Force Field Analysis Research Articles

The missing bit in the middle: Implementation of the Nationals Health Services Standards for Papua New Guinea.

ObjectiveThis case study examined implementation of the National Health Services Standards (NHSSs) as a continuous quality improvement (CQI) process at three church-based health facilities in Papua New Guinea. This process was designed to improve quality of care and accredit the level three health centers to level four as district hospitals to provide a higher level of care. The aims of the paper are to critically examine driving and restraining forces in CQI implementation and analyses how power influences agenda setting for change.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with nine managers and eight health workers as well as three focus group discussions with health workers from three rural church-based health facilities in Morobe and Madang provinces. They included senior, mid-level and frontline managers and medical doctors, health extension officers, nursing officers and community health workers. Thematic analysis was used as an inductive and deductive process in which applied force field analysis, leadership-member exchange (LMX) theory and agenda setting was applied.ResultsQualitative analysis showed how internal and external factors created urgency for change. The CQI process was designed as a collective process. Power relations operated at and between various levels: the facilities, which supported or undermined the change process; between management whereby the national management supported the quality improvement agenda, but the regional management exercised positional power in form of inaction. Theoretical analysis identified the ‘missing bit in the middle’ shaped by policy actors who exercise power over policy formulation and constrained financial and technical resources. Analysis revealed how to reduce restraining forces and build on driving forces to establish a new equilibrium.ConclusionMultiple theories contributed to the analysis showing how to resolve problematic power relations by building high-quality, effective communication of senior leadership with mid-level management and reactivated broad collaborative processes at the health facilities. Addressing the ‘missing bit in the middle’ by agenda setting can improve implementation of the NHSSs as a quality improvement process. The paper concludes with learning for policy makers, managers and health workers by highlighting to pay close attention to institutional power dynamics and practices.

Effect of outsourcing as an emerging work pattern on organizational commitment and performance of employees in selected commercial banks in Owerri Imo State, Nigeria

This study examined the effect of outsourcing on organizational performance and employee commitment in selected banks in Owerri. Related literature was reviewed and the Force Field Analysis model (FFA) was used as the theoretical framework. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Purposive, stratified and simple random techniques were used in selecting the sample. Taro Yammane formula was used to determine sample size of four hundred from the organizations for the collection of quantitative data and six management staff were purposively selected for the qualitative data. Data generated from the field were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentages. Results from the study showed that outsourcing positively affected organizational performance. It was also found that employees manifested both affective and continuance commitment despite the emerging work trend and positively affected organizational performance. It was recommended that organizations should limit outsourcing while enhancing capacity building through constant training, build more of affective commitment, improve on leadership quality and style and improve general workplace environment to retain commitment and constantly improve on performance, set clear goals and communicate same to employees in an era that experiences change of business strategies to enhance performance.

An evaluation of the driving and restraining factors affecting the implementation of hospital accreditation standards: A force field analysis

ABSTRACT Background: Integrating accreditation standards in healthcare business operations is context-sensitive and affected by diverse factors. This study explored the driving and restraining factors influencing the implementation of accreditation standards in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Methods: A qualitative design using semi-structured in-depth interviews was employed. Twenty-seven hospital directors and 29 hospital quality directors were interviewed. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed. A force-field analysis framework was adopted to present a visual picture of the various factors influencing the implementation of hospital accreditation standards. Results: The analysis yielded 42 driving and restraining factors affecting the implementation of accreditation standards. The main drivers identified were teamwork, the quality mindset of leaders and staff, employing a continuous readiness model, and commitment toward customers. By contrast, insufficient manpower, infrastructural gaps, workforce recruitment challenges, variability among surveyors, the COVID-19 pandemic, limited financial support, and bureaucratic decision-making procedures were the main reported restrainers. At the national level, perceived restrainers pose a serious challenge to compliance with the existing accreditation model. Conclusion: Exploring the factors affecting accreditation standards implementation assists in assessing accreditation readiness, helps to prioritize efforts to strengthen drivers and weaken restrainers, and contributes to the institutionalization of accreditation standards.

ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR DAN STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN DI DANAU BATUR MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS FORCE-FIELD

Batur is the largest lake in Bali which has the potential to experience pollution due to the high activity in the body and the surrounding environment. This condition indicates the need for serious management efforts to maintain water quality. This study aims at analysing the water quality, status of the water quality of Lake Batur and also formulate a strategy for controlling water pollution in Lake Batur. The water sample analysis method was carried out in two ways, namely in situ method and laboratory testing. The feasibility level of the results was matched with the Class 1 Water Quality Standard based on the Bali Governor Regulation number 16 of 2016, for the status of the water quality determined by the Pollution Index Method according to the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 115 year 2003. In determining the control strategy, the force field analysis method was applied. The results of the study, there were several parameters that exceeded the quality standard ranging from 18.33-23 mg/l. In addition, the DO content at some points was also not classified as lightly polluted where the highest IP value is Brother with a value of 2.07. The pollution control strategy of Lake Batur produced based on force field analysis was increasing innovative socialization to the community, increasing the promotion of Lake Batur conservation, providing training and entrepreneurial skills as well as providing small-scale business capital assistance, synergizing government policies and programs and forming a pollution control unit.
 Keywords: water quality; pollution index; control strategy.

Closing the Loop in Photovoltaic Solar and Wind Power Supply Chains: An investigation in Turkey through Neutrosphopic-DELPHI-based Force Field Analysis and Neutrosphopic-DEMATEL

Since solar panels and wind turbines have limited lifespans, solar photovoltaic energy supply chain (SPvESC) and wind energy supply chain (WESC) in Turkey needs a paradigm shift to improve the efficiency and recyclability of solar panel and wind turbine components. The circular economy (CE) is a viable strategy for reducing the negative effects of linear supply chains in the SPvESC and WESC. However, despite the several drivers of implementing CE in the SPvESC and WESC, there are also barriers to CE initiatives. It is argued that further studies are needed to explore the drivers and challenges for CE adoption in different industries of developing and developed countries. Hence, the goal of this research is to explore the driving and restraining forces for CE adoption in Turkey’s SPvESC and WESC through a decision framework that includes Neutrosphopic DELPHI-based Force Field Analysis, Neutrosphopic-DEMATEL, and Nominal Group Technique. The findings of this research suggested that because the total score of restraining forces is higher than that of driving forces in force field analysis, it is critical to investigate the relationships among the restraining forces. Our findings also suggested that nonexistence of effective incentives and regulations proved to be the most prominent restraining force.

Pathways to community transmission of COVID–19 due to rapid evaporation of respiratory virulets

HypothesisThe formation of virus-laden colloidal respiratory microdroplets – the sneeze or cough virulets and their evaporation driven miniaturization in the open air are found to have a significant impact on the community transmission of COVID–19 pandemic. Simulation detailsWe simulate the motions and trajectories of virulets by employing laminar fluid flow coupled with droplet tracing physics. A force field analysis has been included considering the gravity, drag, and inertial forces to unleash some of the finer features of virulet trajectories leading to the droplet and airborne transmissions of the virus. Furthermore, an analytical model corroborates temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) controlled droplet miniaturization. ResultsThe study elucidates that the tiny (1–50 µm) and intermediate (60–100 µm) size ranged virulets tend to form bioaerosol and facilitate an airborne transmission while the virulets of larger dimensions (300 to 500 µm) are more prone to gravity dominated droplet transmission. Subsequently, the mapping between the T and RH guided miniaturization of virulets with the COVID–19 cases for six different cities across the globe justifies the significant contribution of miniaturization-based bioaerosol formation for community transmission of the pandemic.

Drivers and restrainers to adoption and spread of evidence-based health service delivery interventions: The case of CAPABLE

ContextVery few programs improve physical function among older adults and those that do should achieve farther reach. MethodsWe used Force Field Analysis to examine drivers and restrainers for the CAPABLE program to impact the function of older adults throughout the United States. FindingsWe found 19 distinct drivers for CAPABLE. These include robust research findings demonstrating clinical and economic utility, expansion from an evidence-based program, grounding in theory, high value to older adults themselves, and common sense approach. A major policy environment shifting towards value-based payment and payer flexibility to experiment with social determinants significantly changed the perception of the program's value by key stakeholders. We found 8 distinct restrainers. ConclusionsFactors which drive and restrain CAPABLE provide lessons for other programs to move from research to sustainability. Policymakers, payers, and communities should look to proven programs as solutions to improve function for older adults and society.

A Qualitative Force Field Analysis of Facilitators and Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice in Healthcare Using an Implementation Framework.

