aims to estimate the impulse response of the seaborne freight volume in the port industry due to the shocks of the foreign economy and analyze the contributions of each shock considered on the variation in the freight volume. The structural FAVAR (SFAVAR) model was employed to extract the unobserved foreign economic factors. This paper estimates the four foreign economic factors and the parameters of the model using the one-step Bayesian Gibbs sampling method. The findings of this study show that foreign economic activity statistically affects the freight volume of the Korean ports. Specifically, the shocks to the foreign real economic activity increased freight transportation for nearly one year. Following the world inflation shocks, the freight transportation was enhanced. However, this impact disappeared after a year. Similarly, the rise in global liquidity was shown to encourage transportation activity; nevertheless, this activity declined after five quarters. Moreover, the increase in the world interest rates exerted a negative effect on the volume of transportation. Furthermore, the variance decomposition analysis shows that 49.2% of the variation in the transportation volume could be attributed to foreign economic activity. This analysis can contribute to drawing useful implications in establishing the port industry policy in response to the change in the economic environment such as the foreign economy.

CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF BUSINESS CORPORATE FASHION

Based on modern concepts of fashion theory, the analysis of evolutionary changes in the corporate business dress code of the period 1906-2020 from the standpoint of the influence of political and foreign economic factors is carried out. Ambivalent reactions from the participants of the dress code to the change of corporate style at each stage of evolution are revealed. It is established that the tightening of the corporate dress code is characteristic of the stages of macroeconomic recovery and is due to the increased intensity of competition, which confirms the consideration of examples of the evolution of the dress code of blue-chip companies. The rethinking of the dress code policy, up to the rejection of formalised requirements, is cyclical and occurs during periods when the appearance of employees ceases to be an effective method of increasing competitiveness, including due to the growth of "unspoken" violations – manifestations of ambivalence on the part of employees.

Основи методології економіки торговельної справи та товарознавства: зовнішньоекономічні фактори

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of foreign economic factors on the economics of trade and commodity science. The study is aimed at analyzing the role of foreign trade in the formation of economic processes in the modern globalized world. The publication examines in detail the main aspects of the relationship between foreign economic factors and the development of trade and commodity science. The significance of foreign trade as a key mechanism for stimulating economic growth and development is disclosed. The role of international trade agreements, treaties and cooperation in ensuring the stability of economic processes in the country is highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the study of the influence of foreign economic factors on commodity science. The impact of imports, exports and international production chains on the quality of goods, their competitiveness and consumer value is considered. The influence of international standards and requirements on the quality and safety of goods is studied. In the context of the growing importance of ecological issues, the influence of foreign economic factors on the environmental aspect of trade and commodity science is also considered. The impact of international ecological standards and restrictions on the production and circulation of goods is studied. As a sum, the publication highlights the deep connection between foreign economic factors and the economics of trade and commodity science. The need to take these factors into account in economic decision-making and policy-making in the globalized economic environment is emphasized. The results of the study can be used in the development of strategies for foreign economic activity and improvement of commodity science processes.

Analysis of the prospects for the gas industry to meet Russia’s needs for primary energy resources and assessment of the possibilities for exporting Russian gas

The capabilities of the Russian gas industry in meeting the country’s internal needs with primary fuel and energy resources are predicted. These opportunities take into account the potential of the oil and coal industries, as well as all other sources (hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, solar energy, wind energy, firewood, etc.) in the period until 2035, taking into account the effects of existing negative factors. After fulfilling the condition of fully meeting the country’s internal gas needs, the prospects for Russian gas exports are assessed. These prospects are assessed both taking into account the implementation of foreign policy and foreign economic factors (sanctions restrictions and their consequences), and taking into account the possible volumes of Russian natural gas production.

