Force Distribution Research Articles

Experimental response of a fusible PVC pipe with service connections to axial pullout

This paper investigates the axial pullout response of a fusible polyvinyl chloride (FPVC) main pipe with two service connections. A large-scale pullout experiment in dense sand was conducted to investigate the behaviour of service lines to axial pullout of the main pipe and the impact of service connections on the main pipe’s axial pullout resistance, axial force distribution, and moment distribution. The study assesses the response of both crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) and copper service lines as well as the role of goosenecks. Distributed fibre optic sensors (DFOS) have provided insight into the strain distributions along the main pipe and service lines. The experimental results have shown that service connections significantly increase the axial pullout resistance of the main pipe when compared to a previous test on an identical pipe without service connections. The movement of the service connections was found to reduce the earth pressure in a region behind the service connection. Hinging of the service saddles was observed to result in single curvature bending of the service lines. DFOS data along the main pipe has been used to approximate the individual load-displacement responses of the PEX and copper service connections.

Evaluating plantar biomechanics while descending a single step with different heights.

This study aims to investigate the plantar biomechanics of healthy young males as they descend a single transition step from varying heights. Thirty healthy young males participated the experiment using the F-scan insole plantar pressure system in which participants made single transition steps descent from four step heights (5, 15, 25, and 35cm), leading with their dominant or non-dominant foot. Plantar pressure data were collected for 5s during the period between landing touchdown and standing on the ground. Landing at each step height was repeated three times, with a five-minute rest between different height trials. At 5cm and 15cm steps, participants demonstrated a rearfoot landing strategy on both sides. However, forefoot contact was observed at heights of 25cm and 35cm. Parameters related to center of plantar pressure (COP) of the leading foot were significantly larger compared to the trailing foot (P < 0.001), increased with higher step heights. Vertical ground reaction forces for the biped, leading and trailing feet decreased with increasing step height (all P < 0.05). The leading foot had a higher proportion of overall and forefoot loads, and a lower proportion of rearfoot load compared to the trailing foot (P < 0.001). The overall load on the dominant side was lower than that on the non-dominant side for both the leading and trailing feet (P < 0.001). For the trailing foot, forefoot load on the dominant side was lower than that on the non-dominant side, however, the opposite result appeared in rearfoot load (P < 0.001). Upon the leading foot landing, forefoot load exceeded the rearfoot load for the dominant (P < 0.001) and non-dominant sides (P < 0.001). Upon the trailing foot landing, forefoot load was lower than the rearfoot load for the dominant (P < 0.001) and non-dominant sides (P = 0.019). When the characteristics of biomechanical stability are compromised by step height, landing foot, and footedness factors - due to altered foot landing strategies, changing COP, or uneven force distribution - ability to control motion efficiently and respond adaptively to the forces experienced during movement is challenged, increasing the likelihood of loss of dynamic balance, with a consequent increased risk of ankle sprains and falls.

A biomechanical study comparing the compression force and osseous area of contact of two screws fixation techniques used in ankle joint arthrodesis model

IntroductionArthrodesis of a (diseased) ankle joint is usually performed to achieve pain relief and stability. One basic principle of arthrodesis techniques includes rigid fixation of the surfaces until union. It seems plausible that stable anchoring and homogeneous pressure distribution should be advantageous, however, it has not been investigated yet. The aim is to achieve uniform compression, as this is expected to produce favorable results for the bony fusion of the intended arthrodesis. Numerous implants with different biomechanical concepts can be used for ankle fusion. In this study, headless compression screws (HCS, DePuy Synthes, Zuchwil, Switzerland) were compared biomechanically to an alternative fixation System, the IOFix device (Extremity Medical, Parsippany, NJ, USA) in regard to the distribution of the compression force (area of contact) and peak compression in a sawbone arthrodesis-model (Sawbones® Pacific Research Laboratories, Vashon, WA, USA).This study aims to quantify the area of contact between the bone interface that can be obtained using headless compression screws compared to the IOFix. In current literature, it is assumed, that a large contact surface with sufficient pressure between the bones brings good clinical results. However, there are no clinical or biomechanical studies, that describe the optimal compression pressure for an arthrodesis.Material and methodsTwo standardized sawbone blocks were placed above each other in a custom-made jig. IOFix and headless compression screws were inserted pairwise parallel to each other using a template for a uniform drilling pattern. All screws were inserted with a predefined torque of 0.5 Nm. Pressure transducers positioned between the two sawbone blocks were compressed for the measurement of peak compression force, compression distribution, and area of contact.ResultsWith the IOFix, the compression force was distributed over significantly larger areas compared to the contact area of the HCS screws, resulting in a more homogenous contact area over the entire arthrodesis surface. Maximum compression force showed no significant difference.ConclusionThe IOFix system distributes the compression pressure over a much larger area, resulting in more evenly spread compression at the surface. Clinical studies must show whether this leads to a lower pseudarthrosis rate.

