Force In Poland Research Articles

Morphological variability of the fibularis tertius tendon in human foetuses.

In adults, the fibularis tertius (FT) demonstrates great morphological variation. The present study classifies the types of FT insertion in human foetuses and compares their prevalence to the prevailing classification among adults. Fifty spontaneously-aborted human foetuses (19 male, 31 female, 100 upper limbs in total) aged 18-38 weeks of gestation at death were examined. The foetuses were obtained from spontaneous abortion after parental consent. The study was performed in accordance with the legal procedures in force in Poland and with the Body Donation Programme for both adults and foetuses. The most common type of FT found was type VI (32%), characterised by a bifurcated distal attachment: a main tendon inserting onto the base of the fourth metatarsal bone, and accessory bands inserting onto the fourth interosseous space. Five other types were observed: type IV (20%), with a single tendon inserting distally to the fascia covering the fourth interosseous space; type I (18%), with a single tendon inserting distally onto the shaft of the fifth metatarsal bone; type V (14%), with a bifurcated arrangement comprising a main tendon characterised by a very wide insertion onto the base of the fifth metatarsal bone and an accessory band inserting onto the base of the fourth metatarsal bone; and type III (12%) with a single tendon inserting distally onto the shaft of the fourth metatarsal bone and fascia covering the fourth interosseous space. Finally, type II (4%) was characterised by a single tendon inserting onto the base of the fifth metatarsal bone via a very wide distal insertion. The FT demonstrates high morphological variability, with the most common configuration found in adults - a single insertion onto metatarsal 5 - being actually uncommonly found in foetuses.

Consequences of Changes in the Liver Allocation System for Transplantation in the Silesian Voivodeship and in the Transplantation Center in Katowice

For a number of years, the system of procured livers for transplantation by transplant centers in a fixed order, regardless of the location of the procurement site, was in force in Poland. In mid-2018, priority was introduced in the collection of livers by a team from a given province. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of changing the liver transplantation allocation system at the Katowice Transplant Center (KTW) on the number of transplanted livers and on the selected parameters of donors from which the liver was procured. The rates and cold ischemia time (CIT) of procured livers were analyzed. The rate of livers procured by the KTW transplant team increased from 36.6% to 53.3%, and at the same time the rate of livers procured by this team and sent for transplantation in other transplant centers increased. The rate of livers transplanted in the KTW, which were procured in the Silesian Voivodeship, increased from 37.4% to 61.0%, and the rate of livers procured outside the Silesian Voivodeship decreased from 54.8% to 36.4%. The CIT of livers transplanted in the KTW was reduced from 407.5 to 360.0 minutes. The comparative analysis of donor parameters of livers procured by the KTW transplant team and transplanted in Katowice revealed no differences regarding analyzed clinical and biochemical parameters. The change in the allocation system increased the number of livers procured by the local team and shortened CIT of livers transplanted at the KTW.

Building Energy Self-Sufficiency of Municipalities on the Basis of National Legal Conditions in the Theoretical Perspective of the Polish Legal Experiences

In today’s social, economic, and political reality, it cannot be overlooked that the energy self-sufficiency of municipalities not only optimizes the lives of the inhabitants of the municipality but also, in a broader perspective, the services provided by the municipality. The sustainable development of a municipality will therefore depend on its degree of self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Economic and technological considerations are not sufficient for the municipality to achieve optimal energy independence without normative conditions. The current (2021/2022) trends in electricity prices and in the development of national and international policies and strategies for electricity generation from renewable energy sources also make the change in the energy market structure toward distributed generation. The main objective of this paper is a theoretical analysis of the legal solutions in force in Poland that allow building energy self-sufficiency in municipalities and their adequacy to the current economic, technological, and political conditions. The scientific discussion will focus here on research problems related to the impact of the national regulations on the gradual assumption of control by municipalities over the generation and distribution of electricity with regard to energy produced in RES installations and the independence of municipalities from the national energy management and supply system.