ПРІОРИТЕТИ Й ЧИННИКИ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ: ДОСВІД ОКРЕМИХ КРАЇН СХІДНОЇ АЗІЇ І СТРАТЕГІЧНІ ІМПЕРАТИВИ ДЛЯ ПІСЛЯВОЄННОЇ ВІДБУДОВИ УКРАЇНИ

Післявоєнна відбудова України вже сьогодні вимагає вироблення відповідної стратегії соціально-економічного розвитку країни, тому особливо необхідною стає реалізація концепції інноваційного розвитку, що дасть можливість відбудувати українську економіку на новому технологічному рівні.У цьому контексті розглянуто основні напрями інноваційної політики в країнах, що здійснювали післявоєнну відбудову економіки (Японія), країнах Південно-Східної Азії, які пройшли шлях «наздоганяючого розвитку» (Сінгапур, Республіка Корея), а також у Китаї, який демонструє значні успіхи в модернізації економіки. Інноваційна політика в цих країнах включала: відповідну державну політику з виокремленням пріоритетів інноваційного розвитку; законодавче регулювання відносин у сфері інноваційної економіки; активне державне фінансування досліджень, розробок і освіти; цілеспрямоване формування і підвищення ефективності людського, інтелектуального і креативного капіталу; створення особливої інноваційної інфраструктури та інститутів підтримки інноваційного процесу; тощо. Важливу роль у цих процесах відіграли зовнішньоекономічні чинники – залучення багатонаціональних корпорацій, прямих іноземних інвестицій, використання зарубіжних технологій, ноу-хау та ін.На основі вивчення зарубіжного досвіду запропоновано деякі компоненти інноваційної політики, що можуть бути застосовані при формуванні інноваційної політики в Україні, зокрема: проведення комплексної стратегічно орієнтованої політики з визначенням пріоритетів інноваційного розвитку; пріоритетність фінансування R&D з боку держави, приватного бізнесу та інших недержавних структур; формування сприятливого бізнес-середовища; розвиток людського, інтелектуального, креативного капіталу. Перспективним є використання зовнішньоекономічних чинників, у першу чергу міжнародної науково-технічної кооперації, залучення філій високотехнологічних багатонаціональних корпорацій, формування міжнародних науково-технічних альянсів, включення в глобальні ланцюги створення вартості та ін.

Прогноз валютной пары USD/RUB в краткосрочном периоде

The article provides a forecast of the USD/RUB currency pair based on the equation of a linear downward trend. The aim of the research is forecasting the USD/RUB currency pair to determine the effectiveness of Russia's foreign economic activity and the real incomes of the country's population in the future, which makes the research relevant. The research is carried out using the following scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, monographic (description of Russian macroeconomics), statistical (identification of trends, calculation of correlation coefficients, graphic). The research is based on statistical data on the economic indicators of the Russian Federation: the USD/RUB currency pair, exports, imports, trade balance, the consumer price index, the key rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the M2 monetary aggregate, the US dollar index, the Moscow Exchange Index (IMOEX). The USD/RUB currency pair is the main macroeconomic indicator influenced by Russian foreign economic factors: trade balance, inflation, key interest rate, money supply, US dollar index, Moscow Exchange Index (IMOEX). In the short term, the connection of the USD/RUB currency pair with the presented macroeconomic indicators has weakened. Therefore, the forecast of the exchange rate of the Russian ruble against the US dollar should be made on the basis of the trend equation. It has been established that, in the short term, the USD/RUB currency pair has the potential to decline, which is negative for exporters, but positive for the real incomes of the country's population. The sharp decline in the USD/RUB currency pair in recent months has been caused by the regulatory and legal currency regulation in the Russian Federation. It implies the following measures: restrictions on the issuance of US dollars from foreign currency deposits and accounts of citizens, on the sale of US dollars by banks to the public, on the transfer of US dollars abroad; high commissions for the purchase of US dollars on the stock exchange; restrictions on short sales of currencies on the stock exchange; mandatory sale of foreign exchange earnings by exporters; the use of Russian rubles in settlements for natural gas supplied to unfriendly countries; tight monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The cancellation of these regulatory and legal measures of currency regulation will return the long-term trend of weakening of the Russian ruble against the US dollar.

