Processing Of Food Materials Research Articles

Determination of Total Carotene and Vitamin C in Chili Powder (Capsicum annuum L.) Non-destructively Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important source of total carotene and vitamin C. Both substances are widely used in food processing materials, supporting a healthy immune system and medicine. However, destructive testing often obtains information about the substances, which damages the tested material and requires a relatively long analysis. Therefore, this research aims to develop calibration models of total carotene and vitamin C in chili powder for non-destructive testing using near-infrared spectroscopy. The samples consist of four groups of color, i.e., light green, dark green, red tinge, and red, with a total of 84 samples. Seventy percent of the sample was used for calibration, while the rest of the sample was used for validation. Spectra were measured using the NIRFlex N-500 instrument at a wavelength of 1000 nm to 2500 nm and analyzed with the partial least square (PLS) method using three spectral pre-treatments, which are multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), first derivative savitzky-golay, and de-trending. The accuracy and model reliability was determined by the coefficient of determination (R2) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD). The best calibration models were successfully obtained when the spectrum was processed using the first derivative savitzky-golay pre-treatment with 6 and 5 PLS factors for vitamin C and total carotene, respectively. Both models were accurate and can be potentially used for determining the total carotene and vitamin C in chili powder samples non-destructively.

Teknologi Pengolahan Tepung Daun Kelor Sebagai Substitusi Bahan Pewarna Alami Terhadap Olahan Pangan

Moringa (Moriga oleifera Lam) is not only a vegetable but also has benefits and ingredients that are good for the health of the body, Moringa also contains vitamins, minerals, protein and fat. One of the most prominent contents of Moringa is antioxidants, especially the leaves which contain high antioxidants. Based on phytochemical tests, Moringa leaves (Moriga oleifera Lam.) contain tannins, steroids and triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, inter-quinones, and alkaloids, all of which are antioxidants. This service is carried out in several stages, the first stage is the preparatory stage with activities to coordinate with the head of SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Baro Aceh Besar Regency regarding the cooperation agreement and place of implementation, preparation of workshop materials and preparing time and activities for implementing the workshop on the theme Processing Technology of Moringa Leaf Flour as a Substitution of Natural Coloring Materials for Food Processing. Community service participation in this case involved 23 teacher participants along with 12 student participants from SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Baro, Aceh Besar Regency as training participants with a total of 35 participants. With this activity, cooperation can be established between SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Baro, Aceh Regency. Based on the results of the dedication that has been done, it is known that the teachers and students of SMA Negeri 1 Kuta Baro Aceh Besar Regency are enthusiastic in participating in community service activities related to the themes presented by the presenters regarding knowledge of technology development and the latest innovations in producing a product. The training provided is training needed by partners such as in the analysis of problems which reveals that current problems are related to processed food snacks using dangerous synthetic chemical dyes.

Sterilizing effect of phage cocktail against Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods

The foodborne pathogen, E. coli O157:H7, has a severe impact and threatens human life and health. The emergence of bacterial resistance and the limitations of traditional food additives have made human food safety an unprecedented threat. Therefore, new food additives that effectively remove Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) O157:H7 from food and food processing equipment are urgently needed. Bacteriophage, highly versatile and safe in the food chain, has gained renewed attention. Here, a novel phage cocktail was developed to effectively remove STEC O157:H7 from liquid food, solid food, and food processing materials simultaneously, without affecting the appearance and nutritional content. This study provides a new strategy to use phage cocktail as food preservative in the food field to protect human food safety.

Pork liver tissue-specific peptide markers for food authenticity testing and adulteration detections

A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry bottom-up proteomic approach was applied for the detection and identification of proteins from liver tissues. We identified 74 unique pork liver peptide markers that are resistant to the thermal processing of food. These peptides are derived from 43 proteins, which perform various functions in the liver. Roasted and sterilised pâté-type products with a pork liver content ranging from 6% to 51% were examined to select the most reliable pork liver peptide markers that survive unmodified in complex processed food matrices. Of the 74 specific heat-stable peptides detected in pure liver tissue, five (GDAPEEEVSLSK, ALTAELEAVGK, TFYLNVLNEEER, AQFGQPEILLGTIPGTGGTQR and VIAPGFNALEQILQSTAGK) were the best candidates to confirm the presence of liver tissue in highly processed meat products. We have identified unique tissue-specific markers that enable rapid and specific identification of pork liver in processed food and may contribute to the development of new methods for testing food authenticity.

