Folk Speech Research Articles

South Slavic-Ukrainian Phonetic and Graphic Variability in Religious Monuments of the 14th – 15th Centuries

As a result of the analysis of liturgical texts of the 14th–15th centuries created in the territory of Ukraine, expressive signs of interaction between the Old Bulgarian graphic and spelling system and the Ukrainian folk speech are recorded. Manifestations of the phonetic and graphic South Slavic-Ukrainian variability are associated with the following linguistic phenomena in the vocalism and consonantism of religious monuments: continuity of the former*ę,*’а and *Q; change of the initial *jе into о; transition of e into o after hushings and ц; reduction of и > ь before iotated vowels; confusion of unstressed и and е; development of sound combinations *tоrt, *tоlt, *tеrt, *tеlt; reflexes of sound combinations ър, ъл, ьр, ьл; hardening of р'; hardness/softness of hushing consonants; dissimilation and simplification of consonants; change of sound combinations *dj, *zdj and *tj, *kt . In the phonetic system of the studied monuments, the interaction of the traditional writing of that time and the local vernacular is observed, in particular, the phonetic features of the North Ukrainian and the South-West Ukrainian dialects are revealed. The study of the language of religious monuments taking into account the results of other research in the field of philology, paleography, theology has undeniable prospects for linguistic interpretation of church books with the definition of local language traditions of the time, their localization as elements of the Slavic written culture, resolving debatable issues regarding the formation, chronology and systematization of the church-written corpus.

Славянские устойчивые сравнения с персонажами Библии в диалектах

The present paper deals with the functioning of phraseological comparative constructions with biblical characters in dialects of East, West, and South Slavic languages. The charac- ters of the Holy Scripture include not only the nameless and named heroes of the Bible but also the Creator himself as well as supernatural beings that serve or oppose the Creator. The description involves comparative phraseological units with an adjective that derives from a character of the Bible. Most of the analyzed Slavic dialectal phraseological units are fixed in dictionaries.The description of comparative phraseological units (if possible) is carried out from the positions of structural and semantic modelling, which allows to identify the lexical variation of components in the dialects of the same language or in various languages. In some cases, the paper includes areal characteristics of comparative constructions. For this purpose, the author shows their parallels in other linguistic and dialect regions. As a result, the paper reveals both structural and semantic biblical universals and phraseological units with national specificity, i.e. similes that have no equivalents (literary or non-Slavic). There are units that are specific for some regions, for example, phraseological units containing microtoponyms such as geographical objects that are not widely known. The national and regional identity is manifested both at the level of figurative basis and at the level of non- equivalent comparativism since some subjects can be active in one language, while they are peripheral or lacunary in another one.In some cases, phraseological units are provided with cultural, historical, and etymol- ogical comments which reveal not only the biblical and religious roots but also reflect the ancient mythological representations of the Slavs. The author gives an explanation to the meaning of similes and their components.The Old and New Testaments are a common element of the spiritual culture of Chris- tians so the comparison reveals the similarity and repetition of comparative units, directly or indirectly related to the names of the characters of the Bible, or structural and semantic models in a particular area. At the same time, the phraseological units genetically ascending to the Bible show a quite large differentiation, demonstrating the peculiarity of the recep- tion of biblical images by the Slavs, the unequal interest in them. Although the very name of the biblical character is often international, set similes containing it are not always the same. This is usually the case for pseudo-biblical phraseological units that have no direct links to the character of the Bible; they are usually inherent in folk speech and are often jokingly ironic. This is particularly evident in dialects.

«Советский Пушкин»: пушкинский субстрат автомифотворчества А.Н. Толстого 1930-х гг.

