Force Field Analysis Research Articles

Strategy for the utilization of community forests land in Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi Province

This study aims to determine the management conditions and potential of community forest and formulate strategies for land utilization under community forest for support production optimization in Polewali Mandar Regency. The object research is the village community that applies the agroforestry pattern that is applied to community forests. The number of research samples is 30 people who have the type of community forest owner. The data obtained were identified and analyzed through the methods of Force Field Analysis and Process Hierarchy Analysis. The results showed that the people in the three villages applied the community forest pattern by cultivating plant species (Tectona grandis), (Gmelina arborea Robx), (Albizia chinensis), (Shorea johorensis), and (Vitex cofassus), in forest land community. Furthermore, it was also identified that the management of community forests in the three villages went through several issues related to the driving and inhibiting factors. The right strategy for the use of community forest land in Polewali Mandar Regency is an intensive strategy that is horizontally integrated. through the expansion of community activities and the construction of a network of information and communication systems, based on a plan involving all relevant parties.

KINERJA BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA (BUMDES) DI KABUPATEN LUMAJANG

<p><em>Regulation of the Minister of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Areas, and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4/2015 states that Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are business entities whose entire or most of the capital is owned by the village through direct participation from separated village assets to manage assets, services, and other businesses for as much as possible the welfare of the village community. The research aims to assess the performance of BUMDes in Lumajang Regency. The focus of research on BUMDes Arya Wiraraja is on a financial perspective, a customer perspective, internal business process, a growth and learning perspective, and inhibiting and supporting factors for BUMDes development. The research data consisted of primary data and secondary data. The data analysis used descriptive analysis, financial performance analysis, and Force Field Analysis (FFA). The results from the financial perspective fall into the reasonably good category, because the level of acceptance, net income, ROI, ROE, and NPM has fluctuated. The customer perspective is in a good category because customers are satisfied with BUMDes services, but employee productivity is in the good enough categories, because employee performance fluctuates. The supporting factors for BUMDes consist of various business units such as the trade system unit, savings and loan units, service units, livestock farming business units, and tourism units. In contrast, the inhibiting factor for BUMDes is the formation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) in each business unit. The conclusion of the study shows that the overall performance of BUMDes is quite good.</em></p>

Managing Change within a Project Context: Local NGO’s Experience

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) implement change in order to improve performance and efficiency. Therefore, understanding what makes change management a successful process is crucial. Secondary research suggests that for a change process to be effective, it requires a vision, objectives, change framework, commitment of employees, change readiness, consistent communication, involvement, strong leadership and understanding the change context. This study sought to establish factors that trigger change and affect change management using a single case study of an NGO. The study adopted a qualitative approach and interviewees were selected using purposive sampling method. Data was collected using a piloted semi-structured interview guide. The study observed that both internal and external aspects influenced how organizations manage the change process. The study identified that some activities undertaken to some extent aligned to Kotter's 8 steps and this concurs with research studies that suggest that change frameworks when contextualized, may be useful and applicable among NGOs. Based on the findings the study recommends the development of a comprehensive change management plan that focuses on the technical and people aspects, undertaking organizational force field and stakeholder analysis, development of change management capacity, adoption of a learning perspective and development of a change measurement strategy

Cooperative Practices to Enhance the Quality of Work-Integrated Learning at Nong Khai Technical College

<p style="text-align:justify">This study aimed at investigating the outcomes of the cooperation practices, which were utilized to enhance the quality of work-integrated learning at Nong Khai Technical College. The investigation covered the following three aspects: 1) the changes that had arisen from the development of specified indicators; 2) the learning that occurred, and 3) the body of knowledge, which had been obtained from the practice. A participatory action research methodology was adopted during two semesters. There were 19 teachers and 30 students involved in the project. The results of the study revealed three key features. Firstly, the post-practice evaluation in both the first and the second cycles was higher than in the pre-practice evaluation. Secondly, the researcher, research participants and the college learned from various issues of the practice. This learning included gaining an awareness of the importance of collaborative work, the importance of studying the theoretical perspective in order to enhance the existing knowledge and experiences, and the importance of planning, practice, observation, and reflection in comprehensive work. Finally, the knowledge gained was found to correlate with Kurt Lewin's Force-Field Analysis which consists of the following elements: 1) expected change, 2) driving factors for change, 3) resistance to change, and 4) overcoming resistance.</p>

ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Thermal Reactivity of Various Fuels in Pyrolysis and Combustion

The methodology development and applications of ReaxFF molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) in unraveling the complex reactions and kinetics for pyrolysis and oxidation of organic systems are reviewed. Particular attention is given to the large-scale ReaxFF MD simulation method of similar to 10,000 atoms and practical simulation strategies to overcome the temporal-spatial limits as much as possible. High-performance computing codes running on CPU cluster/supercomputers and on GPU were overviewed. GPU-enabled code like GMD-Reax is revolutionizing large-scale ReaxFF MD simulations to run mainly on a single GPU. A step-forward for reaction analysis was achieved in the code of VARxMD to reveal detailed reactions based on the identification of bond types and unique species that allows for categorization of reaction species and pathways through structure searching of reaction sites and reactants/products. Efforts for extracting rate constants and kinetics modeling from unperturbed kinetics of ReaxFF MD simulations are reviewed, and challenges remain. The important factors of model scale effects, elevated simulation temperature, and possible validation of ReaxFF MD reaction simulation results theoretically and experimentally are illustrated and discussed. The novel hybrid simulation strategies proposed recently that may expand applications of ReaxFF MD to connect with realistic scenarios of engine combustion and relevant chemical effects on aerospace vehicle materials are briefed. The simulation practices of large-scale ReaxFF MD in understanding the similarities and differences of reactivity and reaction mechanisms in pyrolysis of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, solid fuels (coal, biomass, polymer), and energetic materials of CL-20 and its cocrystals are briefly described, which indicates that large-scale ReaxFF MD simulations are a feasible and straight means to capture the dynamics of an almost entire reaction process and to evaluate reactivity of organic systems computationally. There is still a great deal of work to be done to push the boundaries of ReaxFF MD simulations forward. With the constant improvement of the ReaxFF force field and reaction analysis capability, ReaxFF MD playing a key role in understanding reaction mechanisms and its potential in kinetics modeling of pyrolysis and oxidation of various fuels can be expected.

The influence mechanism of financial shared service mode on the competitive advantage of enterprises from the perspective of organizational complexity: A force field analysis

Financial transformation is a major organizational change that enterprises face today. Under the influence of information technologies, financial shared service mode has become a better option for enterprise financial transformation. Financial shared service mode has a positive or negative influence on the competitive advantage of enterprises under the promotion of internal and external factors. At the same time, the ever-changing complex environment makes the influence of financial shared service mode on the competitive advantage of enterprises more uncertain.Based on organizational complexity theory, this paper uses both a multi-case study approach and a force field analysis to explore the influence mechanism of financial shared service mode on the competitive advantage of enterprises and constructs the force field model of the influence mechanism. Under the premise of being influenced by the driving forces and restraining forces in the force field model, this paper focuses on the moderating forces associated with organizational complexity on the relationship between financial shared service mode and competitive advantage.The research shows, it is evident that the driving forces and restraining forces in the force field model exert dominant and restrictive effects on competitive advantage respectively through the financial shared service mode. It is vital to find that organizational complexity factors in the force filed model have moderatingeffect on the influence relationship between competitive advantage and financial shared service mode. Enterprises need to seek solutions to deal with organizational complexity factors under the joint influence of driving forces and restraining forces to maximize the positive influence of financial shared service mode on the competitive advantage of enterprises.

Performa Badan Usaha Milik Desa (Bum Desa) di Kabupaten Lumajang

Village-owned enterprises (BUM Desa) are trained as an effort to accommodate all activities in the economic sector and/or public services managed by the Village and/or inter-Village cooperation. This study aims to evaluate the performance of BUM Desa in Lumajang Regency. The BUM Desa that is evaluated based on the recommendation from the Lumajang Regency Government is the BUM Desa Semeru Lestari which is located in Pasrujambe Village, Pasrujambe District, Lumajang Regency, East Java Province. The criteria evaluated in this study are BUM Desa's financial performance, performance from a customer perspective, performance from internal business processes, and performance from a growth and learning perspective. Data were analyzed descriptively and used the FFA (Force Field Analysis) approach. The results showed that overall BUM Desa Semeru Lestari had good financial performance, had good performance from a customer perspective, had good performance from the perspective of internal business processes, and had good performance from a growth and learning perspective. The conclusion of this study is that there are key factors driving (D) the development of BUM Desa, namely the business unit already has SOP, while the key inhibiting factor (H) of developing BUM Desa is that it has not been able to develop the potential of the area as a business unit due to limited capital. The recommendation given is to strengthen the support of the Village Government related to capital participation for BUM Desa and to develop business partnerships with various business institutions (companies), both with a plasma nucleus scheme and subcontracting.