Location of photovoltaic farms in the absence of a local spatial development plan

Depletion of fossil fuel resources is no longer just a pessimistic vision of the future. The economy’s demand for electricity continues to grow steadily and, given the dwindling resources of traditional energy sources, makes humanity look for alternative solutions. Harvesting energy from renewable sources is becoming commonplace, solar energy being one of them. The development of technology provides more and more new technical solutions, and photovoltaic installations in the form of farms are gaining popularity in Poland. The quantity of electricity generated from them depends on many factors, i.e. not only the efficiency of the cells as such, but also the size of the area covered. In the light of the existing regulations, projects based on the development of photovoltaic systems with an area of not less than 1 hectare are classified as projects that may potentially have a significant impact on the environment, which entails the need to conduct an environmental impact assessment procedure and then obtain a building permit by the investor. The possibility of obtaining a building permit for a photovoltaic farm installation depends on obtaining a decision on land development and management conditions or a decision on the location of public purpose investment. At this stage, administrative bodies are faced with the need to decide how the required arrangements are to be made between administrative bodies. Legislative acts in force in Poland do not seem to regulate this issue in a sufficiently clear manner. This study analyses the above issue from the point of view of the existing provisions of the Spatial Planning and Development Act.

Empathy as a Factor Conditioning Attitudes towards the Elderly among Physiotherapists-Results from Poland.

Attitudes of healthcare workers towards the elderly significantly affect the quality of care dedicated to this group of patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the approach of Polish physiotherapists to the elderly and to analyze the factors influencing these attitudes. The study was based on a cross-sectional Internet-based survey that was conducted in the period from May to September 2021. It was completed by 252 subjects: 189 women and 63 men. The study was based on the involvement of physiotherapists with the right to practice their profession in accordance with the law in force in Poland. The tools used in the study were The Kogan Attitudes towards the Elderly (KAOP) score and The Jefferson Empathy Scale (JSE). To model the KOAP score as a function of the predictors, Bayesian linear regression was used. The average KOAP score in the sample was M (SD) = 100.7 (17.46), with the central 50% of the observations ranging from 81 to 113 points. We observed one statistically credible relationship: relevance of contacts with elderly people was positively and moderately related to KOAP. Additionally, we observed that the JSE scale was positively, but very weakly, associated with KOAP. Empathy and own experience of health care providers may protect against negative attitudes towards the elderly, meaning empathy in healthcare professionals is crucial.

Speech therapy rehabilitation in an otorhinolaryngological patient against the Polish legal regulations

Introduction: The challenges of modern medicine go beyond merely effective diagnostics and therapy for extension of human life, but must also strive to improve its quality. The benefits of multidisciplinary cooperation in patient care are now unquestionable and result in the dissemination of such a trend among most medical fields. Clinical speech therapists are valuable partners for otorhinolaryngologists in the treatment of many diseases of the head and neck region. Aim: The aim of this article is to present the role of the speech therapist at an otorhinolaryngology ward, as well as to analyze the current legal regulations that constitute the basis for such cooperation. In accordance with the legal regulations currently in force in Poland, the position of a speech therapist at the otolaryngology department is financed for the rehabilitation of patients with cochlear implant and brain stem implants. Unfortunately, the role of a speech therapist in other diseases including voice, speech, hearing and swallowing disorders within otorhinolaryngology wards has not yet been sanctioned, hence many patients continue to be deprived of comprehensive pre- and postoperative care. Conclusion: Speech therapy rehabilitation in ENT departments, apart from patients with hearing loss, is particularly important for patients with organic lesions of the larynx undergoing intra-laryngeal surgery as well as open surgery procedures, patients with neurogenic voice and/or swallowing disorders or as a result of iatrogenic dysfunction. Such therapy includes diagnostic and information activities as well as exercises to improve functions. Speech therapists contribute substantially to the comprehensive care of patients both in the preoperative and postoperative periods.

The Concept of Intellectual Property Cases. Selected Issues

Abstract This article relates to the concept of intellectual property cases, which has recently been added to the Polish Code of Civil Procedure (CCP). The introduction of this concept has to do with changes in the CCP, which have been in force in Poland since 1 July 2020. From that date, intellectual property cases are dealt with by the courts under a new special procedure. Classification of a particular case as an intellectual property case has important practical consequences: an intellectual property case is heard in distinct proceedings; otherwise, general regulations will apply. The definition of intellectual property cases which is in the CCP is not obvious and raises doubts. The aim of the article is to analyse this definition and to propose certain directions of interpretation.

Granice inwencji imienniczej w Polsce – w diachronicznej perspektywie językoznawczej i prawnej

In order to capture the boundaries mentioned in the title, the subject of description in this study were legal regulations regarding the matter of giving (changing) names that have been in force in Poland over the years, since the post-war period, the verdicts of courts that have settled disputes on names and linguists speaking on naming matters, as well as, supplementarily, conclusions flowing from the analysis of publicly available lists of names from the PESEL register and selected fragments of correspondence between the Polish Language Council and persons/institutions requesting value judgements on names.