Effect of Polysaccharides on the Physical, Rheological and Thermal Properties of a Balanced Canine Food


 The structuring of food is mainly done through a complex set of various food materials, such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, minerals, and water. Among these components, proteins and polysaccharides are the most used materials in food processing. In extrusion processing, the molecular interactions between its main components play a synergistic role in the achieved structure by performing specific functions in food that affect the sensory, physicochemical, and functional properties. In this research, food for pet animals based on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), fodder corn (Zea mays L.), polished rice (Oryza Sativa), and polysaccharides as inulin, sodium alginate, and/or a native microbial exopolysaccharide from mining waste, was designed and evaluated. To produce the pellet, a single-screw extruder at 140 rpm and 140°C at the exit zone and the effects of the moisture content [13-18%] and concentration of each polysaccharide [0.3-0.9%] on the physicochemical properties of the food were evaluated. The obtained responses were: 1.16-1.4 for expansion index, 0.8-1.7 g/cm3 for bulk density, 1.5-7.4 g/g for water absorption index, 8.8-12.6% for water solubility index, and 8.8-35 N for hardness. According to the recorded values, native exopolysaccharides can provide better physicochemical characteristics than commercial polysaccharides.

Contract Owner’s Best Commanding for Sweet Potato Farming Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

The purpose of this study is to examine and compare different psychological and sociodemographic factors for contracting sweet potato production for farmers with different statuses based upon the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Sustainable production provides contract owners with a sufficient amount of both food crops and a source of bioethanol clean energy. The impact of such factors on potential farmers based on the TPB for a particular contract type is estimated with the data collected in three major sweet potato production cities/counties in Taiwan through the probit model and multinomial logit model. The average size of the surveyed farms is 1.64 ha. The results consistently show that the factors of attitude toward the advantages of contract farming, subjective norms regarding contract farming, perceived contract farming control, and behavior intention have very significant impacts on the selection of contract farming types for professional farmers and brokers. These results indicate that the contract owners will gain the greatest advantage through commanding any factor in TBP for these two groups of farmers, as they have an incentive to manage the sources of sweet potatoes at the best conditions before they have the agreement with the contract owners, either as the supply of bioethanol energy raw materials, supply of food crops, or supply of food processing materials.

The suitability of using spectrophotometry to determine the concentration and purity of DNA extracted from processed food matrices

Species detection using DNA extracted from processed foods has become important in food authenticity testing. Extracting DNA from processed foods can be challenging, and it is considered essential to determine the concentration and purity of extracted DNA using spectrophotometry. While it has been found that chemicals from extraction reagents can interfere with readings at A260, the effect of chemical residue from a processed food matrix has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether spectrophotometry is suited to determine the concentration and purity of DNA extracted from processed foods. DNA was extracted from control DNA and six processed food matrices using 20 methods (including modifications) intended for processed foods. The concentration of DNA was measured using spectrophotometry, fluorometry and qPCR. Spectrophotometry was found to overestimate, whereas fluorometry underestimated the amount of extracted DNA. A novel approach was used to reduce the bias by calibrating the spectrophotometer using the extraction control instead of elution buffer. Finally, there was no relationship between the concentration, purity and amplifiability of DNA extracted from processed foods. Thus, spectrophotometry is not recommended as a suitable method to determine the concentration and purity of DNA extracted from processed foods.

Formulations and characteristics of cookies made of organic red bean, soybean, and sago composites-based flour

Cookies are a food product favored by people of all ages. Meanwhile, composite flour is flour from several types of raw materials, such as tubers, nuts, cereals with or without wheat flour, or cereals with or without wheat. The composite flour is used as a raw material for food processing, such as bakery and extrusion products. This research was an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD). The organoleptic test was employed to examine the smells, tastes, textures, and colors of organic red bean, soybean, and sago composites-based flour. The physical properties test examined the swelling power test. Then, the collected data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) from a completely randomized design to determine statistically significant treatments. If a relationship had been founded, the next step was continued to Duncan’s test. The results of this study indicated that the addition of composite flour in the cookies significantly brought different effects. Formula 1 with the addition of 30% composite flour had the best taste, odor, and texture. However, its color was not better than formula 2, without any addition of composite flour. This study suggests that a further intervention formula should investigate the mixing of the resulted colors or use natural dyes to improve the color of cookies

Quantification of Soy-Derived Ingredients in Model Bread and Frankfurter Matrices with an Optimized Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry External Standard Calibration Workflow