Development of Learning by E-Learning System: A Case of Mahamakut Buddhist University, Mahavajiralongkorn Rajaviyalaya Campus

This research aimed to develop learning by e-learning system in Mahamakut Buddhist University, Mahavajiralongkorn Rajaviyalaya Campus. The method used in this study was Participatory Action Research that consisted of two cycles of planning, practice, observation, and reflection during two semesters in the academic year 2020. Twenty-one teachers and forty students were voluntarily involved with the desired development and participated in this research. The three expectations from the development outcomes were: 1) the improvement under the identified indicators, 2) the researcher, the research participants, and the campus learned from practice, and 3) knowledge gained from practice will benefit continuous improvement in the future. The research findings illustrated three following aspects. Firstly, in both Cycles 1 and 2, the means of post-practice evaluations were higher than the means of pre-practice evaluations in the following programs; e-learning system development, meditation practice learning development, and teacher's skill enhancement for creating online media. Secondly, the researcher, the research participants, and the campus learned the following common aspects: an awareness of the importance of participation, being an all-the-time learner, and transcribing lessons from practice which was previously often neglected. Finally, the knowledge gained correlates with Kurt Lewin's Force-Field Analysis which consists of the following concepts: 1) Expected change, 2) Driving factors for change, 3) Resistance to change and 4) Overcoming resistance. Each component defines a set of thoughts and beliefs that Mahamakut Buddhist University, Mahavajiralongkorn Rajaviyalaya Campus, will implement as a basis for reviewing and strengthening an additional set of ideas and beliefs.

Listening to student voice-understanding student and faculty experience at two UK graduate entry programmes

ContextShortage of physicians in the UK has been a long-standing issue. Graduate entry medicine (GEM) may offer a second point of entry for potential doctors. However, the challenges of developing and implementing these programmes are still unrecognised. This small-scale study aimed to briefly explore the opportunities and challenges facing students at two UK GEM programmes.MethodsTwo case studies were conducted at Imperial College and Scotland’s GEM (ScotGEM) and used a triangulated qualitative approach via semi-structured and elite interviews. Data analysis, informed by grounded theory, applied thematic and force-field analysis in an empirical approach to generate evidence and instrumental interpretations for Higher Education Institutions.ResultsAlthough GEM forms an opportunity for graduates to enter medicine, the different drivers of each programme were key in determining entry requirements and challenges experienced by postgraduates. Three key dilemmas seem to influence the experiences of learners in GEM programmes: (a) postgraduate identity and the everchanging sense-of-self; (b)self-directed and self-regulated learning skills, and (c) servicescape, management and marketing concepts.ConclusionsGraduate entry programmes may support policy makers and faculty to fill the workforce gap of healthcare professionals. However, their successful implementation requires careful considerations to the needs of graduates to harness their creativity, resilience and professional development as future healthcare workers.

Pharmacophore Based QSAR Modelling of Natural Leads in Antimicrobial Drug Design

: To separate and optimize the bioactive fraction of Hemidesmus indicus as an antimicrobial lead using in silico QSAR model development. : Hemidesmus indicus was extracted by soxhalation. The crude extract is fractionated using solvents of different polarity and assessed for its antimicrobial activity. The bioactive fraction is further analysed by GC-MS to analyse the constituents. These moieties were studied for their molecular interaction using CoMFA based QSAR model development. : The bioactive fraction found to have antibacterial and antifungal activities. GC-MS revealed the presence of eicosane, pthalic acid, oleanen 3 -yl acetate and substituted alkanes. Force field analysis followed by simulation revealed that pthalic acid was found to have interaction with the receptors. : Thus the integration of activity guided fractionation with cheminformatics may reveal the putative leads in drug design. Pthalic acid analogues can thus be optimized further by subjecting to preclinical drug studies.

Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting Risk Assessment in Breast and Gynecologic Surgical Patients

PurposePostdischarge nausea, vomiting, and retching often occur after the time of discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) in patients who have undergone outpatient surgeries. At a large mid-Atlantic Academic Hospital, 40% of gynecologic outpatient surgical patients had postdischarge nausea and vomiting (PDNV). The purpose of this quality improvement project was to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of and staff compliance with the Apfel Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting Risk Assessment tool to improve PDNV risk screening in the PACU. DesignThis quality improvement project was part of an evidence-based practice project. MethodsAfter identification and recruitment of key stakeholders and unit champions, a force-field analysis, as part of Lewin's change theory, was completed to identify the driving and restraining forces. All PACU registered nurses received education on the risk assessment protocol using the Apfel risk assessment tool. The Apfel risk assessment tool has been validated to identify five independent risk factors for PDNV in outpatient ambulatory surgical populations. Implementation of the tool with data collection occurred for 8 weeks on all scheduled outpatient breast and gynecologic surgical patients. Staff compliance was measured throughout implementation. FindingsIn patients with at least three risk factors present, the Apfel tool correctly identified the risk for PDNV in 68% of patients. In patients with four and five risk factors present, the tool correctly identified the risk for PDNV in 88% and 100% of patients, respectively. Compliance with the tool was high with an average compliance rate of 92% for the 8-week data collection period. ConclusionsData analysis demonstrated that the Apfel risk assessment tool adequately predicted the risk for PDNV in outpatient surgical breast and gynecologic patients. Use of Lewin's change theory was successful in maintaining a high compliance rate throughout implementation. In addition, this quality improvement project resulted in increased compliance of the standing follow-up phone call policy. Efforts toward sustainment include expansion to all outpatient surgical populations and implementation of a PDNV prevention and management guideline.

Force Field Analysis and K. Lewin’s Change Model as leverages of “Lean University” principles in student environment

Background. Lean production technologies in medical institutions are deployed within the national program “Healthcare”. The vocational training of medical personnel in lean technologies have become a timely demand. Educational organisations are achieving this goal via including philosophy, the principles and techniques of lean production in curricula and involving students and residents in project activities. Objectives. Assessment of driving and restraining forces in the student community with respect to project activities within the “Lean University” concept initiative. Methods . The study unitised Force Field Analysis and the Kurt Lewin’s 3-stage Model of Change. The sample comprised students of Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. An anonymous survey of students from two study cohorts (with and without experience in the “Lean University” activities) revealed the main driving and restraining factors shaping the students’ attitude towards the “Lean University” initiative. Results. A total of 1508 students were surveyed. The survey revealed the following major driving forces that motivate students’ project activities: the intention to solve a problem that affects students (60%, experienced cohort), the intention to gain new experience, knowledge and skills (40%, inexperienced cohort). The intention to benefit a university was the second motivating in both respondent cohorts (57 and 36%, respectively). The restraining factors for students to participate are: a lack of free time (over 60 respondents in each cohort), lack of understanding of the project’s matter (over 30% in each cohort), erroneous belief in the infeasibility of remote participation (no or seldom visits to the project’s office) (19% of respondents in inexperienced cohort). Conclusion. Guidelines have been formulated to encourage the student community to develop practical skills in lean technologies for improving the overall internal processes efficiency at a higher educational institution.

Molecular interaction of cytotoxic anticancer analogues as inhibitors of β-tubulin protein against UACC-62 melanoma cell

In previous research, a series of cytotoxic anticancer analogues related to 2-acylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives has been demonstrated. As microtubule plays an important role in many essential cellular processes such as mitosis, tubulin is an important target of anticancer drug. This study performed molecular docking simulation, pharmacophore model, comparative force field analysis model, and comparative similarity indices analysis model to investigate the relationship between inhibitory activities and the properties of compounds, in order to further progress the development of cytotoxic anticancer analogues. These compounds have common H-bond interactions with key residues Lys254 and Lys352, but compounds with large R2 substituent have different docking poses than compounds with small R2 substituent. Some of derivatives such as compound 18 formed the H-bonds with residue Lys254 using the oxygen atoms in R1 substituent and formed π-cation interactions with residue Lys352 using phenyl moiety of 1,4-naphthoquinone. The R1 substituent of these compounds preferred to have disfavored hydrophobic fields and favorable space toward the direction of residue Asn258, while the R2 substituent of these compounds preferred to have about 2-3 carbon chain length hydrophobic substituent toward the direction of residues Ala316 and Lys352. These results offer some beneficial advices for further study in anticancer drug development process.