Comparison of Short Uncemented Metaphyseal Stem and Long-Stem Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty in Proximal Humerus Fractures: Preliminary Study at 2-Year Follow-Up.

Introduction: In the last few years, short metaphyseal-socket prosthetic humeral stems have been introduced for reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). A short stem may have advantages in humeral force distribution, reducing shear stress and preserving bone stock, keeping in mind the need for possible future revision surgery. The main objective of our study was to validate the use of a short stem prosthesis in the surgical treatment of humeral fractures by comparing clinical and radiological outcomes of our studied implant with those obtained with the use of traditional long-stem implants. Methods: In this multicentric, controlled prospective study, 125 patients with proximal three- or four-fragment humerus fractures were selected and treated with RSA. A short stem was used in group A (n = 53, mean age: 75.6 ± 5.6 years old), and a long stem was used in group B (n = 72, mean age: 71.76 ± 3). Active range of motion (ROM), Constant score (CS), Quick DASH, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder (ASES) score, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were collected and analyzed at 2 years mean follow-up, as well as humeral and glenoid bone resorption (sum Inoue scores and Sirveaux scores were used). Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between group A and B in ROM, Constant score (51.69 ± 15.8 vs. 53.46 ± 15.96, p > 0.05), Quick DASH (31.5 ± 21.81 vs. 28.79 ± 13.72, p = 0.85), ASES (82.53 ± 17.79 vs. 84.34 ± 15.24, p = 0.57), or the VAS (0.53 ± 1 vs. 0.56 ± 1.07, p = 0.14) at the final follow-up. No statistically significant differences were found in the radiographic parameters between the two groups. No statistically significant differences were found for the average degree of humeral and glenoid bone resorption either. Conclusions: The use of a short metaphyseal-socket stem can be considered a safe, effective, and feasible option in reverse shoulder arthroplasty for treating proximal humerus fractures. Our results are encouraging, with no statistically significant differences identified between the proposed treatment and traditional long stems.

Unraveling the Role of Li and Mg Substitution in Layered Sodium Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Substituting electrochemically active elements such as Li and Mg in P2-type layered sodium oxide is an effective strategy for developing competitive cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. However, the lack of atomic-level understanding regarding the distribution of substitution positions complicates the comprehension of the roles of substituting atoms and the mechanism of sodium-ion intercalation. In this study, we identified the stable configurations of Na in Na0.75Ni0.3Mn0.7O2 and Na0.75Li0.15Mg0.05Ni0.1Mn0.7O2 materials using the site exclusion method. Through simulating the complete charging process for both materials, the structure evolution of the cathodes during the cycling and the impact of the partial substitution of Ni elements by Li and Mg atoms were comprehensively elucidated. Our findings revealed that Mg atoms effectively regulate the distribution of forces within the materials, essentially serving as supportive pillars within the cathode. Meanwhile, Li atoms efficiently mitigated electron localization, consequently diminishing volume fluctuations during the charging process. More importantly, the substitution with Li and Mg atoms could synergistically reduce the interaction between transition metals and sodium ions, thereby reducing the diffusion energy barrier of Na ions. This study not only enhances the comprehension of substituted metal atoms in P2 layered oxides but also offers new insights for the development of sodium-ion cathode materials.