The aim of this article is to review Aleksey N. Tolstoy's self-projections on the figure of Pushkin, seen as the most important classic author in the USSR during the 1930s. The material for the study was the writer's journalism and program speeches - it was in them that he most actively appealed to the Pushkin myth. Such appeals allowed Tolstoy to assert his special status in the Soviet literary hierarchy. In his articles and public speeches, the writer actually declared himself the heir of Pushkin, since both, each in his own era, created a “new literary language” based on historical documents. The category of language was important since the discussion about it became one of the key ones in determining the main aesthetic features of the emerging socialist realism. Pushkin, relying on folk speech, created a new “living” literary language opposing the “academic” elegant phrase of nobility (works by Turgenev, in Tolstoy's opinion, later became the peak of this style). Tolstoy, in turn, also saw his own merit in the discovery of a “new” language - the language of Soviet literature in his case. According to Tolstoy, both Pushkin and himself, relied on historical documents that reflected “authentic common people's” language in the process of creation. When writing, e.g., The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin used documents about Pugachev's Rebellion; while Tolstoy, creating Peter the Great, employed torture protocols of Peter's era, the so-called “Slovo i Delo”. As a result, the succession scheme was built in the following way: “common people's language” with almost a thousand years of history - Pushkin (the creator of a “new” literary language based on common people's language) - Tolstoy (the author who modernized these traditions and created a normative Soviet literary language based on them). These rhetorical techniques allowed the Comrade Count to increase his status in the Soviet literary hierarchy. On the one hand, he used the symbolic potential inherent in the Pushkin myth (the culmination of the poet's canonization was the commemoration of 1937); on the other hand, the figure of Pushkin, in relation to whom the word “great” was used, was constantly projected on Stalin. In the end, even despite a biography which was dubious from the point of view of the authorities, by the mid-1930s, Tolstoy, indeed, received the status of the main Soviet author. This situation was evidenced, for example, by a cartoon where the writer alone was depicted on the upper deck of the “steamship of Soviet literature”. Besides, at the funeral of Gorky, Tolstoy, along with Stalin, carried the coffin of the “proletarian writer”, as if occupying the “empty” place after the death of his predecessor. The important role in obtaining this status was played by Tolstoy's regular and consistent efforts to create his own writer's reputation based on the figure of Pushkin.

Русская народно-поэтическая речь на фоне иноэтнических традиций: кросскультурный аспект

The paper sums up the experience of lasting work of the Kursk linguafolklore scientists that have been studying the Russian popular poetic speech. It traces the history of coming into being and developing of the special academic branch aimed at studying the folklore work phenomenon — that is lingua folklore. The main attention is paid to the methodology of comparable and crosscultural linguafolklore. Comparable linguafolklore implies comparing social dialectal and popular poetic speeches, the language of various folklore genres as well as territorial differences in folk poetic speech within the same ethnic tradition. Cross-cultural linguafolklore studies is a tool used for discovering cultural preferences of the ethnic group and specific peculiarities of the mentality through comparing traditional cultures. The object for confronting folklore texts belonging to different ethnic groups are the concepts verbalized with the help of the national language forms. The subject meanings are accumulated in these forms. The paper includes the analysis of singular concepts, such as “gold,” “river,” the stable ties of the concepts, such as “garden — forest,” “flower — bush — tree” and “birds,” “food” and “The human face.” The authors are sure in the relevance of use of the crosscultural research as a tool, especially for a сontrasting dictionary. They come to the conclusion that even though comparing folk songs lexicons that belong to various ethnic traditions is labor intensive, demanding exactness and objective comments, is actually very productive.

The language of folk dream-divination in the “Collection of materials for describing the terrain and tribes of the Caucasus” (1881–1915): The collection of M. A. Kharlamov

The article discusses the linguistic features of folklore texts of dream-divination published by Mikhail Kharlamov in the popular journal Collection of materials for the description of the area and tribes of the Caucasus, published in Tiflis from 1881 to 1915. The regional and all-Russian features of the unique folklore collection, which also reflected the individual characteristics of the collecting style of Kharlamov himself who was one of the regular authors of this journal, are described. The ethnographic and local lore orientation of most of the publications and the patronage from the Caucasian educational district contributed to the fact that the journal was perceived as a serious educational publication, therefore the language of its main materials can be characterized as clear and simple, and the style as truly popular science in modern terminology. It should be noted that when documenting some folklore texts, there is a “forcible ennobling” of folk speech when, for example, in the recording of dream-divination for the collector or editor, there are clearly literary lexical inclusions, which creates the effect of a stylistic seam in the text of such a recording. Despite this, the constancy and stability of the basic symbolic conditioning between the sign of a dream and its prognosis is revealed, which, as a rule, have deep mythological foundations. The general Russian folklore unity of the materials included in this collection is also emphasized, which manifested itself in the organization of the dream-divination text, its lexical composition, and grammatical form.