Business diplomacy as a tool for the implementation of the foreign economic interests of the Republic of Moldova

The problems of developing the export of Moldovan goods and services, as well as improving international competitiveness, are very relevant today. Strengthening the position of the Republic of Moldova in the world economy is a necessary and inevitable task. However, foreign policy and foreign economic factors, such as pressure from multinational corporations, create difficulties for Moldovan companies to defend and promote their interests in foreign markets. The underdevelopment of the domestic export promotion system, the complexity of the international political and economic environment, numerous risks actualize the need to analyze and consider the concept of business diplomacy within the framework of economic diplomacy as a promising mechanism for ensuring the interests of industry and individual companies in foreign countries. Being a subspecies of economic diplomacy, business diplomacy is characterized as a more applied form of realization of economic interests, including methods of lobbying and communication with the state. Such a form of promotion of economic interests at the international level, based on diplomatic structures and trade missions, can promote closer cooperation of domestic companies, both with foreign state bodies and with Moldovan departments in order to realize commercial interests abroad. The article shows the real situation in the field of economic diplomacy in the Republic of Moldova and gives some recommendations for its improvement.

External economic factors of food security of Russian Federation

The article is devoted to an urgent problem of our time — the problem of ensuring food security which under the infl uence of globalization and high countries’ interdependence requires to study the role of foreign economic factors in its ensuring. The analysis of the scientific literature shows that there is no comprehensive approach to the definition of external economic factors. It allowed the author to propose the definition, identify the characteristic features and classify the foreign economic factors that affect food security. It is revealed that in the current conditions of economic development the problem of various forms of malnutrition (from the defi ciency of micro — and macronutrients to obesity and exhaustion) is relevant, related to food security through the quality nutrition. The author offers the new definition of food security and concludes that the solution to the food problem today is to find a balance between the production capabilities of the national economy and the provision of necessary food with the help of factors of foreign economic activity that contribute to quality nutrition. The COVID-19 pandemic, which affects the demand, supply, production and distribution of food around the world, attaches particular importance to the topic. In this regard the Russian approach to ensuring food security is noteworthy, because over the past five years it has been formed in the difficult conditions of the aggravation of relations with the countries of the Western world. The study of the role of foreign economic factors in ensuring Russian Federation food security allowed the author to propose the new concept of Russian import substitution in the agroindustrial complex, as well as to raise the question of determining the possibilities of activating foreign economic relations for the development of the Russian agri-food sector in the context of the post-crisis economic recovery and the growth of geopolitical tensions in the world for further research.

External Economic Factors Of Development Of The Industrial Structure Of The Economy Of The Pacific Russia

The socio-economic development of Pacific Russia is traditionally associated with the active involvement of its natural resource and production potential in the integration processes of the Asia-Pacific region of the world. An important factor that stimulates the foreign economic activity of production is also the favorable economic and geographical position of the region. The aim of the work is to study the influence of foreign economic factors on the formation of the sectoral structure of the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD). Currently, the positive effect of foreign economic activity in the regions is limited to the "backward" structure of the economy of most subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District (a high share of extractive industries, poor development of manufacturing and services), which has developed due to the uneven distribution of demographic, production and infrastructure potentials. To assess the uneven development of subjects, it is proposed to use the methods of sectoral analysis of the economy, as well as the method of zoning the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District by the specifics of economic activity, incl. commodity structure of exports and imports. Thus, on the territory of Pacific Russia, there are two zones of economic development - 1) "northern" and 2) "southern", differing in the combination of factors and living conditions of the population, the sectoral structure of the economy and foreign economic activity. The subjects of the "southern" zone are distinguished by a higher level of demographic, production and infrastructural potential, as well as a relatively high share of processing and service activities in the sectoral structure of the economy. At the same time, a common feature of all regions of Pacific Russia is noted - the predominance in the commodity structure of exports of products with low added value (raw materials and materials), and in the structure of imports - products of manufacturing industries (machinery and equipment).