A Numerical Study of Reinforcement Structure in Shaft Construction Using Vertical Shaft Sinking Machine (VSM)

Using the Vertical Shaft Sinking Machine (VSM) for shaft construction is an emerging modern technology, which is also currently one of the most advanced techniques in the field of shaft sinking. Current research on VSM technology primarily focuses on mechanical and technical issues, neglecting the impact of the construction on the surrounding soil and the structure itself. This oversight leaves structural design lacking a reliable foundation. Additionally, there is insufficient information on the role of reinforcement design during construction in soft soils. These engineering challenges have hindered the widespread implementation of this new technology. Therefore, a series of numerical models were used to analyse the mechanical behaviour of shaft and soil during or after the sinking process, with the aim of addressing these gaps by investigating the influence of shafts constructed using VSM technology, and providing a scientific basis for reinforcement design in soft soil. The case study shows that increasing the soil-cement strength does not have a significant effect on the overall deformation of the soil surrounding the shaft, but leads to a notable reduction in the plastic zone volume, subsequently enhancing the overall stability of the neighbouring soil. The ring bottom beam design effectively reduces convergence deformation by about 50%, while also improving the horizontal internal force distribution near the cutting edge. However, this approach significantly escalates local vertical bending moments, necessitating thorough consideration in the design stage.

Force Analysis Using Self-Expandable Valve Fluoroscopic Imaging: a way Through Artificial Intelligence.

This study aimed to develop a force analysis model correlating fluoroscopic images of self-expandable valves with stress distribution. For this purpose, a nonmetallic measuring device designed to apply diverse forces at specific positions on a valve stent while simultaneously measuring force magnitude was manufactured, obtaining 465 sets of fluorescent films under different force conditions, resulting in 5580 images and their corresponding force tables. Using the XrayGLM, a mechanical analysis model based on valve fluorescence images was trained. The accuracy of the image force analysis using this model was approximately 70% (50-88.3%), with a relative accuracy of 93.3% (75-100%). This confirms that fluoroscopic images of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) valve stents contain a wealth of mechanical information, and machine learning can be used to train models to recognize the relationship between stent images and force distribution, enhancing the understanding of TAVR complications.

Beam-shaping in laser-based powder bed fusion of metals: A computational analysis of point-ring intensity profiles

Laser-based powder bed fusion has the potential to enable manufacturing of local material properties and locally varying alloys. One promising approach under research is shaping of the applied laser beam. The current commercial standard using a Gaussian laser beam profile is associated with a high energy intensity peak and strong gradients. A potential alternative beam shape is the point-ring profile where laser energy is distributed between a central spot and an outer ring. We conduct a numerical study of beam shape impact on melt-pool shapes, surface temperatures, evaporation and flow dynamics of single-melt-tracks. To that end, we apply a Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics solver coupled with a ray-tracing laser scheme. A point-ring profile is compared to a standard Gaussian profile. The profiles are studied at two different beam sizes to find the influence of beam size on the shape effect. We find good agreement between numerical results and experimental data for both narrow and deep, as well as wide and shallow melt-tracks. The simulation results show that beam size and thus energy density influence the effect beam-shaping has on the melt-pool dynamics. Both the distribution of evaporation and surface tension forces over the melt-pool surface are found to depend on the used beam shape. The study highlights the importance of distinguishing between size and shape effects when investigating laser beam shapes. Both energy density and its distribution need to be tuned for the desired melt-pool behavior.

Gender and sex differences in occupation-specific infectious diseases: a systematic review

Occupational infectious disease risks between men and women have often been attributed to the gendered distribution of the labour force, with limited comparative research on occupation-specific infectious disease risks. The...

Vibration and noise mechanism of a 110 kV transformer under DC bias based on finite element method

Global energy and environmental issues are becoming increasingly problematic, and the vibration and noise problem of 110 kV transformers, which are the most widely distributed, have attracted widespread attention from both inside and outside the industry. DC bias is one of the main contributing factors to vibration noise during the normal operation of transformers. To clarify the vibration and noise mechanism of a 110 kV transformer under a DC bias, a multi-field coupling model of a 110 kV transformer was established using the finite element method. The electromagnetic, vibration, and noise characteristics during the DC bias process were compared and quantified through field circuit coupling in parallel with the power frequency of AC, harmonic, and DC power sources. It was found that a DC bias can cause significant distortions in the magnetic flux density, force, and displacement distributions of the core and winding. The contributions of the DC bias effect to the core and winding are different at Kdc = 0.85. At this point, the core approached saturation, and the increase in the core force and displacement slowed. However, the saturation of the core increased the leakage flux, and the stress and displacement of the winding increased faster. The sound field distribution characteristics of the 110 kV transformer under a DC bias are related to the force characteristics. When the DC bias coefficient was 1.25, the noise sound pressure level reached 73.6 dB.

Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Electromagnetic Force Distribution of Magnet Based on Two Field Shaper Modules

Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Electromagnetic Force Distribution of Magnet Based on Two Field Shaper Modules

Seismic Analysis of Irregular Multistorey Building

Abstract: The seismic analysis of buildings is crucial for ensuring structural safety and resilience against earthquake forces. Irregularities in building configurations pose unique challenges, influencing the distribution of seismic forces throughout the structure. This study focuses on the seismic analysis of a G+12 building characterized by irregularities in plan and elevation using STAAD.Pro software. Here we have taken four models consisting of bare bay frame , bay frame with shear wall on one corner, , bay frame with shear wall on two opposite corners, , bay frame with shear wall on all corners for the further analysis. This research contributes to enhancing understanding and design practices for irregular high-rise buildings, emphasizing the importance of advanced analytical tools in seismic engineering. From this analysis we can conclude that within all four models ,building having shear wall on all four sides shows minimal deflection attributed to its maximum stiffness characteristics, hence considered most stable

Gel properties of Nicandra physalodes (Linn.) gaertn. seeds polysaccharides with tea polyphenols and its application

The novel gelling polysaccharides (NPGP) were extracted and characterized from Nicandra physalodes (Linn.) Gaertn. seeds, while properties and potential application of NPGP gels with tea polyphenols were further explored. NPGP was composed of GalA, Glc, Rha, Gal, Xyl, Ara, and Man at a molar ratio of 71.87:17.13:3.10:2.55:2.19:1.64:1.52, with molecular weight of 6.32 × 104 Da and low methoxylation degree of 45.21%. The gelling properties of NPGP gel induced by tea polyphenols showed that tea polyphenols significantly improved the structural and rheological properties of NPGP gel, due to the formation of dense network by hydrogen bonds and the increase of crystalline degree of NPGP. NPGP gels with tea polyphenols could significantly ameliorated the texture, water-holding capacity, aggregation, leading force, and moisture distribution of surimi during freeze-thaw cycles. All results suggest that NPGP gels with tea polyphenols has fine properties and show potential to be applied as natural additives in food industry.

Research on the container configuration for revolution-assisted horizontal vibration finishing of aero-engine blades

Vibration finishing has been widely used to improve aero-engine blades' surface quality and service performance. However, there are still problems after processing, such as uneven surfaces and large removal materials of the inlet and exhaust edge. The application of vibratory finishing is greatly limited. In order to realize the uniform processing of blades, a process scheme of revolution-assisted horizontal vibratory finishing was proposed. A reverse method of container configuration is proposed to change the force distribution at each blade position and realize the blade's machining uniformity. The results show that normal force is the main factor affecting the processing effect. When the blade is fixed in the container, the processing effect of the downward surface of the blade is related to the distance from the container bottom. The discrete signal of the normal force is transformed into a vector, and the difference coefficient CD is proposed. Based on the inverse method, it was found that increasing the distance between the blade's lower side and the container bottom and reducing the distance between the blade's upper side and the container bottom will reduce the normal force difference at different revolution stages. After the blade was processed with the reverse container, the surface roughness decreased from 0.85 ± 0.05 μm to 0.22 ± 0.02 μm, and the standard deviation of Ra decreases to 0.046. The average residual stress and its standard deviation are reduced to −332.51 MPa and 5.573. The research provides methods and ideas for designing container configuration and the uniformity of complex curved surface parts in mass finishing.