Uprzednie porozumienia cenowe w Polsce i innych państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej

Purpose – Indicating the Advance Pricing Agreement (APA) as a tool to help taxpayers in reducing tax risk and assessing the functioning of APAs in Poland compared to other European Union Member States through the prism of the time of negotiations. Research method – The analysis of empirical data (from the period 2015–2019), the analysis of legal acts in economic terms, studies of the literature on the subject. Results – Advance Pricing Agreements, as a tax risk minimization tool, have been in force in Poland for a relatively short period of time. The analysis covered data from 5 years. This enabled the formulation of a positive assessment of the functioning of APAs in Poland in comparison to other Member States of the European Union. On the basis of the analysis, the suggested change in operation should be shortening the average time of negotiating APAs, e.g. by considering the introducion of a simplified procedure for requesting Advance Pricing Agreements. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – Research on advance pricing agreements is not developed, neither in Poland nor in other Member States of the European Union, therefore the results presented in this article can be considered innovative and implying the in-depth analyses.

Threat to a Woman’s Life or Health as a Premise for Termination of Pregnancy in the Light of Constitutional and Statutory Provisions in Force in Poland

Threat to a Woman’s Life or Health as a Premise for Termination of Pregnancy in the Light of Constitutional and Statutory Provisions in Force in Poland

Net-Metering vs. Net-Billing from the Investors Perspective—Impacts of Changes in RES Financing in Poland on the Profitability of a Joint Photovoltaic Panels and Heat Pump System

The paper explores the impacts of changes in renewable energy sources (RES) financing in Poland on the profitability of coupled photovoltaic panels and heat pump systems. The profitability analysis is conducted with the use of Net Present Value calculation and the return on investment period. The degree of change in profitability of using photovoltaic panels in Poland is dependent on the method of their financing. The analysis is carried out for two different photovoltaic support schemes: (1) the net-metering scheme currently in force in Poland; (2) the net-billing system scheduled for implementation in the year 2022. It is assumed for the analysis that two alternative heating and electricity supply systems for a single-family building will be operated: (a) a standard solution used in Poland consisting of a natural gas-fired boiler for heating and the purchase of electricity from the power grid, (b) an air/water heat pump used to heat the building, and electricity obtained from photovoltaic panels, also used to power the heat pump. A sensitivity analysis is carried out, examining the impact of several key parameters relevant for the profitability of such investments, such as average annual increase in the purchasing or selling prices of electricity, purchasing prices of natural gas, and inflation rate. The conclusions concern the possible consequences of introducing a new support scheme for photovoltaics in Poland. The highest profitability of all considered solutions is for the current scenario for heat pump and pv installation with the capacity to meet the demand in the last year of operation. The introduction of changes in the new RES law (2021) in Poland will reduce the profitability of investments in pv panels, leading to a slowdown in the investments in the pv installations.

Landscape Diversity and the Directions of Its Protection in Poland Illustrated with an Example of Wielkopolskie Voivodeship

As part of the implementation of the provisions of the European Landscape Convention, a landscape audit of the provinces has been underway in Poland for a few years. The main objectives of the audit are the delimitation of landscape units, assessment of their values, and identification of the priority of landscapes to be protected. This study presents the results of research on the landscape division of the Wielkopolskie voivodeship and a geostatistical analysis of the differentiation of ecological units. With reference to legal regulations in force in Poland, the landscape diversity of the province was characterized using two divisions: geophysical regionalization and landscape typology. In the case of regional division, the meso- and microregions of physical and geographical rank are referenced. The proposed microregional division is the first example in Poland of such a detailed landscape analysis completed for the area of the voivodeship. In the case of typological division, the study conducted in cooperation with the Wielkopolska Bureau of Spatial Planning in Poznań was used. The statistical analysis included metrics to quantitatively characterize landscape composition, including the landscape division index (DIVISION), Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI), and Simpson’s diversity index (SIDI). The results of the study were then compared with the distribution of areas associated with different forms of landscape protection such as national parks, landscape parks, and protected landscape areas. The applied methodology and the results obtained indicate the important role of physical and geographical microregions in the complex analyses of landscape diversity and their broad application in procedures connected with landscape planning and environmental protection.