Research has identified facilitators and barriers to implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs). Few studies have evaluated which factors persist among healthcare clinicians with extensive education and training on EBP implementation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine facilitators and barriers to EBP implementation across a national sample of specialty-prepared EBP mentors in healthcare settings. Healthcare clinicians participating in an immersive 5-day EBP knowledge and skill building program were invited to complete a follow-up survey 12 months later to report on implementation experiences. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) guided content analysis of responses. A force field analysis using Lewin’s change theory was used to assign numerical ‘weights’ to factors. Eighty-four individuals reported facilitators and barriers to implementation. The majority occurred within the inner setting of the CFIR model. Facilitators were strong leadership engagement (n = 15), positive EBP culture (n = 9), and resources (n = 4). Barriers included lack of resources (n = 21), poor leadership engagement (n = 19), implementation climate (n = 17), lack of relative priority (n = 12), and organizational characteristics (n = 9). Respondents also identified simultaneous facilitators and barriers within the process domain of the CFIR model. The construct of stakeholder engagement was a barrier when absent from the implementation process (n = 23), yet was a strong facilitator when present (n = 23). Implementation in healthcare settings appears most effective when conducted by an interprofessional team with strong leadership, resources, stakeholder engagement, and positive EBP culture. When these same factors are absent, they remain persistent barriers to implementation, even among specialty-trained healthcare clinicians.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s43477-022-00051-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Pengembangan Skema Hutan Kemasyarakatan Di Kecamatan Kindang Kabupaten Bulukumba Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

This research aims to analyze the success rate of community forest management, analyze driving factors and inhibitory factors, and formulate strategies for the development of community forest management. The data obtained is identified and reviewed through a table of criteria and indicators then analyzed descriptively through the Methods of Force Field Analysis and Analysis Hierarchy Process. The results showed that community forest management in the Kindang District of Bulukumba Regency succeeded with 2.2. The driving factors of community forest management are stakeholder assistance, community involvement in land use, internal rules of groups and work programs, the service of productive economic tools, and the implementation of a good agroforestry system. The inhibition factor consists of the involvement of members of forest farming groups in non-maximal management, non-routine meetings, no socialization related to community forest policy, utilization of natural attractions has not been optimal, the lack of socialization of forest protection and security, and non-participatory patrol activities. The proper management development strategy consists of conducting regular meetings involving various parties, socializing related to community forest policy, applying each group of forest farmers in strengthening human resource capacity, land use, and maximum productive economic tool assistance, the preparation of a master plan of tourist attractions and participatory forest protection and security activities.

THE DRIVING AND RESTRAINING FACTORS FOR PEAT FOREST PARK MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL PARTNERSHIP

Indonesia has the second largest peatland area in the world, of which 19% is damaged due partly to forest fires and encroachment. The Orang Kayo Hitam (OKH) forest park located in the Indonesian province of Jambi is one among several peat forests in the country that remain largely intake. But as do other forested areas, the park faces severe encroachment threats. Multistakeholder partnership as stipulated by Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 17 offers a reasonable strategy to mitigate the threats. This article studies the driving and restraining factors, both externally and internally, that affect preservation of the park’s peatland as well as the development of effective partnership strategies. Results of the force field analysis show that community’s knowledge and awareness about the link between the park’s ecological and economic functions are the strongest internal driving factors, while lack of them are the strongest restraining ones. Availability of endemic species and frequency of forest fires are the strongest external driving and restraining factors, respectively.

THE DRIVING AND RESTRAINING FACTORS FOR PEAT FOREST PARK MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL PARTNERSHIP

Indonesia has the second largest peatland area in the world, of which 19% is damaged due partly to forest fires and encroachment. The Orang Kayo Hitam (OKH) forest park located in the Indonesian province of Jambi is one among several peat forests in the country that remain largely intake. But as do other forested areas, the park faces severe encroachment threats. Multistakeholder partnership as stipulated by Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 17 offers a reasonable strategy to mitigate the threats. This article studies the driving and restraining factors, both externally and internally, that affect preservation of the park’s peatland as well as the development of effective partnership strategies. Results of the force field analysis show that community’s knowledge and awareness about the link between the park’s ecological and economic functions are the strongest internal driving factors, while lack of them are the strongest restraining ones. Availability of endemic species and frequency of forest fires are the strongest external driving and restraining factors, respectively.

THE DRIVING AND RESTRAINING FACTORS FOR PEAT FOREST PARK MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL PARTNERSHIP

Indonesia has the second largest peatland area in the world, of which 19% is damaged due partly to forest fires and encroachment. The Orang Kayo Hitam (OKH) forest park located in the Indonesian province of Jambi is one among several peat forests in the country that remain largely intake. But as do other forested areas, the park faces severe encroachment threats. Multistakeholder partnership as stipulated by Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 17 offers a reasonable strategy to mitigate the threats. This article studies the driving and restraining factors, both externally and internally, that affect preservation of the park’s peatland as well as the development of effective partnership strategies. Results of the force field analysis show that community’s knowledge and awareness about the link between the park’s ecological and economic functions are the strongest internal driving factors, while lack of them are the strongest restraining ones. Availability of endemic species and frequency of forest fires are the strongest external driving and restraining factors, respectively.

