Notion Of Force Research Articles

Regularity properties on the generalized reals

We investigate regularity properties derived from tree-like forcing notions in the setting of “generalized descriptive set theory”, i.e., descriptive set theory on κκ and 2κ, for regular uncountable cardinals κ.

Is There Such a Thing as Narrative Explanation?

AbstractSome narratives are explanatory, and some explanations are given by narrating. But are there explanations which are explanatorySince the concepts of narrative and explanation are contested, both concepts need to be explicated in order to investigate whether narrative explanations exist. As for explanation, the idea that some narratives are explanatory because they are narratives is often expressed by saying that the narrative form contrib­utes to the explanatory force of the explanation. Unfortunately, the notion of explanatory force is but a rather vague picture. It is not entirely clear what a contribution to explanatory force might consist in. After explicating what counts as an explanation, I therefore propose to substitute the notion of explanatory force by a more precise account. The one that is chosen for the purposes of this paper (but not the only possible choice) is van Fraassen’s account: explanations are seen as at least answers to how-questions or why-questions which are relevant for theMy explication of the notion of narrative already stands in this context. In order to find relevance relations between answers to how/why-questions andIn the main part of the paper, these inherently narrative candidates are then identified in the literature on narrative explanation, and I subsequently ask whether they can provide a relevance relation betweenThe last section of the paper then situates these considerations in their historical contexts, starting with Hempel’s theory of explanation. The question is asked why the idea of a special, narrative type of explanation seemed attractive in the first place. I come up with three tentative answers: the widespread discontent with Hempel’s theory of scientific explanation, the availability of narrative as an obvious but allegedly underrated aspect of explanations, and the availability of a list of candidates for which narrative explanation was supposed to work. None of these historical reasons, however, is ultimately conclusive.

Why Y-c.c.

We outline a portfolio of novel iterable properties of c.c.c. and proper forcing notions and study its most important instantiations, Y-c.c. and Y-properness. These properties have interesting consequences for partition-type forcings and anticliques in open graphs. Using Neeman's side condition method it is possible to obtain PFA variations and prove consistency results for them.

Template iterations with non-definable ccc forcing notions

We present a version with non-definable forcing notions of Shelah's theory of iterated forcing along a template. Our main result, as an application, is that, if κ is a measurable cardinal and θ<κ<μ<λ are uncountable regular cardinals, then there is a ccc poset forcing s=θ<b=μ<a=λ. Another application is to get models with large continuum where the groupwise-density number g assumes an arbitrary regular value.

A note on a forcing related to the S‐space problem in the extension with a coherent Suslin tree

One of the main problems about is that whether a coherent Suslin tree forces that there are no S‐spaces under . We analyze a forcing notion related to this problem, and show that under , S forces that every topology on ω1 generated by a basis in the ground model is not an S‐topology. This supplements the previous work due to Stevo Todorčević [25].

A force-theoretic framework for event structure

We propose an account of dynamic predicates which draws on the notion of force, eliminating reference to events in the linguistic semantics. We treat dynamic predicates as predicates of forces, represented as functions from an initial situation to a final situation that occurs ceteris paribus, that is, if nothing external intervenes. The possibility that opposing forces might intervene to prevent the transition to a given final situation leads us to a novel analysis of non-culminating accomplishment predicates in a variety of languages, including the English progressive. We then apply the force-theoretic framework to the composition of basic Vendlerian eventuality types within a lexical-decomposition syntax. The difference between predicates of forces and predicates of situations is argued to underlie the dynamic/stative contrast, and also to allow for a formal treatment of the difference between be and stay. Consequences for the relationship between language and cognition are discussed.

Howard Caygill on resistance: ecce homo

Howard Caygill’s On Resistance (2013) is changing the landscape of how the concept of resistance is understood. In his book, he theorises a concept of resistance rooted in the Kantian aporia of judgement, in the Hegelian notion of Force, in Clausewitz’s idea of resistance as a capacity and in the Nietzschean notion of affirmation. He employs these against philosophies of dialectic and resolution. I trace these themes back through some of his earlier work, to reveal the tensions that persist in his own thinking, and which underpin the puzzles, the aporias, that are central to his notion of resistance. I argue that in his earlier work a notion of (Hegelian) philosophical education receives more generous treatment. By retrieving this notion of learning and locating it within On Resistance, we can get closer not only to the relationship between actuality, possibility and necessity, that are so important to Caygill’s notion of resistance, but also to the philosophical character of the man Caygill: ecce homo.