Evaluation of workshop on teaching skills for medical postgraduates (Ramachandra Annual Postgraduate Teaching Skills).

BACKGROUND:Postgraduate medical curriculum is usually devoted to developing competencies in the specialty concerned, patient care, and submitting dissertations. The need to impart teaching skills during postgraduation has gone unnoticed, hence Ramachandra Annual Postgraduate Teaching Skills (RAPTS), a teaching skills workshop, was conceptualized and implemented as postgraduate students serve as tutors/residents in the department to teach undergraduate medical students. This study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching skills workshop for postgraduates.MATERIALS AND METHODS:One hundred and seventy-eight postgraduate students of pre- and paraclinical department underwent the training in medical education principles and participated in the feedback. RAPTS Workshop was implemented as per the six-step approach. The learning was evaluated through a pre- and posttest scores. Student feedback was also obtained on the process overall objectives and contents of the workshop. Force-field analysis was performed.RESULTS:There was a significant learning by the postgraduates on various medical education principles as evidenced by significant improvement in the posttest scores (P < 0.05). Feedback regarding the general aspects of the workshop showed that 92% of the participants felt that the contents of the workshop suited their learning. Eighty-four percent of the participants opined that the presentations of the sessions were good and 91% felt that time management was good. Force-field analysis indicated that the factors favoring teaching skills workshop were higher.CONCLUSION:This study has highlighted the importance of including teaching methodology training in the postgraduate curriculum that helps in grooming the future teachers in the right direction, in the right time. Competencies related to teaching skills based on medical education principles can be included in the postgraduate curriculum.

Force field analysis of driving and restraining factors affecting the evidence-based decision-making in health systems; comparing two approaches.

BACKGROUND:All policies and decisions need evidence examined by scientific methods. Moving toward evidence-based decision-making (EBDM) as a change in organizations, especially health systems (HSs), is inevitable. This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting EBDM in HSs from two approaches and to score them.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A mixed-method study was carried out using the force field analysis regarding the change toward EBDM in HS in 2020. This study included six steps to identify and score the key driving forces (DFs) and restraining forces (RFs) to change toward the EBDM in HS: first, finding forces from literature; second, selecting key DFs and RFs through focus group discussion; third, scoring the first group of DFs and RFs by the experts through electronic forms; fourth, determining key DFs and RFs from the managers’ perspective using qualitative interviews; fifth, scoring the second group of DFs and RFs by the experts; and sixth, comparison between forces resulted from two approaches.RESULTS:According to the literature and experts’ opinions, “relevant, reliable, interpretable, and understandable evidence” and “interaction between researchers and decision-makers” were the strongest forces to change, and “lack of organizational commitment and support” and “lack of relevant/high-quality evidence” were the strongest forces against the change toward EBDM in HS. Further, based on managers’ perspective and scores by the experts, “suitable supervision and control” and “reforming the planning and decision-making system” were the strongest forces to change, and “inadequate knowledge of the managers and staff about the principles and contents of EBDM” and “issues beyond the authorities of managers” were the strongest forces against the change toward EBDM in HS.CONCLUSIONS:Based on the findings, HSs’ managers can focus to reduce RFs and promote DFs for implementing EBDM strategies, so they can provide better services by making more efficient decisions.

Review of the main sources of organisational resistance and how such resistance could be managed: Critical Analysis of Volta River Authority and Ghana Maritime Authority