Too much pressure? Driving and restraining forces and pressures relating to the state of connected and autonomous vehicles in cities

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are predicted by many analysts to transform the transport system over the coming decades. Which direction and path this transformation will take remains highly uncertain, as do the related environmental effects. In the present study we examine the introduction of CAVs in cities in terms of the indirect or underlying processes (drivers) and the direct expressions of interest that are related to specific actions, events or processes (pressures). The drivers and pressures are identified in interviews with stakeholders from across the quadruple helix (academia, industry, government and civil society). We then use an analytical framework that combines the drivers and pressures of the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses) model and force field analysis. This framework is used to map survey data on the strength of the driving and restraining forces and pressures behind the introduction of CAVs in cities, and to identify which stakeholders are involved in this socio-technical transition. Results showed that there was a strong belief across stakeholder groups that CAVs should be connected with mobility planning strategies. This need for planning has been discussed at length in other contexts, and now our results show that respondents find this need is also present in the Swedish context. An unexpected finding was that those who are sceptical to CAVs may form unique groups with a broad range of stakeholder types, for example elderly people, cyclists, people who are concerned because of conspiracies related to new technology, and those who are concerned about environmental effects.

Using Molecular Simulation to Guide Protein Engineering for Biocatalysis in Organic Solvents.

Biocatalysis in organic solvents (OSs) is very appealing for the industry in producing bulk and/or fine chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, and fragrances. The poor performance of enzymes in OSs (e.g., reduced activity, insufficient stability, and deactivation) negates OSs' excellent solvent properties. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a complementary method to study the relationship between enzymes dynamics and the stability in OSs. Here we describe computational procedure for MD simulation of enzymes in OSs with an example of Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) cosolvent with software GROMACS. We discuss main essential practical issues considered (such as choice of force field, parameterization, simulation setup, and trajectory analysis). The core part of this protocol (enzyme-OS system setup, analysis of structural-based and solvation-based observables) is transferable to other enzymes and any OS systems. Combining with experimental studies, the obtained molecular knowledge is most likely to guide researchers to access rational protein engineering approaches to tailor OS resistant enzymes and expand the scope of biocatalysis in OS media. Finally, we discuss potential solutions to overcome the remaining challenges of computational biocatalysis in OSs and briefly draw future directions for further improvement in this field.

Strategy for institutional development of the regional technical implementing unit (UPTD) of regional waste landfill of NTB Province

The Kebon Kongok Regional Landfill (TPA) is one of the final processing sites serving West Lombok Regency and Mataram City. The Landfill is managed by the Regional Technical Implementing Unit (UPTD) of the Regional Waste Landfill of NTB Province under the Department of Environment and Forestry of NTB Province. Currently, waste services in Mataram City and West Lombok Regency have not met the sanitation target. One of the factors that affects it is the financial problem where there is no budget flexibility which often causes difficulties in handling operations, especially at the beginning and end of the year. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the institutional development strategy as an effort to increase the role of UPTD in solid waste services. The analytical method used is Force Field Analysis (FFA). Based on the FFA, it is found that the Total Weight Value (TNB) driving forces are more significant than the restraining forces; this means that UPTD of Regional Waste Landfill of NTB Province is encouraged to carry out institutional development. Therefore, the institutional development strategy is that UPTD applies for the Financial Management Pattern of Public Service Agencies (PPK-BLUD).

Community perception regarding diarrhoea management practices in a tribal predominant aspirational district of Odisha: A mixed-method study.

Context:Childhood diarrhea is still a major problem in developing countries, and the condition is worse in tribal areas.Aims:The study aims to assess the community perception related to diarrhea management in an aspirational district of Odisha, India.Subjects and Methods:A mixed-method study was conducted in Kandhamal, an aspirational district of Odisha, Eastern India, from June to October 2018. An in-depth interview was conducted among community health workers, and a cross-sectional survey was done for the household interview. The data were collected in a mobile-based application, Epicollect5, and in-depth interviews were recorded digitally.Statistical Analysis Used:The data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Categorical variables are presented in proportions. Force-field analysis was conducted to assess the driving and restraining forces of diarrhea. Content analysis was done for the digitally recorded data.Results:Nine out of ten people were aware of the benefit of breastfeeding during diarrheal episodes in children aged under 5 years, and <50% were aware of zinc benefit. Poor sanitation, lack of safe water, poor hygiene practices, socioeconomic status, and illiteracy are the major challenges in diarrheal control in the tribal area.Conclusions:Improving the demand by creating community awareness regarding management of diarrhea, availability of essential drugs (ORS and zinc) at the community level, and capacity building of community health workers for management of diarrhea can reduce diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality in tribal areas of India. Handwashing, hygiene practices, and availability of safe water need to be promoted in the tribal region. In the long term, the socioeconomic determinants have to be addressed.