Monotone hulls for $${\mathcal {N}}\cap {\mathcal {M}}$$ N ∩ M

Using the method of decisive creatures [see Kellner and Shelah (J Symb Log 74:73–104, 2009)] we show the consistency of “there is no increasing \(\omega _2\)–chain of Borel sets and \(\mathrm{non}({\mathcal N})= \mathrm{non}({\mathcal M})=\mathrm{non}({\mathcal N}\cap {\mathcal M})=\omega _2=2^\omega \)”. Hence, consistently, there are no monotone Borel hulls for the ideal \({\mathcal M}\cap {\mathcal N}\). This answers Balcerzak and Filipczak (Math Log Q 57:186–193, 2011 [Questions 23, 24]). Next we use finite support iteration of ccc forcing notions to show that there may be monotone Borel hulls for the ideals \({\mathcal M},{\mathcal N}\) even if they are not generated by towers.

An integrated approach to shape optimization and mesh adaptivity based on material residual forces

Abstract This contribution is concerned with the coupling of finite element based shape optimization to methods of mesh adaptivity. Therein, the nodal points of a finite element mesh serve as design variables in an optimization problem that aims to minimize a cost functional with respect to different constraints. In order to avoid the occurrence of oscillating boundaries in the optimal design trials, we generate the respective design updates through solving a series of fictitious boundary value problems on an updated Lagrangian configuration. The design update process is accompanied by adaptive mesh refinement to obtain more accurate results for the structural analysis and the design sensitivity analysis. For the mesh adaptation process, we consider r -adaptive node relocation, h -adaptive mesh refinement and a combination of both approaches. In each case, the derivations rest upon the notion of material residual forces induced by finite element discretization and the coupling of shape optimization and mesh adaptivity is of intermittent type, i.e. mesh adaptivity is invoked once a certain number of design updates has been generated. We examine the benefits of the proposed method on the basis of some numerical examples in comparison to the same shape optimization method not involving adaptive mesh refinement where we evaluate the corresponding numerical costs, the gain in accuracy and the effects on the optimal shapes being obtained.

Forcing of Infinity and Algebras of Distributions of Binary Semi-isolating Formulas for Strongly Minimal Theories

We apply a general approach for distributions of binary isolating and semi-isolating formulas to the class of strongly minimal theories. For this aim we introduce and use the notion of forcing of infinity. Structures associated with binary formulas, in strongly minimal theories, and containing compositions and Boolean combinations are characterized: a list of basic structural properties for these structures, including the forcing of infinity, is presented, and it is shown that structures satisfying this list of properties are realized in strongly minimal theories.

From Speech Acts to Semantics

Abstract Frege introduced the notion of pragmatic force as what distinguishes statements from questions. This distinction was elaborated by Wittgenstein in his later works, and systematised as an account of different kinds of speech acts in formal dialogue theory by Hamblin. It lies at the heart of the inferential semantics more recently developed by Brandom. The present paper attempts to sketch some of the relations between these developments.

Stigma experience of people with epilepsy in Mexico and views of health care providers