Change has become inevitable in this global world making it imperative for organisations to change. Whatever form the change takes the individuals affected must be willing to accept the change. This research paper analyses resistance in two public organizations i.e. the Volta River Authority (VRA) and the Ghana Maritime Authority which occurred between 2003 and 2018. This paper dwells on Lewin's force field analysis of driving and restraining forces, and identifies reasons why resistance occurred in these two organizations during the period identified. Theories of Resistance identified as cognitive dissonance, the depth intervention, violation of the psychological contract and/or dispositional resistance in the form of inappropriate management style and leadership (Burnes, 2017) are discussed,. It has been found that Resistance to change is not uniform among human beings. Reasons for resistance are identified and strategies to overcome resistance are proposed. Lewin's three step model of Unfreeze, Change, and refreeze are revisited and Kotter's six ways of overcoming resistance are reviewed. Evidence gathered indicate that resistance occurred in these organizations mainly because of inappropriate leadership style. Transactional leadership is unlikely to establish a good psychological contract inside businesses during the change management process, which will reduce morale and performance. Transformational leadership, on the other hand, is likely to emphasize relationships, trust, commitment, and involvement, which may be required to keep employee loyalty and stimulate creativity. Transformational leadership style is therefore recommended in periods of change. Transformational leaders will rely on Kotter's eight step model to bring about change. Change must not be imposed in public organizations as it will definitely meet resistance. The focus of any change effort must first be to change attitudes. Communication is also very important in changing attitudes. A communications strategy should be linked with the broad stages of a planned change as well as the associated information requirements (Klein, 1996). Before implementing the change, personnel should be educated about it through one-on-one talks, group presentations, or memoranda and reports. Regular and effective communication may minimize employee uncertainty while involving them increases their commitment (Burnes 2017). Incentives might also be provided to active or potential resisters, such as providing a union a higher salary rate in exchange for a change in work rules. Manipulation, co-optation, and coercion are not viable strategies for bringing about change in public institutions. The resistance will have risen as a result of their use. Managers should, according to Lewin, first minimize the opposing forces before boosting the driving forces (Lewin, 1947).

Exploration of dietary diversity and its associated factors among infant and young children in Rural Tamil Nadu - A mixed-method study.

A child receiving an acceptable diet is expected to reach the optimal anthropometric measures. More than 60% of dietary requirement has to be met through complimentary diet. This aimed to estimate the prevalence of dietary diversity and to assess factors associated with it from caregivers' perceptions by quantitative and qualitative participatory techniques. A mixed-method study comprising community-based cross-sectional quantitative and participatory rural appraisal qualitative components was conducted in 25 villages from the field practice area of medical institute in South India during 2017. Caregivers of eligible children 6-23 months from villages were interviewed regarding various food groups consumed in the last 24 h using a validated checklist. Association of demographic-, child, and mother-related characteristics with inappropriate dietary diversity was identified using multivariate negative log-binomial model. Of the 603 eligible children, 75.1% had inappropriate dietary diversity. Although inappropriate dietary diversity prevailed across all categories, mothers with less than primary education (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.26) children <1 year (adjusted PR: 1.29) and not on current breastfeeding (adjusted PR: 1.15) had significantly more inappropriate diversity. Restraining and motivating forces for dietary diversity were initially recorded from free listing and subjected to force-field analysis. Ignorance, lack of literacy, affordability issues, nuclear family pattern, and influence of junk foods are restraining forces. Inappropriate dietary diversity among 6-23 months children in the rural block of Tamil Nadu, South India, is extensive (75%). Current Child development programs should focus to address these issues based on these identified contextual factors.

Assessment of Private Paravets Practices towards Veterinary Extension Services in Nepal

The study aims to assess the performance of paravets towards veterinary extension services in Nepal. The participatory methods like questionnaire survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion, direct field observation, force field analysis and score ranking was adopted during the study. The quality of the Private Paravets was sound in terms of relevance, appropriateness, targeting, and sustainability issues. Project activities associated with Private Paravets promotion were observed appropriate and in line with the needs of farmers. The concerned private paravets were found to be working effectively for institutional, social and economic transformation of the beneficiaries. Large majority of the Paravets have been providing veterinary service on technical advice, curative services (98 %), AI (87 %) and vaccination (75%) against hemorrhagic septicaemia and black quarter diseases in the cattle and buffaloes. There has been increased access to veterinary extension services in the rural farming communities because of increased accessibility to Paravets. In the study areas 89 %paravets have annual turnover of Rs less than 2 lacsto3-5lacs in their fee based private veterinary services. Overwhelming majority of the Paravets had future plan to expand their business. Of the total 96 % Paravets expressed job satisfaction for their current veterinary private practices despite some problems. The private paravets seems to be instrumental and sustainable to provide services towards veterinary and livestock production technology in the study areas. However, there is room for improvements to make it economically viable, technically sound, legally regulated and developing professional ethics as Paravets practices in Nepal.