The detection and quantification of soy protein is important for food allergen management and identifying the presence of undeclared soy proteins. Heat processing and matrix interactions can affect the accuracy of allergen detection methods. The sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods can be compromised if protein epitopes are modified during processing. Therefore, a mass spectrometry (MS)-based method was evaluated for the recovery of total soy protein in incurred matrices. MS-based quantification of total soy protein was assessed by using a combination of external and internal standards. The reproducibility of the standard curves was investigated by comparing within-day and among-day variation. Incurred samples were prepared using bread and frankfurters as model food matrices. Several soy-derived ingredients were used to prepare the matrices with varying levels of soy protein (1, 10, 50, or 100 ppm of total soy protein). A pooled standard curve was used to estimate the total soy protein concentration of the incurred food matrices and the percent total protein recovery. The variation of replicate standard curves between days and among all days was not significant. The differences in slopes obtained from replicate standards run on different days were minimal. The most influential factor on the quantitative protein recovery in incurred samples was the effect of the physical matrix structure on protein extraction. The lowest percent protein recoveries, less than 50%, were calculated for uncooked matrices. The cooked matrices had percentage recoveries between 50 and 150% for all total soy protein levels. Other factors, such as type of ingredient, were determined to be not as impactful on recovery. The MS method described in this study was able to provide sensitive detection and accurate quantification of total soy protein from various soy-derived ingredients present in processed food matrices.

Customer Retention Practices in Micro and Small Food Agro-Processing Enterprises in Tanzania

Customer retention practices are crucial for survival and success especially for micro and small enterprise which have limited resources to engage in continuous marketing activities for attracting new customers. This study was set to investigate the customer retention practices in micro and small food agro-processing firms. The study draws from the Customer Bonding theory examining customer retention practices from market perspective as applied in micro and small food agro-processing firms. The study employed quantitative research approach and a cross- sectional survey design. Data were collected from 302 owner-managers of food agro-processing firms in Dar es Salaam, Morogoro and Arusha. Descriptive analysis was done on the responses of customer retention practices employed by the firms. The paper demonstrates that, food agro-processing MSEs employ customer retention practices. It was established that, they do customer needs assessment, analyze competitors’ activities and behaviours and they coordinate internal functions to increase customer value. Likewise, the study established that, employees of these firms portray positive behaviours towards customers and that there are commendable relationships between the firm and the suppliers of raw materials for food processing. The findings add to the existing body of literature on highly demanded knowledge on market focused customer retention practices which are mostly needed in firms operating in competitive business environment like food agro-processing. In addition, customer retention practices are highly recommended in MSEs due to their limited resources to continually recruit new customers. Notably, the investigated customer retention practices can be tested in other firms and sub-sectors with the focus of enhancing customer bonds with the business.

Nutrisi dan Uji Hedonik Kue dengan Menggunakan Subtitusi Tepung Umbi Gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) Fermentasi

The use of wheat flour as the main raw material in food processing is increasing so that materials can be substituted to maintain food diversivity. One of the tuber plants that contains nutrition and has the potential to replace the use of wheat flour is gadung flour (Dioscorea hispida) flour. This study, used gadung flour without fermentation with Cyanide-free treatment and cyanide-free fermented. The parameters measured in gadung flour cakes without and with fermentation are carbohydrate levels, fat, protein, water, ash, crude fiber, dietary fiber, amylose, and amylopectin were analyzed descriptively. The microstructure of cake from yam flour without and with fermentation is seen using a SEM (Scanning Electro Microscopy) microscope. Organoleptic tests on the liking level (hedonic test) of cake against taste, aroma, texture, and color. Data were analyzed using One-Way Anova. The hedonic value of the aroma and flavor on cakes substituted by gadung flour with fermented treatment shows a lower value (rather popular) than the treatment without fermentation (control). The results of the analysis of carbohydrate, fat, protein, water, ash, coarse fibers, food fibers, amylose, and amylopectin show a decrease in nutritional levels of cake with fermentation than without fermentation. At the preference level for color of products from fermentation flour are more popular because it has a more attractive and bright color display. The level of preference for fermented and control flour texture is still diverse, this is due to differences in tastes in the recipient community which is influenced by many factors

Starch synthesis and gelatinization properties of potato tubers

ABSTRACT: Biosynthesis is the only source of potato starch which is an important raw material for food processing, modified starch and biomass energy. However, it is not clear about the evolution of starch synthesis with tuber development in potato. The present study evaluated the differences of starch synthesis and gelatinization properties of potato tubers with different starch content. Relative to cultivars of medium and low starch content, cultivars of high starch content showed significantly higher SBEII gene expression, AGPase and SSS enzyme activity, and total starch content after middle stage of starch accumulation, and had smaller average starch granule size during whole process of tuber development, and had higher pasting temperature before late stages of tuber growth, and had lower pasting temperature after middle stage of starch accumulation. Path analysis showed that, after middle stage of starch accumulation, effects on starch gelatinization of cultivars with high, medium and low starch content represented starch synthesis enzyme activity > starch accumulation > starch granule distribution > starch synthesis enzyme gene expression, starch synthesis enzyme gene expression > starch synthesis enzyme activity > starch accumulation > starch granule distribution, starch synthesis enzyme gene expression > starch granule distribution > starch synthesis enzyme activity > starch accumulation, respectively. In the study, phases existed in the starch biosynthesis of potato tuber, and the starch quality and its formation process were different among varieties with different starch content. The findings might contribute to starch application and potato industries.