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences. Epilepsy stigma is a social determinant of ill health that affects the quality of life of people who suffer from epilepsy and that renders a poor social prognosis even worse than the clinical one. From a phenomenological approach, between January and July 2011, we explored the experience of epilepsy stigma through 25 in-depth qualitative interviews with 10 persons with temporal lobe epilepsy (PWE) (we avoided terms such as “epileptics” or “epileptic patients” because they can be labeling and stigmatizing), 10 carers (CEs) of PWE who attended the epilepsy clinic of the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, and 5 physicians specialized in epilepsy. The objective of the study was to identify the following: perceptions that could indicate any form of discrimination due to having epilepsy, reactions of people in front of a person having seizures, and social functioning of PWE since epilepsy onset, particularly their interpersonal relationships and participation in educational or working activities. Through the health providers' narratives, we explored the mainstream care practices, their perspectives on epilepsy, and their views about how the disease should be addressed. Thematic guidelines were elaborated for each type of participant. All information was processed with the use of the computer-assisted data analysis, Atlas.ti5. We made a codification of broad themes that corresponded to the main topics of the interview guidelines and then proceeded to finer categorization to elaborate the analytical categories. Epilepsy was attached to a powerful stereotype that includes notions of contamination, danger, sin, divine punishment, supernatural forces, and madness. Internalized, interpersonal, and institutional stigma prevents PWE from participating in school and employment and reduces their opportunities to establish peer and couple relationships. Mexican's overt impunity of structural discrimination towards PWE shows a lack of available legal resources that protect their human rights. The narrow biomedical concept that physicians have of epilepsy is consistent with the limited medical practices that are offered to treat epilepsy at the health services in Mexico. Comprehensive treatment and integrated services for epilepsy must incorporate psychosocial programs that include epilepsy stigma as a major component of the disease.

Sector Based Multicast Routing Algorithm for Mobile AD-HOC Networks

Multicast routing algorithms for mobile ad-hoc networks have been extensively researched in the recent past. In this paper, we present two algorithms for dealing with multicast routing problem using the notion of virtual forces. We look at the effective force exerted on a packet and determine whether a node could be considered as a Steiner node. The nodes' location information is used to generate virtual circuits corresponding to the multicast route. QoS parameters are taken into consideration in the form of virtual dampening force. The first algorithm produces relatively minimal multicast trees under the set of constraints. We improve upon the first algorithm and present a second algorithm that provides improvement in average residual energy in the network as well as effective cost per data packet transmitted. In this paper, the virtual-force technique has been applied for multicast routing for the first time in mobile ad-hoc networks.

Regional and Epi‐ to Endocardial Differences in Transmural Angles of Left Ventricular Cardiomyocytes Measured in Ex Vivo Pig Hearts: Functional Implications

Recent studies point toward the existence of a significant population of cardiomyocytes that intrude transmurally, in addition to those aligned tangentially. Our aim was to investigate the extent of transmural angulation in the porcine left ventricle using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI). Hearts from eight 15 kg pigs were arrested in diastole. The ventricles were filled with polymer to maintain the end-diastolic dimensions. All hearts were examined using DTMRI to assess the distribution of transmural angulation of the cardiomyocytes at 12 predetermined locations covering the entirety of the left ventricle. We found significant differences between the regions, as well as within the transmural subcomponents. In eight out of the 12 predetermined mural segments, the highest mean transmural angle was located sub-endocardially. The greatest mean transmural angles were found in the anterior basal region, specifically 14.9 ± 6.0-degree angle, with the greatest absolute value being 34.3-degree angle. This is the first study to show the significant heterogeneities in the distribution of helical and transmural angles within the entirety of the left ventricular walls, not only for different depths within the ventricular walls, but also between different ventricular regions. The results show unequivocally that not all the contractile elements are aligned exclusively in tangential fashion within the left ventricle. The main function of the transmurally intruding component is most likely to equalize and normalize shortening of the cardiomyocytes at all depths within the myocardium, but our findings also support the notion of antagonistic forces existing within the myocardial walls.

A Reduction Theorem for the Kripke–Joyal Semantics: Forcing Over an Arbitrary Category can Always be Replaced by Forcing Over a Complete Heyting Algebra

