Notion Of Force Research Articles

Disentangling positive and negative partisanship in social media interactions using a coevolving latent space network with attractors model

Abstract We develop a broadly applicable class of coevolving latent space network with attractors (CLSNA) models, where nodes represent individual social actors assumed to lie in an unknown latent space, edges represent the presence of a specified interaction between actors, and attractors are added in the latent level to capture the notion of attractive and repulsive forces. We apply the CLSNA models to understand the dynamics of partisan polarization in US politics on social media, where we expect Republicans and Democrats to increasingly interact with their own party and disengage with the opposing party. Using longitudinal social networks from the social media platforms Twitter and Reddit, we quantify the relative contributions of positive (attractive) and negative (repulsive) forces among political elites and the public, respectively.

Sequential and distributive forcings without choice

AbstractIn the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the Axiom of Choice, a forcing notion is “ $\kappa $ -distributive” if and only if it is “ $\kappa $ -sequential.” We show that without the Axiom of Choice, this equivalence fails, even if we include a weak form of the Axiom of Choice, the Principle of Dependent Choice for $\kappa $ . Still, the equivalence may still hold along with very strong failures of the Axiom of Choice, assuming the consistency of large cardinal axioms. We also prove that although a $\kappa $ -distributive forcing notion may violate Dependent Choice, it must preserve the Axiom of Choice for families of size $\kappa $ . On the other hand, a $\kappa $ -sequential can violate the Axiom of Choice for countable families. We also provide a condition of “quasiproperness” which is sufficient for the preservation of Dependent Choice, and is also necessary if the forcing notion is sequential.

"The Force of the Event": Performative Failures and Queer Repetitions in Austin, Butler, and Derrida

Much has been written on Derrida’s and Butler's discussions of Austin’s speech act theory, but one thing at least remains unclear: why does performativity hinge on the notion of “force,” and what “force” are we here talking about? For Austin, the force of the performative signals a performative enforcement, a validating repetition of prior conditions of legitimation: it testifies to the “felicity” or “success” of the performative event.According to Derrida, this articulation between force and success closes off the eventness of the event; it implies an ontological reduction and reconstruction, that is, an appropriation of the event in the form of performative power. However, the performative, if it is to truly produce an event, must exceed prior conditions of validation and transform, in its performance, the conditions of validity it was meant to repeat. Eventness must remain beyond and without power. In this perspective, the article explores the “force” which Derrida describes as “force of the event”: an excessive force in the face of which “performative force” must fail. At bottom undecidable, “the force of the event” suggests the fallibility of force and the force of fallibility. I compare this self-deconstructive notion of force with Butler’s subversive politics of the performative, which theorizes “performative force” as the force of a failure – but a successful failure – to comply with the norm: a non-normative repetition and a reappropriation that forces change, and of which “queer” is at once the example, the model, and the very name. While Derrida’s is an attempt to think the uncanny force of a strange, non-appropriable, non-ontologizable, and perhaps “queer” event or quasi-event, characterized by fallibility and undecidability, Butler’s theory of power and her notion of “performative force” reverse, but fundamentally maintain, Austin’s ontological oppositions between success and failure, legitimacy and illegitimacy, repetition and change.

"The Force of the Event": Performative Failures and Queer Repetitions in Austin, Butler, and Derrida

Much has been written on Derrida’s and Butler's discussions of Austin’s speech act theory, but one thing at least remains unclear: why does performativity hinge on the notion of “force,” and what “force” are we here talking about? For Austin, the force of the performative signals a performative enforcement, a validating repetition of prior conditions of legitimation: it testifies to the “felicity” or “success” of the performative event.According to Derrida, this articulation between force and success closes off the eventness of the event; it implies an ontological reduction and reconstruction, that is, an appropriation of the event in the form of performative power. However, the performative, if it is to truly produce an event, must exceed prior conditions of validation and transform, in its performance, the conditions of validity it was meant to repeat. Eventness must remain beyond and without power. In this perspective, the article explores the “force” which Derrida describes as “force of the event”: an excessive force in the face of which “performative force” must fail. At bottom undecidable, “the force of the event” suggests the fallibility of force and the force of fallibility. I compare this self-deconstructive notion of force with Butler’s subversive politics of the performative, which theorizes “performative force” as the force of a failure – but a successful failure – to comply with the norm: a non-normative repetition and a reappropriation that forces change, and of which “queer” is at once the example, the model, and the very name. While Derrida’s is an attempt to think the uncanny force of a strange, non-appropriable, non-ontologizable, and perhaps “queer” event or quasi-event, characterized by fallibility and undecidability, Butler’s theory of power and her notion of “performative force” reverse, but fundamentally maintain, Austin’s ontological oppositions between success and failure, legitimacy and illegitimacy, repetition and change.