Cultivation of cannabis other than industrial hemp for pharmaceutical industry against the background of polish and foreign regulations

The subject of this article is an overview of legal regulations in the cultivation and processing of cannabis other than industrial cannabis (hemp) in selected countries and a comparison of them with the law currently in force in Poland. The article is an attempt to initiate a discussion on the legitimacy of conducting the legislative process, with due caution and all necessary safety measures, as a result of which legal solutions allowing legal cultivation of cannabis for the pharmaceutical industry in Poland could be created

INSTRUMENTALISATION OF THINKING: ON THE ILLUSION OF REFLEXIVITY IN TEACHER EDUCATION

Contemporary teacher education research point out that one of the most important elements of teacher professionalism is reflexivity. Teacher (self)reflection is aimed at gaining autonomy, at not succumbing to uncritical traditions or established norms, at (self-)criticism, at not agreeing to follow “top-down orders”. In this perspective, reflexivity is a priority element of teacher training, which should be reflected in the teacher education programme. The authors reflect on the category of reflexivity in the context of professional development of teachers and teacher education. We refer to the reflection theory of Donald Schön, Max van Manen, Nevill Hatton and David Smith as well as Johan Luttenberg and Theo Bergen. The adopted research perspective for collecting and interpreting empirical material is a critical discourse analysis. The subject of the analysis is Regulation of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The results of research and analyses indicate that the category of reflexivity is present in educational programmes only to a small extent and mainly refers to the level of technical reflexivity of a pragmatic nature. This is a consequence of the technical-scientistic, formalised approach to the construction of educational programmes in force in Poland. This programme is oriented towards instrumentally understood objectives and the usefulness of knowledge and skills on the labour market. A consequence of this is the lack of the broadly understood category of reflexivity as a deep reflection on action. In the analysed document, reflexivity is illusory and apparent in its nature, appears only to a limited extent, and is treated instrumentally.

PolDrive System in Support of Implementation of Tasks Performed by the Polish Police

n every country, the government strives to ensure that police forces are professionally prepared to carry out their tasks. This concerns equipping police officers with certain knowledge and skills, as well as supporting their performance with the most advanced technologies. One of the most important areas of safety where police have to be professionally prepared is road traffic safety. Appreciating their role, traffic police constitute a separate force in many countries. In Poland, this force is included in the uniformed branch, although its tasks do not differ from the tasks of other forces of this type worldwide. In 2015, the National Police Chief confirmed that it is necessary to support safety in traffic with the help of science. It was demonstrated through accepting the R&D project Development of an Assistance System for Psychological Testing of Police Drivers, no. DOB-BIO7/20/01/2015, realised in a science consortium funded by the National Centre for Research and Development in the amount of PLN 5 546,452.00 in a 7/2014 competition for the realisation of R&D projects in aid of the defence and security of the country. The system developed within the project is designed to serve research concerning subordinate forces, and those supervised by the Minister for Internal Affairs. The aim of this article is to present the existing results of the research related to creating an assistance system for psychological testing of police drivers, including the drivers of police emergency vehicles, in compliance with the current legislation in force in Poland. The system will be implemented as an IT network-based technology that enables direct cooperation with the Police Data Transmission Network (PSTD) (a central server, available from any PSTD-accessible workstation), which is a database designed to independently and safely acquire and store data. The system should allow research without the necessity of using additional equipment other than a properly configured computer. Simultaneously, the system is planned to include a device that calibrates the methodology of measuring driver reaction times. The system should allow for an assessment of intellectual fitness, psychomotor efficiency, and personality.

Admissibility of Evidence Obtained as a Result of Issuing an European Investigation Order in a Polish Criminal Trial

This article analyses the admissibility of evidence gathered by the Polish procedural authorities as a result of issuing an European Investigation Order, on the basis of provisions implemented due to the adoption on the 3th of April 2014 of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council regarding the European Investigation Order in criminal matters. This Directive created a mechanism that allows for transfer of evidence between EU Member States. In this text the question will be answered how to deal with results of investigative measures that have been legally obtained in the executing state but despite acting in accordance with the legality principle by both states, happen to be illegal in the issuing Member State. Another discussed problem is how the rules of admissibility of evidence obtained from the result of issuing an EIO work in Poland – or at least how they should operate. The second discussed issue thus will refer to the current provisions in force in Poland regulating the method of dealing with evidence obtained abroad – that is also with evidence transferred from other Member States. It will be shown that they are unclear and may lead to undesirable results. In addition, suggested changes in Polish law will be proposed.

Inhumanity of regulations on circus perormances involving animals as an argument for the amendment of the Animal Protection Act and related acts

The article explores the issues of circus performances involving animals based on the legal regulations in force in Poland. It contains a short history of the circus and outlines the development of legal institutions regulating its activity according to the legislation of various countries. Moreover, the article discusses current Polish legislation, pointing to its inaccuracies, and provides examples of ineffective law enforcement. It also presents the attempts of local authorities intended to limit circus shows with animals, advances arguments in favor of changing the existing regulations, and formulates de lege ferenda postulates.