Pengembangan sumber daya ekonomi lokal di Kabupaten Sumenep: pendorong dan penghambat

The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the drivers and restraining factors of the development of local economic resources. This study uses force field analysis to analyze the various forces / factors that affect a change, determine the source of its strength, and develop strategies to strengthen the drivers and weaken the inhibitors. The results showed that there were a number of driving factors, namely: 1) superior commodities; 2) Rules / policies; 3) Budget allocation; 4) Human resources availability; 5) Leadership. The restraining factors are: 1) Lack of coordination and collaboration of stakeholders involved; 2) The quality of human resources of farmers is still low; 3) community participation is still low; 4) Availability of infrastructure; 5) Commitment of stakeholders involved. This research is expected to be a material consideration for developing strategies to achieve success in developing local economic resources and providing recommendations to local governments to implement planned changes to be able to increase the added value and welfare of local communities.

A new blockchain system design to improve the supply chain of engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) companies – a case study in the oil and gas sector

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a new blockchain system design to improve engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) companies’ supply chain for constructing oil and gas infrastructure, by mitigating cost and time inefficiencies.Design/methodology/approachA case study analyses the supply chain of a sample EPC company. First, a literature review is conducted to explore the subject in academic literature. Second, information flows are mapped using responsible, accountable, consulted and informed analysis and cross-functional process mapping. Third, inefficiencies are identified. Fourth, the root causes of the inefficiencies are pinpointed using fishbone and five-times-why analysis. Fifth, a comparison is made between the linear and the blockchain information system via force-field analysis. Sixth, a specific blockchain system design is identified based on three external expert interviews. Finally, the new system is designed and a cost-benefit analysis is conducted.FindingsMajor cost and time inefficiencies in oil and gas infrastructure developments are caused by a poor information flow in the supply chain. The new blockchain system design is a feasible solution, reducing cost inefficiencies by 12.4% and operation lead-times by 36.5%.Research limitations/implicationsThe confidentiality of the sample EPC company’s information represents a limitation.Originality/valueThe research introduces a new blockchain system design, reducing cost and time inefficiencies in the project-development supply chain, including implementation processes.

ANALYSIS OF MARKETING STRATEGY IN INCREASING THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS

This study plans to dissect the idea of the concept of marketing strategy, what variables support and hinder and how to develop the methodology used at the University of Muhammadiyah Lampung with the aim of increasing the number of new students. This exploration is an illustrative quantitative study, the methods used in collecting information are interviews, observations, documentation and questionnaires. The consequences of various information are examined using the Force Field Analysis method. The idea of a procedure to increase the number of new students at Muhamamdiayah University Lampung with approaches including: Product (product), Price (price), people (human resources), Place (location/place), Promotion (promotion), Physical Evidance (Physical Facilities), Process (Service) has not run ideally. An improvement technique is needed with the ultimate goal of increasing the number of new students at the Muhammadiyah University of Lampung, providing smooth abilities to students, expanding teaching skills for lecturers, not increasing tuition fees, providing innovative abilities to students. Furthermore, to increase the number of new students, a special institution is needed that handles new students who intend to increase the number of new students.

The Driving and Restraining Factors for Peat Forest Park Management and Sustainable Development Goal Partnership: A Case Study of the Orang Kayo Hitam Forest Park, the province of Jambi, Indonesia

Indonesia has the second largest peatland area in the world, of which 19% is damaged due partly to forest fires and encroachment. The Orang Kayo Hitam (OKH) forest park located in the Indonesian province of Jambi is one among several peat forests in the country that remain largely intake. But as do other forested areas, the park faces severe encroachment threats. Multistakeholder partnership as stipulated by Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 17 offers a reasonable strategy to mitigate the threats. This article studies the driving and restraining factors, both externally and internally, that affect preservation of the park’s peatland as well as the development of effective partnership strategies.Results of the force field analysis show that community’s knowledge and awareness about the link between the park’s ecological and economic functions are the strongest internal driving factors, while lack of them are the strongest restraining ones. Availability of endemic species and frequency of forest fires are the strongest external driving and restraining factors, respectively.