Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present life expectancy of both genders depending on their income and to determine the impact of a possible regularity on the state pension policy. The study was based on the income of pensioners in Poland (over 5 million people receiving old-age pension). The results obtained made it possible to formulate several important conclusions: the rich live longer; the impact of income on life expectancy is much stronger among men than women; and with age, income has less and less impact on life expectancy. Consequently, in the capital model that is in force in Poland, the state should take this fact into account in its pension policy when calculating the amount of the benefit.
Highlights
Why do some people live longer than others? The search for the causes of this fact is not easy, but one of the factors on which it depends is the income gained during the period of professional activity (Kreiner et al 2018) and afterwards (Kinge et al 2019).Limiting the factors to income would be too much of an oversimplification
Scientific determination of the actual factors that influence people to live longer can possibly make a real impact on these factors and their specific inclusion in the social policy of the state, including the pension policy, which is an indispensable part of it (Ervasti and Kangas 1995)
Determining the relationship between income and life expectancy requires research over a long period and an appropriate research methodology. We have examined this relationship based on data from the Social Insurance Institution (SII—institution operating Polish general pension system) (Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS)) in Poland in relation to data on all pensioners in 2013 and 2018
Summary
Why do some people live longer than others? The search for the causes of this fact is not easy, but one of the factors on which it depends is the income gained during the period of professional activity (Kreiner et al 2018) and afterwards (Kinge et al 2019).Limiting the factors to income would be too much of an oversimplification. For example, genetic diseases (Albertsen et al 1996); education, which affects income (Ross et al 2012); family situation; alcohol drinking; smoking; physical activity; social contacts, religion (Mackenbach et al 2019; Headey et al 2014); race; functional status (Keeler et al 2010); health lifestyle; and, the health system (Cockerham 1997). Scientific determination of the actual factors that influence people to live longer can possibly make a real impact on these factors and their specific inclusion in the social policy of the state, including the pension policy, which is an indispensable part of it (Ervasti and Kangas 1995). We have decided to investigate the impact on mortality of one of the factors presented above, namely, income. Determining the relationship between income and life expectancy requires research over a long period and an appropriate research methodology. We have examined this relationship based on data from the Social Insurance Institution (SII—institution operating Polish general pension system) (Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS)) in Poland in relation to data on all pensioners in 2013 (base data year) and 2018 (last available year)
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