Internationalization of Bulgarian Tourism Business

This research aims to trace the internalization process of the tourism business over the last decades in our country. Several foreign economic factors have reasoned it by virtue of the open character of our national economy, the course of the transition economy reforms, and the peculiarities of the Bulgarian economy EU integration. The relation (internationalization of business - the internationalization of the national economy) is studied in different directions and methodologies, but in the present study, an adapted version of the method developed by Alan Rugman is applied. The primary approach is based on comparing the degree of internationalization in the national economy and the degree of internationalization of a specific type of business. The degree of internationalization is measured with the help of variables and a system of indicators, which are directed respectively to the business environment of the Bulgarian economy and the specifics of the Bulgarian tourism business. As analysis findings of the processes of internationalization in the context of tourism, it is concluded that these processes play an essential role in determining the position of Bulgarian tourism in its inevitable competitive opposition to other tourist destinations and their business. The limitation has been identified in two periods of research on the degree of internationalization of business - the first covers seven years before Bulgaria's accession to the EU, and the second period - is almost ten years after the signing of the membership agreement. The practical implication of the study is that the increasing degree of internationalization of the tourism business in our country complements the overall result of the internationalization of the Bulgarian economy. This is especially clear in the second observed period of the study, which is expected to achieve a general synergy effect for the economy as a whole. The originality of the research consists in the adaptation and approbation of a known methodology for studying the internationalization processes to the specifics of the tourism business and a given economy, such as the Bulgarian one, for two separate periods.

Теоретико-методологічні засади дослідження впливу зовнішньоекономічних чинників на економічну безпеку регіонів України

The relationship between the components of regional economic security and their dependence on changes taking place in the external environment is analyzed. It is proved that such components of regional economic security as foreign trade, productive, scientific and technological, and investment components are directly influenced by foreign economic factors, as these life spheres are subject to the rise of primary effects or consequences of external factors. A five-step methodology to study the way foreign economic factors influence regional economic security is developed. At the first step, external environment is analyzed, and a system of indicators is formed taking into account relevant external factors influencing the components of economic security, where the primary effects of the impact of these factors are observed. The second step involves the following: determining the integrated indicator for each component of the regional economic security; assessing the impact of foreign economic factors produced on the change of the relevant integrated indicator by the sensitivity method; and ranking indicators according to the level of threats arising from the deterioration of the correspondence of their actual values to security criteria. The third step is only relevant for the most influential indicators directly related to foreign economic factors. Here, change forecasts are developed. The fourth step concerns indicators with a probability of less than 50% of the optimistic change forecast and more than 50% of the pessimistic change forecast, which requires justification of measures taken to optimize them and ensure compliance with economic security criteria. The fifth step is modeling economic security components for a short term period by the method of change forecasts using hypothetical values of indicators calculated on the basis of forecasting.

ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА БЮДЖЕТНОГО ПЛАНУВАННЯ В УМОВАХ МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ НЕСТАБІЛЬНОСТІ

The theoretical, methodological and practical principles of budget planning are considered in the work. The main economic and political factors that affect the quality of budget planning in a crisis economy are highlighted. The quality and efficiency of budget indicators planning during destructive events, internal and external threats are analyzed. The effectiveness of the state budget policy largely depends on effective budget planning. The principles of medium-term budget planning (Budget Declaration), which were introduced in our country and which aim to determine the general budget indicators for the next three years, should ensure the implementation of medium-term and long-term budget programs. However, the changing macroeconomic situation in the country and global economic challenges force the Budget Declaration to be revised annually. The main document of budget planning is the law on the State Budget of Ukraine for next year, and therefore the accuracy and completeness of its implementation depends on both medium-term budget planning and budget policy. The revenue part of the State Budget of Ukraine has a decisive influence on the formation expenditure’s part of the State Budget of Ukraine and a significant impact on the formation of local budgets. Therefore, the quality and accuracy of revenue planning is a necessary guarantee of socio-economic development of the state in the planned budget period. The execution of the revenue side of the state budget is also greatly influenced by foreign economic factors, which are not always predictable even for developed economies with a long history of budget risk forecasting, and for Ukraine sometimes become catastrophic, because our country does not have reserve funds as countries with developed economies. The purpose of the article is to consider and evaluate the theoretical and methodological and practical provisions of budget planning and develop on this basis practical recommendations for its improvement. In view of this, the paper revealed different approaches to the definition of «budget planning». The article considers the existing approaches to planning the revenue and expenditure side of the state budget. The authors identified factors that affect the quality of budget planning. The paper presents proposals for improving the efficiency of budget planning.

ЕКСПОРТНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА: СУТНІСТЬ ТА ФАКТОРИ ВПЛИВУ

The essence of the category «potential» is revealed. It is noted that it is more often defined as a set of opportunities in a particular area, but the term «potential» indicates not the implementation of the opportunity, but only its presence. The physical and economic approach to understanding potential is considered. Characterizing the economic potential of the enterprise, several approaches to the definition of this category are described: general; functional; production; Resource. The essence of the concept of «export potential», considered as part of the economic potential of an export-oriented enterprise, is defined in the possible volumes of supplies for the export of competitive products. The following approaches to determining the export potential of the enterprise are presented: a compass approach, a resource approach that is identical to the understanding of the category of «economic potential of the enterprise» and systemic and structural. The concept of «export potential of the enterprise» and «foreign economic potential of the enterprise» is delineated. The analysis of the internal potential of the enterprise is carried out as follows. First, the assessment of the provision of resources and the effectiveness of their use is carried out. Secondly, assessment of the competitiveness of export products. It is determined by a set of its consumer properties, which are advantages compared to competitor goods, in relation to compliance with public needs, considering the costs of their satisfaction and potential income. It is noted that when exporting goods, the enterprise can get both a direct economic effect from improving the financial results of the enterprise, and indirect from increasing the competitiveness of production. If the internal potential of the enterprise is high enough, then it is necessary to analyze the external export potential according to the following scheme. The first step is the analysis of foreign economic factors that have an impact on the formation and use of export potential. The second step is the analysis of marketing activities and sales in foreign markets. The third step is to analyze the innovative potential of the enterprise as an integral part of the export potential and constantly increase its level.

CUSTOMS POLICY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF CYCLICAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Анотація. Визначено, що економічний розвиток України протягом усього періоду її функціонування був дуже нестабільним. У результаті порівняння тенденцій економічного розвитку України і країн ЄС було визначено, що українська економіка набагато більше схильна до різких коливань економічної активності, тоді як розвиток економік країн ЄС є більш стабільним і передбачуваним без стрімких стрибків економічного розвитку. Проведено аналіз основних факторів, що впливають на циклічність розвитку економіки України. Визначено значний вплив політичної ситуації на економічний розвиток України. Обґрунтовано істотний вплив зовнішньоекономічних факторів на розвиток економічних процесів в Україні. Визначено, що ефективна і виважена митна політика України може сприяти стрімкому розвиткові зовнішньої торгівлі, що допоможе подоланню негативних наслідків циклічності економічного розвитку. Розглянуто створення зони вільної торгівлі між Україною і країнами ЄС у контексті циклічності економічного розвитку. Виявлено основні переваги і вірогідні ризики зменшення тарифних і нетарифних бар’єрів при торгівлі України з країнами ЄС. Розглянуто обсяги торгових потоків між Україною та ЄС, обґрунтовано, що Україна має досить слабку позицію в торговельних відносинах із країнами ЄС, це проявляється у від’ємному сальдо зовнішньої торгівлі з країнами ЄС, а також у превалюванні експорту товарів із низькою доданою вартістю. Проаналізовано обсяги надходжень податків на міжнародну торгівлю до Державного бюджету України, на основі чого визначено, що лібералізація торговельних відноси з ЄС уже в перші періоди створення зони вільної торгівлі привела до досить істотного зниження надходжень мита до Державного бюджету України. Обґрунтовано, що створення зони вільної торгівлі з ЄС було б менш загрозливим з позиції інтересів економіки України, у тому разі якщо б воно відбувалося в період сталого економічно зростання. Ключові слова: економічний цикл, митна політика, мито, міжнародна торгівля, зона вільної торгівлі. Формул: 0; рис.: 3; табл.: 1; бібл.: 10.