The spectrum of independence, II

We study the set sp(i)={|A|:A⊆[ω]ω is a maximal independent family}, referred to as the spectrum of independence. We develop a forcing notion, which allows us to adjoin a maximal independent family of arbitrary cardinality, and so in particular of cardinality ℵω. Moreover, given an arbitrary set Θ of uncountable cardinals, our techniques allow to obtain a cardinal preserving generic extension in which Θ⊆sp(i), thus showing that sp(i) can be arbitrarily large. For finite Θ, as well as certain countably infinite Θ, we can obtain a precise equality, i.e. models of sp(i)=Θ.

Projective well orders and coanalytic witnesses

We further develop a forcing notion known as Coding with Perfect Trees and show that this poset preserves, in a strong sense, definable P-points, definable tight MAD families and definable selective independent families. As a result, we obtain a model in which a=u=i=ℵ1<2ℵ0=ℵ2, each of a, u, i has a Π11 witness and there is a Δ31 well-order of the reals. Note that both the complexity of the witnesses of the above combinatorial cardinal characteristics, as well as the complexity of the well-order are optimal. In addition, we show that the existence of a Δ31 well-order of the reals is consistent with c=ℵ2 and each of the following: a=u<i, a=i<u, a<u=i, where the smaller cardinal characteristics have co-analytic witnesses.Our methods allow the preservation of only sufficiently definable witnesses, which significantly differs from other preservation results of this type.

The Potentials and Limits of Computing Technologies for Socialist Planning

The notion of productive forces is usually grasped from a narrow perspective which reduces its content to technology and productivity. The distinction between force (Kraft) and its expression (Äußerung) plays a key role in Marx's dialectical analysis. Insofar as force is the outcome of a relation in dialectics, productive forces comprise an active element, namely labor. It is through the mediation of this active element that relations of production intervene in the process of expression of productive forces, which indicates the agency, that is the subversive subject, its empowerment and possibilities. Under capitalism, all aspects of individual and social life are reduced parameters to serve the overriding principle of profit maximization. Only the empowerment of working people can avoid such parameterization of society, which requires the abolition of the law of value as well as private property in the means of production, but is not granted by this abolition. The empowerment of workers is not an outcome of the advancement of productive forces, but is rather a significant element of the latter.

Impetus-Force-Like Drawings May Be Less Common Than You Think

Perhaps the most commonly cited student idea about forces in the literature is the notion of an impetus force, defined as the “belief that there is a force inside a moving object that keeps it going and causes it to have some speed,” that can then “fade away as the object moves along.” According to the literature, even after physics instruction students use impetus force reasoning to argue that forces are necessary to sustain motion or that motion implies force. For example, many students drew an upward arrow to indicate a force on a coin that was moving upward after being tossed. The coin was halfway between the point of its release and its turnaround point. Interviews with students in the course indicate that the arrow was meant to indicate “the ‘force of the throw,’ the ‘upward original force,’” and so on. Clement interprets these results to mean that students “believe that continuing motion implies the presence of a continuing force in the same direction, as a necessary cause of the motion.”

ON RESTRICTIONS OF ULTRAFILTERS FROM GENERIC EXTENSIONS TO GROUND MODELS

Let P be a forcing notion and $G\subseteq P$ its generic subset. Suppose that we have in $V[G]$ a $\kappa{-}$ complete ultrafilter1,2W over $\kappa $ . Set $U=W\cap V$ .

SPECIALISING TREES WITH SMALL APPROXIMATIONS I

AbstractAssuming $\mathrm{PFA}$ , we shall use internally club $\omega _1$ -guessing models as side conditions to show that for every tree T of height $\omega _2$ without cofinal branches, there is a proper and $\aleph _2$ -preserving forcing notion with finite conditions which specialises T. Moreover, the forcing has the $\omega _1$ -approximation property.