Degradation of organic compounds in hypersaline wastewater concentrate by a supercritical oxidation approach

ABSTRACT Hypersaline wastewater is a typical industrial wastewater produced by iron and steel metallurgy, food material processing and other industries. Aiming at a waste liquid produced by mechanical vapour recompression evaporation and concentration in Tianjin coastal industrial zone, an environment-friendly supercritical water oxidation technology was used to efficiently remove the high-content organic matter in the hypersaline wastewater concentrate (HWC). A comparison of the degradation effects of various oxidants in the supercritical state showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could be used as a suitable agent for processing the HWC. The reaction parameters were systematically optimised by single-factor experiment and response surface design. The degradation mechanism and reaction characteristics were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Solid residues were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that when the dosage of hydrogen peroxide was 6.39%, the reaction temperature was 380°C, the reaction time was about 90 min and the optimal total organic carbon removal rate was 96.22%. Furthermore, it was found that hydroxyl radicals produced by hydrogen peroxide initiated the bond breaking and ring-opening reactions in organic matter, which eventually degraded organic matter into water and carbon dioxide.

Rapid screening of low-quality cooking oil by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

• Methodology of direct analysis of crude extract of edible vegetable oil and illegal cooking oil using extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) was established. • Characterized differences of each kind of quality oil mass fingerprint in the positive and negative ion detection mode. • Combined with principal component analysis (PCA), 20 different brands of cooking oil and five kinds of illegal cooking oil samples are successfully distinguished. Edible oils, an important raw material in food processing and the main sources for people to intake energy and nutrients in daily life, is too complex to rapid analyze due to its complicated chemical mixtures. Herein, methodology of direct analysis of crude extract of edible vegetable oil and illegal cooking oil using extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) was established. Fatty acids and other substances were directly identified, as well as differences of each kind of quality oil mass fingerprint were characterized in the positive and negative ion detection mode. Combined with principal component analysis (PCA), 20 different brands of cooking oil and five kinds of illegal cooking oil samples were successfully distinguished. Thus this method could distinguish sources of edible oil with high specificity, good accuracy, low false positives (∼ 0%) and rapid analysis (about 2 min), which was expected to be used for fast, effective high-throughput analysis of low-grade cooking oil.

Agricultural crop waste materials – A potential reservoir of molecules

Crop wastes are one of the agricultural wastes generated during the production and processing of food materials. Their generation is the other side of developmental activities. They are now becoming an alarming source of environmental pollution, leading to an unhealthy society. There is an urgent need to develop robust methods to utilize these types of wastes into beneficial compounds or materials. Many works are successfully done in these areas, and several strategies have been developed to produce biochemicals from biological wastes. In other words, value addition has been done to the crop waste materials. The chemicals like carbohydrates, minerals, proteins, and other compounds have been isolated from various crop residues. In this context, this article covers an overview of the crop wastes, chemicals isolated from them, their extraction methods, and the way forward to get the valuable chemicals.

Biofilm Formation Ability of Arcobacter-like and Campylobacter Strains under Different Conditions and on Food Processing Materials.

Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequent cause of bacterial gastrointestinal food-borne infection worldwide. The transmission of Campylobacter and Arcobacter-like species is often made possible by their ability to adhere to various abiotic surfaces. This study is focused on monitoring the biofilm ability of 69 strains of Campylobacter spp. and lesser described species of the Arcobacteraceae family isolated from food, water, and clinical samples within the Czech Republic. Biofilm formation was monitored and evaluated under an aerobic/microaerophilic atmosphere after cultivation for 24 or 72 h depending on the surface material. An overall higher adhesion ability was observed in arcobacters. A chi-squared test showed no association between the origin of the strains and biofilm activity (p > 0.05). Arcobacter-like species are able to form biofilms under microaerophilic and aerobic conditions; however, they prefer microaerophilic environments. Biofilm formation has already been demonstrated at refrigerator temperatures (5 °C). Arcobacters also showed higher biofilm formation ability at the temperature of 30 °C. This is in contrast to Campylobacter jejuni NP 2896, which showed higher biofilm formation ability at temperatures of 5–30 °C. Overall, the results demonstrated the biofilm formation ability of many strains, which poses a considerable risk to the food industry, medical practice, and human health.