ПРОЕКТ КОНТРАСТИВНОГО СЛОВАРЯ НАРОДНЫХ ПЕСЕН КАЗАКОВ КУБАНИ

The aim of the article is to justify the concept of a contrastive dictionary of the language of Kuban Cossacks’ folk song culture. This dictionary should demonstrate the bilingual nature of the Kuban Cossacks’ song folklore in the context of Russian and Ukrainian folk speech traditions, and become the basis for identifying the ethnolinguistic and ethnopsychological features of the Kuban Cossacks – a subethnos that has formed its own special traditional culture for over three centuries. The contrastive analysis of each culturally significant lexeme is organized in two blocks depending on the research base: Russian-language songs (songs of the Kuban Line Cossacks and Russian folk songs), Ukrainian-language songs (songs of the Kuban Black Sea Cossacks and Ukrainian folk songs). The article presents the concept of contrastive dictionary of the Kuban Cossacks’ folk songs; its originality is determined by the peculiar forming conditions of the Kuban folklore language caused by the settlement history of the Kuban territory. The existing experience of compiling contrastive dictionaries cannot be fully applied to the language of Kuban folklore, in which Russian and Ukrainian language folk traditions are mixed in a complex way. The dictionary is based on the ideographic principle. The thematic approach fully reflects a particular fragment of the linguistic world-image and provides great opportunities to study the place of separate language units in this fragment. Due to the significance of the task, attention is focused on one thematic group – “Man’s World”. The structure of the dictionary entry of the developed dictionary reflects linguistic features of lexemes: it gives an idea of the lexical and morphological paradigmatics, family of words (within the analyzed lexicon), their co-occurrence properties (syntagmatic aspect), and the originality of use (functional aspect). Such a structure of the dictionary entry allows not only describing the linguistic features of the analyzed lexeme, noting the presence of qualitative (cultural, conceptual) asymmetry in equivalent lexemes, but also identifying the deep implicit meanings reflected in the co-occurrence properties of the word and understanding the concept verbalized by the analyzed lexeme. The justified concept of the contrastive dictionary of Kuban folk songs should contribute to the solution of many problems of modern lexicography – studies of the possibilities of using contrastive dictionaries in folklore and author’s (writer’s) lexicography, lexicography of a multicultural region.

РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ЧУВСТВА СТРАДАНИЯ В ЛЕКСИКОНЕ ДИАЛЕКТНОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ СИБИРСКОЙ КРЕСТЬЯНКИ

The article examines the semantic field “suffering” that represents a fragment of the emotional and sensual existence of a language personality. The linguopersonological research based on the material of the idiolectal vocabulary of Vera Vershinina, a Siberian old resident, continues the comprehensive description of a dialect language personality made by Tomsk dialectologists. The research sources are A Complete Dictionary of a Dialect Language Personality edited by E.V. Ivantsova, transcripts of the informant’s speech made through participation in the linguistic existence of the speaker. The article focuses on 52 lexical and phraseological units. The research aims to describe a fragment of an individual linguistic worldview representing suffering. The view on the research object develops in the following way: word – definition – examples represented in the dictionary – text – idiolectal discourse. At the first stage of the research, the lexical and phraseological units are divided into seven functional semantic classes (FSC) according to the categorial lexical seme uniting them. The researcher examines the numerical composition of each class, the linguistic features of its elements (presence of figurative units, features of the use of the examined words). The most developed is the FSC of emotional state, since suffering is perceived as a long and deep feeling caused by a certain reason, but infinite. Classes of emotional impact and receiving the emotional state characterize suffering as a feeling hurting physically, exhausting with its length and intensity. A large number of units with the semantics of weeping in the FSC of external expression of emotions can indicate that the informant replaces reflection with a detailed description of external manifestations of suffering. Classes of emotional characterization and attitude show the informant as a person deeply empathetic to the grief of others. The last FSC demonstrates that names of the feeling and the situation causing this feeling coexist in one unit, which is typical for representatives of the folk speech culture. At the second stage of the research, the author describes the most frequent situations associated with the actualization of the semantic field “suffering” in the informant’s speech. These situations include: disease or death; disability caused by an injury; difficult living conditions, etc. It corresponds to the core values of the traditional peasant culture: life and health of a person, wealth, stability of a family’s life. The material shows that, for the dialect speaker, suffering is one of the dominants of reality, a constant of everyday life fully accepted by the speaker. However, the informant does not ignore other people in her grief, she is empathetic towards their life because of such personal qualities as optimism and spiritual power.