Continuing the Journey of Education, Training and Research

The Journal of Training and Development has come up with issue 5, Volume 5 with the objectives of sharing the recent research findings in the field of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in research, training and development. This publication has a collection of valuable articles from TVET experts, scholars and educationalist. This training and development journals are considered to be valuable resources for the scholars, educationist and TVET experts and stakeholders.&#x0D; &#x0D; This issue consists of seven articles on different aspects of Training and Development.&#x0D; The article by Durga prasad Baral describe informal skills learning places in Nepal and tries to provides a typology that helps to understand the informal skills learning places and their formality. This paper analyses the existing legal frameworks and literature from domestic cultural practices adapting qualitative approach of inquiry. The paper concludes that the typology provides a sound conceptual basis for the identification of main categories and sub-categories of informal skills learning places in Nepal.&#x0D; &#x0D; The paper by Manoj Sharma Neuane scrutinizes the access and relevancy of presently available long term TVET programs and identify its gap with the market demand. The paper is the quantitative analysis of micro data is also adopted as a major basis and document review was also carried out while preparing the paper. The analysis shows that health-related programs are over-accessed while a clear gap is observed in the supply mechanism of TVET in the tourism and agricultural sectors. The paper revealed to promote agriculture and tourism sectors to promote TEVT programs both in quality and quantity in order to alleviate existing mismatch between demand and supply.&#x0D; &#x0D; The article by Kushmakar Bhatta highlight the positive effects that contributed by the Vocational Education and Training (VET) programs in socio-economic development of the disadvantaged and unemployed population of Nepal. The primary data collected from questionnaire and some field survey from the purposively sampled respondents- 405 VET graduates who after training are employed in their occupational sector. The study revealed that VET plays constructive role in employment and economic growth. However, it concludes with the recommendation that post training support to the participants is a must for functional VET and getting sustainable and decent employment in the labor market.&#x0D; &#x0D; survey for Vocational Education and Training (VET) graduates trained from different institutions purposively selected from the list of the VET graduates and interview questionnaires were sent to them. Apart from the questionnaire, some field survey was also administered for the qualitative data on role played by VET in employment, income and socio-economic development.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The article by Surya Prasad Newpane discuss the stories of women who uses their vocational skills to run a homestay in their community which is run by the Tharu and Bote of Nawalparasi. The qualitative approach was applied for carrying out this research and Amaltari homestay was selected as the research site. The stories of these women reveal that they have been using their skills in the area of hospitality, cooking traditional foods and crafting bamboo and wooden goods related skills to serve guest. Despite of many barrier homestay contributed to the indigenous practice and supportive in enriching the Tharu and Bote women socially and culturally by using the vocational skills. &#x0D; The article by Narbikram Thapa assess the performance of private paravets in terms of quality of technical services. The qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted during field study where questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, direct field observation, force field analysis and score ranking was implemented. He concludes that the quality of the Private Paravets have found to be effective in terms of relevance, appropriateness, targeting, and sustainability issues. Project activities associated with Private Paravets promotion were observed appropriate in line with the needs and priorities of rural people of Nepal.&#x0D; &#x0D; Finally, the editorial team would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the authors who have contributed by providing their relevant and valuable creations. We would also like to express gratitude to the reviewers and TITI management team for their continuous support in publishing this journal. The team would also like to welcome articles from TVET experts, trainers and stakeholders in the field of training, development and research. We are also grateful to Tribhuvan University Central Library (TUCL) for providing their professionals support and encouragement to publish this journal online. Last but not least, we are thankful to the publisher for the publication of the print version of this journal.&#x0D;

“No More Money, Hannah!”: Using HBO’s Girls to Teach Force Field Analysis

Research suggests that students today favor a collaborative learning style, short cases, and group activities over semester-long case studies, and they respond well to classroom activities characterized by the use of technology, entertainment, and excitement. Accordingly, this article presents an exercise designed using these types of activities to engage students while teaching them about Lewin’s force field analysis, resistance to change, and tactics for overcoming resistance to change. The exercise is designed for late undergraduates or graduate students in a change management course or in a change management module in an organizational behavior course. It provides students an easy, initial exercise to learn and apply force field analysis to a short video scene and a personal experience of change as well as to a more complicated follow-on case study.