Investigation of a novel hydraulic tunnel composite lining with polyurea coating interlayer

PurposeMultilayer composite liner structures are the primary structural form of hydraulic tunnels. However, the bearing mechanism of multilayer composite liners has not been investigated thoroughly. Many existing design schemes do not properly achieve a balance between structural safety, anti-seepage capacity, and cost effectiveness. Thus, a new composite liner structure type and its theoretical model was proposed.Design/methodology/approachA novel hydraulic tunnel composite liner structure with a polyurea spray coating interlayer was proposed in this study. A theoretical model based on the state-space method was developed and verified using FEM models and existing theoretical models. Parametric analysis was conducted based on the theoretical model to investigate the influence of various variables, including interfacial shear stiffness, inner liner thickness, and outer liner elastic modulus.FindingsIt was concluded that the proposed theoretical model can be used successfully to calculate multilayer composite liner structures with high calculation efficiency. The overall deformation stiffness of the composite liner system increased with the interfacial shear stiffness. The sprayed coating interlayer significantly affects the residual force distribution between the outer and inner liners, which can also be affected by the adjustment of the thickness of the outer and inner liners. Thus, attention should be paid to these factors in the rational design of the proposed composite liner system.Originality/valueWith the development of China’s water conservancy projects, complex geological conditions, high surrounding rock stress, high internal and external water pressures, and other unique application scenarios have gradually increased. This places higher requirements on the bearing performance and impermeability of hydraulic tunnel lining structures. On the other hand, conventional hydraulic tunnel lining structures can hardly achieve a satisfactory balance between economy, structural safety, and impermeability. Thus, the proposed structure has the potential to be used in a wide range of applications.

Studi Pemodelan Numerik Penempatan Shark Fin Vortex Generator dengan Susunan Sebaris Pada Dindong Kiri dan Kanan Bus Penumpang

This study analyzes the impact of installing Shark Fin Vortex Generators (SFVG) in a row arrangement on the left and right sides of a passenger bus on the vehicle’s aerodynamic performance. A numerical modeling approach was used to visualize the airflow around the bus and measure key parameters such as drag coefficient (CD), lift coefficient (CL), and pressure coefficient (CP) distribution. Air velocity contour analysis shows that SFVG significantly optimizes airflow around the bus. The bus with SFVG achieved a higher airspeed of 50.23 km/h, while the bus without SFVG only reached 49.83 km/h, indicating a significant reduction in aerodynamic drag. Drag coefficient (CD) analysis shows that the bus with SFVG has a lower CD value of 0.63794782 compared to the bus without SFVG, which has an average value of around 0.70191103. Although the difference is small, it indicates that SFVG has the potential to reduce aerodynamic drag. A difference in lift coefficient (CL) values between the bus with SFVG (around 0.040190537) and the bus without SFVG (around 0.05368355) was also observed, suggesting that SFVG affects the lift force distribution on the bus. Pressure distribution analysis shows that SFVG alters the pressure distribution around the bus. Pressure contours on the bus with SFVG show concentrated pressure at the front of the bus with a peak pressure of about 213.22 Pa, whereas the bus without SFVG shows a higher peak pressure, reaching 465.17 Pa at the same location. This study also evaluates the potential of SFVG to reduce fuel consumption and the environmental impact of public transportation through reduced drag forces. The analysis results indicate that SFVG has the potential to improve energy efficiency and overall aerodynamic performance of the bus. Further research is needed to fully understand the impact of using SFVG in this context.

Experimental study of the tension forming model of a long-span string-supported spoke-type truss structure

This paper investigates the structural response of the long-span string-supported spoke-type (LSSS) truss structure during the tension forming process, as well as the influences of the errors caused by initial defects of the structure. A 1:10 scaled test model was designed and fabricated with reference to the main hall structure of the Northwest University gymnasium. The mesh simplification and scaling-down of the design of the prototype were performed to obtain a test model with good similarity to the prototype. Subsequently, after the comparative analysis of different tensioning batches, numbers of tensioning stages, and tensioning sequences, a radial-cable-forming scheme of three-stage, five-batch, clockwise tensioning for each ring cables was determined to be superior for this type of system. The cable force, node vertical displacement, and rod stress were monitored during the test. SAP2000 finite element software was employed to establish a numerical model, which was then verified by the test results. The test results were found to be in good agreement with the simulation results. The outer-ring cables withstood a larger share of the load, which could provide more stiffness support for the structure. During the tensioning process, the tensioning of the inner-ring cables would further increase the vertical displacement of the outer-ring roof nodes, which increased the compressive stress of the upper-chord-rods near the outer-ring. After the tensioning was completed, the lower-chord-rods in the mid-span and at the ends of the truss were in tension. Comparative analyses of the variations of the position and geometry, as well as the cable force, in each ring of cables during the construction process demonstrated that initial defects in the installation of the upper roof will lead to the uneven distribution of the radial cable forces, and that the errors will gradually accumulate with the advancement of the tensioning stage. However, after the structure was formed, the verticality deviation of most struts was close to or less than 1/150, and the error between the measured value and the simulated value of the rod stress was basically kept below 10 %, which proved the rationality of the tension scheme adopted in the test.