A Model in Which the Separation Principle Holds for a Given Effective Projective Sigma-Class

In this paper, we prove the following: If n≥3, there is a generic extension of L—the constructible universe—in which it is true that the Separation principle holds for both effective (lightface) classes Σn1 and Πn1 of sets of integers. The result was announced long ago by Leo Harrington with a sketch of the proof for n=3; its full proof has never been presented. Our methods are based on a countable product of almost-disjoint forcing notions independent in the sense of Jensen–Solovay.

The Sense of Propulsion: Sartre’s Freedom as Deleuzian Force

Abstract This paper will revitalize the notion of force in Sartre’s phenomenology by reinterpreting thrown-projection as propulsion. From there, Sartre’s analysis of agency will be explored as regards the constitutive moments pertaining to the dynamics of striving. We will see that such striving relates to Deleuze’s ideas on how bodily forces take consciousness into possession. In the final steps of the analysis, it will turn out that freedom is dependent on a rupture that emerges from self-determination of consciousness, which is itself not of the order of freedom.

Miti e utopie della modernità nelle Riflessioni sulla violenza di Georges Sorel

This paper analyses the work Riflessioni sulla violenza written by Georges Sorel and published in 1908. The principal aim of this paper is to present the deep relationship between myth, violence and politics in order to reevaluate how irrational forces have guided social movements and revolutions. The distinction between the notions of force and violence introduces the central thesis of Georges Sorel’s political thought, which is called anarcho-syndacalism. More specifically, George Sorel puts together Marx and Bergson in order to develop a severe criticism of the Third Republic and to theorize the role of violence in the transition from capitalism to socialism. Through the myth of the general strike, Sorel introduces his philosophical perspective on social struggles against the parlamentarism.

Endure, escape or engage: how and when misaligned institutional logics and entrepreneurial agency contribute to the maturing of entrepreneurial ecosystems

ABSTRACT This study explores how entrepreneurs respond when their expectations misalign with the capabilities, behaviours and priorities of angel and venture capital investors in a maturing entrepreneurial ecosystem. Based on 38 interviews with New Zealand founders, we theorize three qualitatively different behavioural strategies – endure, escape or engage – that entrepreneurs enact in the face of such misalignment. We also consider the ramifications of these strategies for the broader context in which entrepreneurial activity occurs. Some strategies reproduce the suboptimal ecosystem conditions that entrepreneurs encounter, whereas others contribute to the sustainable growth and maturity of the ecosystem. Grounded in an institutional logics perspective, our findings offer a nuanced view of entrepreneurial agency in the face of an entrepreneurial ecosystem’s institutional constraints. We challenge the deterministic notion of contextual forces that prevails in the literature and reveal how and when resource-sourcing decisions and actions stimulate endogenous change in entrepreneurial ecosystems.

A new perspective on infection forces with demonstration by a DDE infectious disease model.

In this paper, we revisit the notion of infection force from a new angle which can offer a new perspective to motivate and justify some infection force functions. Our approach can not only explain many existing infection force functions in the literature, it can also motivate new forms of infection force functions, particularly infection forces depending on disease surveillance of the past. As a demonstration, we propose an SIRS model with delay. We comprehensively investigate the disease dynamics represented by this model, particularly focusing on the local bifurcation caused by the delay and another parameter that reflects the weight of the past epidemics in the infection force. We confirm Hopf bifurcations both theoretically and numerically. The results show that, depending on how recent the disease surveillance data are, their assigned weight may have a different impact on disease control measures.

Interdisciplinarity and Metaphors. Historical Reflections on Music Theory and the Psychology of Music

Music theory and the psychology of music have maintained a close relationship, especially since the 1980s. Yet, the liaison between these two fields can be further traced back to the late 19th century, the formative period of both modern musicology and psychology. This article deals with those interdisciplinary works of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which we may refer to as early music psychology marked by the writings of Hermann von Helmholtz, Carl Stumpf, Hugo Riemann and Ernst Kurth. Instead of tracing the historical origins of current studies, however, this article attempts to contextualize the discourse of early music psychology and identify how these theories were constructed. The linguistic and metaphorical formations that appear frequently in early music psychological writings are examined – in particular the metaphors related to the notion of musical force, most of which were imported from the contemporary sciences such as physics and physiology. An examination of the “source domains” of metaphors such as »life-force«, »living force« and a group of terms related to physical forces reveals different conceptions of the ways in which the boundaries between the natural and mental sciences may be crossed and of different notions of listening to music. To borrow Morris Berman’s expressions, we may observe here a shift from “disenchanted” to “re-enchanted” music psychology. It is often said that the subject matter of psychology (i. e., the human mind) is constructed by practising psychologists themselves, and that changes in psychological language signify psychological change in their own right. The same holds true for the psychology of music. How do we conceptualize music? How does this conception shape the field of music psychology? By evoking such questions, historical and critical reflections on early music psychology may serve to rethink present-day interdisciplinary works between music theory and music psychology.