Analysis of the Return on Investment in Solar Collectors on the Example of a Household: The Case of Poland

Background: The growing consumption is what drives the development of unsustainable energy and material-intensive production technologies that emit large quantities of pollutants into the atmosphere, water, and land. Obtaining green energy allows reduction of the interference with the environment and, consequently, fits into a sustainable energy development strategy. In order to achieve the emission targets set by the EU for Poland, it is necessary to prioritize the development of renewable energy sources (RES) technologies within the energy sector.Methods: The purpose of the study was to present the results of the research relating to the return on investment of solar collectors for single-family houses in Poland. The research was presented on the basis of the legal conditions applicable to micro installations in the light of the amendment of the RES Act, and the impact of these amendments on the aspects of such investment was determined.Results: On the basis of the constructed economic model used to assess the return on investment of increasing the area of solar collectors, it has been shown that an operating installation will bring measurable economic benefits in the form of reduction in the amount of energy purchased annually in the amount of 6,756 kWh and environmental benefits in the form of reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere 2.4–3.6 Mg per year. An installation subsidized under the “My Electricity” program can reach an NPV of EUR 6,000 over 20 years at a discount rate r = 0 and assuming that the electricity is EUR 0.15/kWh. If the price rises to 0.2 EUR/kWh, the NPV will be 10,000 EUR. For the analyzed installation, the investment consisting in increasing the collector area in accordance with NPV is economically effective for the absorber area in the range of 5.6–7.6 m2 and reaches the maximum value for the absorber area of 6.6 m2, while the absorber area above 7 m2 contributes to reduce the value of the economic return on investment. The obtained results have been generalized, which allows to use them in the process of selecting the size of collector area for similar installations.Conclusion: The return on investment analysis carried out in respect of a detached house allowed to demonstrate that this project is fully justified. Furthermore, pursuant to the Renewable Energy Sources Act in force in Poland, treating a small entrepreneur as a prosumer who may generally take advantage of favorable conditions for discounting the produced energy leads to very favorable possibilities of settling electricity. Considering an entrepreneur as a prosumer who may use one-off depreciation of a solar collectors installation as a fixed asset and request for VAT refund is what makes such an investment very attractive in financial terms and makes it difficult to find a safe investment alternative characterized by such a high rate of return.

Impact of Income on Life Expectancy: A Challenge for the Pension Policy

The aim of this paper is to present life expectancy of both genders depending on their income and to determine the impact of a possible regularity on the state pension policy. The study was based on the income of pensioners in Poland (over 5 million people receiving old-age pension). The results obtained made it possible to formulate several important conclusions: the rich live longer; the impact of income on life expectancy is much stronger among men than women; and with age, income has less and less impact on life expectancy. Consequently, in the capital model that is in force in Poland, the state should take this fact into account in its pension policy when calculating the amount of the benefit.

Analysis of Polish norms on thermal resistance and thermal comfort for underfloor heating

In the paper, there is an analysis of the requirements for the thermal resistance of floors with underfloor heating. It corresponds to the human physiology as much as possible, creates comfortable conditions at a lower temperature of the internal air, reduces the rise of dust by reducing convective flows, allows the use of low-grade heat carriers, especially from secondary and renewable energy resources, does not take up space in the room, minimally affects the interior. However, the temperature of the heating elements is significantly higher than the room temperature. At the same time, the requirements for thermal insulation under the heating elements should be higher than for structures without heating. As the analysis of the regulations in force in Poland has shown, this is not always observed. In many cases, the heat transfer resistance is lower by 42-181 %. The percentage difference in requirements for flooers over aisles in rooms with an air temperature of 16 °C and above is 160%. It will reach 215 %, according to the requirements that will be applied from 2021. In the case of floors over unheated rooms, the percentage difference between the requirements reaches 181 %. By the new norms in 2021, this difference will reach 215 %. Also, the normative limitation on the temperature of the floor surface does not always allow providing the normative level of comfort. In rooms of categories A and B, the surface temperature of the floor must be 20-28 °C. In the case of category C it should not exceed 30 °C. The most favorable conditions are achieved when the floor surface temperature is close to 23.5 °C. PN-EN 1264-4 standard allows the temperature of the floor surface in some rooms up to 33...35 °C. Thus, to ensure energy efficiency and comfort, it is necessary to harmonize the regulations with each other.