Russian-Ukrainian dialect of the disappearing farm Redkodub

Among the most important tasks of linguists-dialectologists at the present time is the study of the territorial forms of existence of the national language due to the shrinking space of their functioning. This work gives an idea of ​​one dialect of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia. The purpose of this study was to identify in a specific language the disappearing farm Redkodub of the Alekseevsky district of the Belgorod region the distinctive features of phonetics and morphology that characterize the state of the local subdialect in the 21st century, not previously studied. To achieve a goal, the author uses the following methods: interviewing, observation (identifying facts and determining their features), interpretation, comparison and analysis. The object of exploration interest was the speech of the old residents of the surveyed settlement, unique in its kind. The work considers the phonetic and morphological features of the dialect. Its following characteristic features were found: acania; use of hard consonants in place of soft ones before “e”, “and”; “G” of fricative education; using “x” in place of “k”; the use of “хв”, “хф” in place of “f”; “And” in place of “yat”; simplification of sounds in different parts of the word; loss of a consonant at the beginning of a word and a vowel at the end of a word; iotaatsiya - the appearance of the consonant sound “y” in different parts of the word; cases of lengthening of the final syllable in words; the appearance of an inserted vowel; no transition from “e” to “o” after soft consonants; the use of the vowel “y” in place of “in” and “in” in place of “y”; epenthesis; replacing “c” with “s”; maintaining the softness of consonants before “and” in place of “e” and “o”; stunning voiced consonants in the middle and at the end of words; transfer of stress in words; the ending “-я” in the nominative plural; the ending “-y” for nouns in the genitive singular; the endings “-iv”, “-in-” in the genitive plural; destruction of the category of the genus; the use of the postfix “-sya” in place of “-s” in reflexive verbs, etc. It is concluded that the present subdialect has the properties of the Russian dialect and Ukrainian language systems. The author believes that the dialect of the disappearing farm Redkodub can be attributed to a mixed Russian-Ukrainian and argues that the most valuable thing for us is the original folk speech, which is not very influenced by the literary language.

IDIOMS FORMED BY USING ORGAN NAMES IN MODERN UYGHUR TURKISH

Bu makalede genel olarak Yeni Uygur Türkçesinde, yani şu an Doğu Türkistan bölgesindeki Uygur Türklerinin organ adlarıyla kullanmakta olduğu deyimler hakkındaki çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Deyim, Uygur Türkçesindeki deyişiyle “İdiyom”, diğer Türk lehçelerinde de olduğu gibi “az söz ile çok anlam ifade etmenin” dilbilimindeki birimidir. Deyimlerin birçoğu söz sanatıdır; anlatıma güzellik, canlılık ve çekicilik katmak için kullanılır. Uygur Türkçesinde sadece deyimler üzerine çalışılmış bir sözlük veya kitap yoktur. Dolayısıyla, doğrudan erişebileceğimiz bir kaynak yoktur. Bu çalışma ile bu boşluk az da olsa doldurulmaya çalışılacaktır. 
 Bilindiği gibi, Çağdaş Türk lehçelerinde deyimler hakkında ortak bir görüş yoktur, Deyimler, Türkçe dil araştırmalarında sıklıkla karşılaştığımız, her devrin kültürel özelliklerini kendinde yansıtan önemli bir dil unsuru olarak hep dikkat çekmektedir. Uygur Türkçesi kültür, edebiyat ve söz varlığı açısından, Çağdaş Türk lehçeleri içinde önemli yer tutmaktadır. Uygur Türkçesindeki deyimler, özellikle de organ adlarıyla kullanılan deyimler, gerek yazı dilinde gerekse halk dilinde çok yaygın olarak kullanılan bir deyim türüdür. Çalışmamızda, Uygur Türkçesinde organ adlarıyla kurulmuş deyimler derlenerek anlamları, Türkiye Türkçesindeki karşılıkları veya yaklaşık anlamı açısından değerlendirilecektir.