Bergson’s Notion of Duration as Drive

A renewed interest into the philosophy of Bergson in the last decades brings his central notion duration to the fore of lively discussions. This renewed interest certainly has its source in Deleuze’s Bergsonism, where he declared Bergson’s philosophy as an alternative to phenomenology that dominated the philosophical discussions throughout the 20th century. Deleuze’s attempt to put Bergson as an alternative to phenomenology was a protest against the phenomenological tradition, which denounced Bergson’s analysis of duration as it is first developed in Time and Free Will as remaining within the confines of psychological realism and reducing time to a flowing, fluid thing that resides in consciousness. In an attempt to contribute to the Deleuzian interpretation that defends Bergson’s notion of duration against its phenomenological criticisms, I argue in the present study that the notion of duration as developed by Bergson in Time and Free Will can be best interpreted in terms of a Leibnizian notion of force. Following Bergson’s criticism of reduction of time to a homogeneous medium in the work of Kant, I introduce Bergson’s analysis of duration as a drive that prolongs the past of consciousness into its present. In doing this I take a detour through Heidegger’s interpretation of Leibniz’s vis activa as drive.

Hertz's Mechanics and a unitary notion of force

Heinrich Hertz dedicated the last four years of his life to a systematic reformulation of mechanics. One of the main issues that troubled Hertz in the customary formulation of mechanics was a ‘logical obscurity’ in the notion of force. However, it is unclear what this logical obscurity was, hence it is unclear how Hertz took himself to have avoided it.In this paper, I argue that a subtle ambiguity in Newton's original laws of motion lay at the basis of Hertz's concerns; an ambiguity which led to the development of two slightly different notions of force. I then show how Hertz avoided this ambiguity by deriving a unitary notion of force, thus dispelling the obscurity that lurked in the customary representation of mechanics.

Depletion torques between anisotropic colloidal particles.

We explore how the entropic notion of depletion forces between spheres, introduced by Asakura and Oosawa, can be extended to depletion torques that affect the orientations of colloidal particles having complex shapes. In prior experimental work, systems of microscale plate-like particles in the presence of a nanoscale depletion agent have been shown to form polymer-like columnar chains; restoring depletion torques act to align lithographically-structured platelets within a chain orientationally about the chain's axis. We consider depletion torques corresponding to parallel, face-to-face, near-contact pair interactions for complex-shaped, plate-like, prismatic lithographic particles in colloidal dispersions containing a spherical nanoscale depletion agent. We calculate depletion torques for a wide variety of such particles, including rotationally symmetric, asymmetric, achiral, chiral, and elongated particles. Moreover, we determine depletion torques between two non-parallel proximate square platelets connected by a lossless hinge along a common edge. Our investigations show that depletion torques can be tailored through lithographic or synthetic designof specific geometrical features in the shapes of particles.

An invisible operational mortar

Abstract The contribution seeks to apply the principles of J. L. Austin’s speech-act theories to the study of local business segregation in the Jim Crow South. In particular, it borrows the notions of illocutionary and perlocutionary force when examining the seemingly bland and prosaic statements that are often used to normalise segregation within the business of commercial entertainment. For purposes of expanding the complexity of typical Manichaean (i.e., Black vs White) ethnic studies, this analysis was developed within the context of tri-racial segregation as applied to rural moviegoing within Robeson County, North Carolina during the first half of the twentieth century. Notably, the development of Robeson’s historical cinema-exhibition spaces eventually resulted in a highly unusual venue – i.e., the three-entrance theatre – whose physical architecture reflected tensions between local ethnic demographics and desired social hierarchies. Yet even in the face of these unusual physical constructs, this study contends that seemingly everyday objective/descriptive and non-demonising language remained an essential component in enforcing segregation.