Active rack control of steer-by-wire systems for vehicle lateral stability

This paper describes a stability control strategy based on a steer-by-wire system to improve the lateral stability and manoeuvrability of vehicles by integrating individual chassis control modules, such as electronic stability control (ESC) and active front steering (AFS). Because of the uncertainty of cornering stiffness, an adaptive sliding-mode control is implemented without using the cornering stiffness value. An adaptive parameter is used instead of the cornering stiffness in the slip angle estimation and the lateral stability control. An unscented Kalman filter is used to estimate the slip angle and adaptive sliding mode control is used in lateral stability control. An equivalent desired command is calculated in lateral stability control. An integrated AFS and four individual wheel-braking controls were utilised to achieve an optimal distribution of longitudinal and lateral tyre forces, aiming to attain the desired command for lateral stability. Optimal coordination of the control authority for the AFS and the ESC has been chosen to minimise the force of each tyre. Computer simulations and vehicle tests of a closed-loop driver–vehicle–controller system subjected to a double-lane change have been carried out to verify that the proposed control strategy works.

Tricortical versus bicortical anchorage in a double-screw tandem skeletal expander and a single-screw maxillary anchorage rapid palatal expander: A finite element analysis.

This study aims to employ finite element method (FEM) analysis to compare the differences between bicortical and tricortical anchorage of the posterior miniscrews in a single-screw miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) and a double-screw tandem skeletal expander (TSE) under open and closed suture conditions. A cone beam computed tomography of the human skull of a 21.5-year-old female was utilized as a model for creating a FEM analysis. Simulations involved the insertion of four palatal miniscrews: two anterior ones with bicortical anchorage and two posterior ones (one with bicortical and another with tricortical anchorage), under open and closed suture conditions in a single-screw MARPE and double-screw TSE, resulting in a total of eight different simulation configurations. Evaluation parameters include total deformation (mm), Von Mises stress (MPa), and strain for each miniscrew body. Tricortical anchorage of the posterior miniscrews provides greater anchorage, higher stress, and deformation on the anterior miniscrews in single-screw MARPE. Tricortical anchorage combined with a double-screw TSE promotes a more even distribution of force and stress on miniscrews under open suture conditions, leading to a parallel midpalatal suture opening along its entire length and height. FEM analysis revealed favorable midpalatal suture opening with equal force distribution and less stress when posterior tricortical anchorage in conjunction with double-screw TSE is applied.

Optimization of cable-stayed force for asymmetric single tower cable-stayed bridge formation based on improved particle swarm algorithm

PurposeThis paper aims to optimize cable-stayed force in asymmetric one-tower cable-stayed bridge formation using an improved particle swarm algorithm. It compares results with the traditional unconstrained minimum bending energy method.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposes an improved particle swarm algorithm to optimize cable-stayed force in bridge formation. It formulates a quadratic programming mathematical model considering the sum of bending energies of the main girder and bridge tower as the objective function. Constraints include displacements, stresses, cable-stayed force, and uniformity. The algorithm is applied to optimize the formation of an asymmetrical single-tower cable-stayed bridge, combining it with the finite element method.FindingsThe study’s findings reveal significant improvements over the minimum bending energy method. Results show that the structural displacement and internal force are within constraints, the maximum bending moment of the main girder decreases, resulting in smoother linear shape and more even internal force distribution. Additionally, the tower top offset decreases, and the bending moment change at the tower-beam junction is reduced. Moreover, diagonal cable force and cable force increase uniformly with cable length growth.Originality/valueThe improved particle swarm algorithm offers simplicity, effectiveness, and practicality in optimizing bridge-forming cable-staying force. It eliminates the need for arbitrary manual cable adjustments seen in traditional methods and effectively addresses the optimization challenge in asymmetric cable-stayed bridges.