Critical Factors Affecting Construction Price Index: An Integrated Fuzzy Logic and Analytical Hierarchy Process

Nowadays, many construction engineering and technology enterprises are evolving to find that prosperity is driven and inspired by an open economy with dynamic markets and fierce multifaceted competition. Besides brand and product uniqueness, the ability to quickly provide customers with quotes are matters of concern. Such a requirement for prompt cost estimation of construction investment projects with the use of a construction price index poses a significant challenge to contractors. This is because the nature of the construction industry is shaped by changes in domestic and foreign economic factors, socio-financial issues, and is under the influence of various micro and macro factors. This paper presents a fuzzy decision-making approach for calculating critical factors that affect the construction price index. A qualitative approach was implemented based on in-depth interviews of experts in the construction industry in Vietnam. A synthetic comparison matrix was calculated using Buckley approach. The CoA approach was applied to defuzzified the fuzzy weights of factors that affect the construction price index. The research results show that the top five critical factors affecting the construction price index in Vietnam are (1) consumer price index, (2) gross domestic product, (3) basic interest rate, (4) foreign exchange rate, and (5) total export and import.

ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ДЕРЖАВИ

Introduction. Current conditions of socio-economic relations development, formation of a single Food independence require special attention in the realization conditions of the state food security strategy, since the implementation of the state foreign economic policy aimed at maintaining the openness of internal markets in terms of Ukraine’s integration into the multilateral system of WTO food security of the state and some pressure from foreign trading partners. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop methodological bases for guaranteeing food security and independence, the factors of their formation and to develop recommendations for guaranteeing the food security of the state under the influence of foreign economic factors. Methods. The methods of system analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical, monographic, generalization, were used in the study. Results. Food security and its components have been investigated. Theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to the study of food independence and food self-sufficiency as the main elements of food security are analyzed. The conclusions on the state of food security of Ukraine are formulated on the basis of indicators of food independence by main foodstuffs, self-sufficiency of basic types of foodstuffs, foreign trade in foodstuffs and balance of foreign trade in foodstuffs. The main problems that do not allow to increase the food independence of the state are identified and those that need to be solved within the framework of the state food security strategy. The strategic tasks of the state policy for the achievement of food independence and self-sufficiency are considered in the conditions of increasing integration of Ukraine into the system of international relations. A set of measures is proposed to stimulate the development of a number of agriculture sectors and food industry to ensure their competitiveness within the framework of the food security strategy. The necessity of using indirect instruments and mechanisms of financial support to the agricultural sector, the introduction of an effective system of foreign economic regulation in the agrarian sector are justified, aimed at protecting domestic producers from unfair and excessive competition from foreign suppliers and promoting equipoise. Key words: food security, food independence, food security, foreign trade, agrarian sector.

Transformation of Criteria for the Efficiency of Economic Activities of Countries in the Context of the Modern Model of Globalization

Although macroeconomics as an independent economic science emerged only in the twen­tieth century, the first steps in developing the macroeconomic aspect of efficiency were taken several centuries earlier — beginning from the 16th — 17th centuries — at the pre-industrial stage of development of society. Due to the underdevelopment of the production sphere, the search for sources of growth in the efficiency of national economies at that time was mainly carried out from the most general economic positions — as an integral part of solving the main task of the economics of those eras — searching for ways and means of increasing the wealth of nations. At the same time, naturally, among the first were the climatic and foreign economic factors of increasing the efficiency of national economies. For example, factors related to identifying the advantages of various countries in a geographic location and the ability to solve their economic problems by using the most advantageous options for organizing and conducting foreign economic and trade relations. The transition of developed countries to new stages of development — industrial and postindustrial, as well as the selection by John M. Keynes of the new direction of economic research — macroeconomics, historically leads both to a deepening of the meaning of the very category of “macroeconomic efficiency” and to more detailed studies of factors affecting it.