New Type of Food Processing Material: The Crystal Structure and Functional Properties of Waxy and Non-Waxy Proso Millet Resistant Starches.

Resistant starch (RS) is widely used in the food industry because of its ability to regulate and protect the small intestine, but their distinct effects on the structural and functional properties of waxy and non-waxy proso millet starches are not completely understood. The crystalline structure and physicochemical properties of waxy and non-waxy proso millets’ starch samples were analyzed after heat-moisture treatment (HMT). The analysis revealed significant differences between the RS of waxy and non-waxy proso millets. The crystal type of proso millets’ starch changed from type A to type B + V. The relative crystallinity of the RS of waxy proso millet was better than that of non-waxy proso millet. The gelatinization temperature and thermal stability of RS significantly increased, and the pasting temperature (PTM) of the RS of waxy proso millet was the highest. The water solubility and swelling power of the RS in proso millet decreased, and the viscoelasticity improved. The correlation between the short-range ordered structure of RS and ΔH, and gelatinization properties has a stronger correlation. This study provides practical information for improving the nutritional benefits of waxy and non-waxy proso millet in food applications.

Water content quantification by FTIR in carboxymethyl cellulose food additive

ABSTRACT Water content quantification of raw polysaccharide materials for food processing is generally performed by gravimetric analysis or titrimetric methods, which are time- and energy-consuming, non-eco-friendly and sample destructive. The present study develops and validates a new approach, based on the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, resulting in a model of the water content of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polysaccharides. Samples of CMC were exposed to different relative humidity conditions. Water content was determined by standard gravimetric methods (OIV-Oeno 404–2010) and compared with the area of FTIR absorption in the range 3675–2980 cm−1, attributed to the stretching of OH groups. The strong correlation between gravimetric results and FTIR area (R2 = 0.88) showed no signs of bias across the water content range. A cross-validation technique to predict the water content by band area was assessed obtaining a general equation: y = 2.12 x + 2.80 with a high repetitively and good prediction of the tested models.

Influence of spray-drying conditions on the physicochemical properties of red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) powder made from peel and flesh

Pitaya production has been increasing, that offers abundant material for food processing. New product development would greatly add value for this produce. The present study focused on the effects of spray-drying conditions such as coating material concentration and spray-drying temperature on the physicochemical characteristics of red-fleshed dragon fruit powder made from peel and flesh. The sample quality was influenced by two experimental factors, which were the maltodextrin concentration and the spray-drying inlet temperature. The samples spray-dried at 140oC to 150oC with 15% maltodextrin (w/w) gave the powder with the highest betacyanin, polyphenol, and vitamin C retention results (97.62 - 98.86%, 90.66 - 91.63%, and 63.40 - 63.68%, respectively). The moisture content, water activity and solubility of the sample was 3.88% to 4.27%, 0.26 to 0.28 and 99%, respectively. Red-fleshed dragon fruit powder made from flesh and peel has numerous potentials in the beverage industry

PENINGKATAN KUALITAS MINYAK GORENG BEKAS MENGGUNAKAN ADSORBEN KARBON AKTIF DARI AMPAS TEBU YANG DIAKTIVASI DENGAN HCl

Cooking oil is one of the basic human needs as a food processing material. Cooking oil serves as a very important frying medium and its needs are increasing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of bagasse which was activated with HCl in increasing the quality of used cooking oil.This study uses bagasse as an adsorbent. The oil used is packaged cooking oil which is used for three times frying. Activation of activated carbon using 0.1 N HCl was tested for quality.Test results obtained for free fatty acids (FFA) from new cooking oil is 0.1115%, used cooking oil before being given activated carbon is 1.0275%, and used cooking oil after being given activated carbon varies between 20, 30, 40 minutes. respectively 0.4032%, 0.2551%, 0.4508%. While the test results obtained for the peroxide number of new cooking oil is 2.0110 meq / kg, cooking oil used three times frying before being given activated carbon 7.0156 meq / kg, used cooking oil after being given activated carbon with contact variations of 20, 30, 40 minutes respectively 6,6685 meq / kg, 6,0088 meq / kg, 5,3366 meq / kg. From the results above the levels of free fatty acids and peroxide numbers have met the requirements of SNI: 2012. From the results obtained it can be concluded that bagasse charcoal can improve the quality of used cooking oil in accordance with SNI 7709; 2012.