It is assumed that a Kripke–Joyal semantics $${\mathcal{A} = \left\langle \mathbb{C},{\rm Cov}, {\it F},\Vdash \right\rangle}$$ has been defined for a first-order language $${\mathcal{L}}$$ . To transform $${\mathbb{C}}$$ into a Heyting algebra $${\overline{\mathbb{C}}}$$ on which the forcing relation is preserved, a standard construction is used to obtain a complete Heyting algebra made up of cribles of $${\mathbb{C}}$$ . A pretopology $${\overline{{\rm Cov}}}$$ is defined on $${\overline{\mathbb{C}}}$$ using the pretopology on $${\mathbb{C}}$$ . A sheaf $${\overline{{\it F}}}$$ is made up of sections of F that obey functoriality. A forcing relation $${\overline{\Vdash}}$$ is defined and it is shown that $${\overline{\mathcal{A}} = \left\langle \overline{\mathbb{C}},\overline{\rm{Cov}},\overline{{\it F}}, \overline{\Vdash} \right\rangle }$$ is a Kripke–Joyal semantics that faithfully preserves the notion of forcing of $${\mathcal{A}}$$ . That is to say, an object a of $${\mathbb{C}Ob}$$ forces a sentence with respect to $${\mathcal{A}}$$ if and only if the maximal a-crible forces it with respect to $${\overline{\mathcal{A}}}$$ . This reduces a Kripke–Joyal semantics defined over an arbitrary site to a Kripke–Joyal semantics defined over a site which is based on a complete Heyting algebra.

SPIRIT AND ECOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF AFRICAN THEOLOGY

This contribution seeks to map a possible trajectory for an African theological response to the debate on the ecological crisis. The author is in tandem with scholars who argue that Christian doctrine can provide theologians with resources to enable a theological response to the ecological debate. Therefore, proceeding from the perspective of a contextual theological methodology, it will be argued that one way in which African theology can contribute towards the cultivation of an ecological ethos in African Christianity lies in the appropriation of the conceptual framework of the African notion of vital force in the articulation of pneumatology within the context of African theology. The author contends that life-centeredness and relationality, as expressed by the African notion of vital force, have ecological significance. doi: 10.7833/111-1-12

SPIRIT AND ECOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF AFRICAN THEOLOGY

This contribution seeks to map a possible trajectory for an African theological response to the debate on the ecological crisis. The author is in tandem with scholars who argue that Christian doctrine can provide theologians with resources to enable a theological response to the ecological debate. Therefore, proceeding from the perspective of a contextual theological methodology, it will be argued that one way in which African theology can contribute towards the cultivation of an ecological ethos in African Christianity lies in the appropriation of the conceptual framework of the African notion of vital force in the articulation of pneumatology within the context of African theology. The author contends that life-centeredness and relationality, as expressed by the African notion of vital force, have ecological significance. doi: 10.7833/111-1-12

Distributive proper forcing axiom and cardinal invariants

In this paper, we study the forcing axiom for the class of proper forcing notions which do not add ? sequence of ordinals. We study the relationship between this forcing axiom and many cardinal invariants. We use typical iterated forcing with large cardinals and analyse certain property being preserved in this process. Lastly, we apply the results to distinguish several forcing axioms.

Choosing in Freedom or Forced to Choose? Introspective Blindness to Psychological Forcing in Stage-Magic

We investigated an individual ability to identify whether choices were made freely or forced by external parameters. We capitalized on magical setups where the notion of psychological forcing constitutes a well trodden path. In live stage magic, a magician guessed cards from spectators while inquiring how freely they thought they had made the choice. Our data showed a marked blindness in the introspection of free choice. Spectators assigned comparable ratings when choosing the card that the magician deliberately forced them compared to any other card, even in classical forcing, where the magician literally handles a card to the participant This observation was paralleled by a laboratory experiment where we observed modest changes in subjective reports by factors with drastic effect in choice. Pupil dilatation, which is known to tag slow cognitive events related to memory and attention, constitutes an efficient fingerprint to index subjective and objective aspects of choice.

A damage-based temperature-dependent model for ductile fracture with finite strains and configurational forces

In this paper we assess a crack propagation criterion based on the notion of configurational force in the spirit of Gurtin (Configurational forces as basic concepts of continuum physics. Applied mathematical sciences. Springer, Berlin, 2000). We extend the theory of Gurtin to finite strain elasto-plastic fracture and in addition take thermal effects into account. The global model is a system of nonlinear and non-smooth equations which are solved directly with a finite element discretization. Comparison with laboratory experiments is provided, thereby showing that the concept of configurational force can be successfully used for computational damage-based fracture tests on ductile materials.