Особенности калмыцкого письменного языка XIX в. (на материале калмыцких писем И. Я. Шмидта (1800–1810 гг.))

Introduction. The article examines some phonetic and morphological features of the Kalmyk language traced in written monuments published by the famous Mongolists John Krueger and Robert Service in the ‘Kalmyk Old-Manuscript Documents of Isaac Jacob Schmidt’ (2002). The book presents facsimiles, transcriptions and translations of epistolary documents into English, which cover the period from 1800 to 1810. Most of the letters — 54 out of 80 — reflect correspondence with the Baga Dorbet Princes Tundutovs, including 18 from Erdeni Taisha, 27 from Tsebek, and 9 more from Jamba Taisha. These written monuments are kept in the archives of the Moravian Brothers Community in Herrnhut (Unitas Fratrum, Eng. ‘United Brothers’) in folder R.15.R.IIa No. 5. Goals. The paper aims at investigating some phonetic and morphological features of the then Kalmyk language discovered in the published letters. Results. The language of I. H. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage in the development of the Kalmyk language in the late 18th – early 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of the phonetic and grammatical norms inherent to the written literary language and living folk speech. The materials of the texts show that the beginning of the 19th century witnessed a process of transition of the combinations -ou and -öü into the long vowels [u:] and [ü:], respectively. It is also noted that in words where the diphthong -iu is historically (traditionally) used, e.g., in the word alčiur — in letters it is transmitted as alčuur, which meets the requirements of live pronunciation. In the language of letters of I. J. Schmidt, when it comes to construct the imperative form of the 2nd person plural, several cases of using the colloquial formant -tan are recorded, instead of the traditional indicator -qtün / -qtun. The past participle, which is historically formed with -qsan / -qsen affixes, also approaches colloquial forms, therefore, there are frequent cases of using -san / -sen forms, which are closer to modern Kalmyk (e.g., xara torγon irsen bolxuna ‘if the black silk arrives’). Linguistic processes associated with the reduction of short vowels of non-first syllables of a word, reduction of morphological formants, etc., are reflected to a greater or lesser extent in the text of the studied monument. Conclusions. Thus, the language of I. Ya. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage of development of the Kalmyk language at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of phonetic and grammatical norms of the written literary language and living folk speech.

Counterpoints of Modern Phraseology. To the Anniversary of Prof. V.M. Mokienko

The paper is timed to coincide with the 80th anniversary of the birth of Valery M. Mokienko, Doctor of Letters, Professor of Slavic Philology, Philology Department, St Petersburg State University, Honorary Chairman of the Phraseological Commission of the International Committee of Slavists. The paper reviews focal areas of the scholars research, lists his academic interests, the main of those being phraseology and phraseography. V.M. Mokienko proposed to detect dynamic interactions of contradictory properties of the phraseological system, to reveal the mechanism of phrase formation involving broad genetic and typological parallels to determine the nature of a phraseological unit. The method of structural and semantic modeling based on a detailed comparison of dialectal, Slavic and non-Slavic European idiomacy is the basis of modern theoretical and practical studies of the scientists followers. The trilogy of dictionaries edited by V.M. Mokienko distinguishes precise certification of units, references to synonymous turns, which makes it easier for the reader to navigate in the huge source material, outlines the parameters of the phraseological space close to the certified expression, and makes it possible to show the wealth of images of folk speech conveying the same semantics.

Пищевая традиция в народно-речевой культуре: продукты, блюда, напитки (на материале вологодских говоров)

This article analyzes food tradition in the folk speech culture based on the material of Vologda dialects. The article examines one of the main elements of the food tradition – the names of food items, dishes and drinks. The research is carried out by means of the thematic classification of units: the composition of the thematic group and the functioning of units in speech are analyzed.

Using spatial patterns of English folk speech to infer the universality class of linguistic copying

English dialect maps are used to infer how linguistic features are copied. Copying driven by conformity, generating surface tension, appears more likely than proportional copying, which creates patterns driven by noise

On Changes in Complex Sentences Syntax in the Russian Language of the 17th Century (on Material of Siberian Petitions)

The article deals with the problem of forming grammatical (syntactic) norms of the Russian national language based on the material of Siberian monuments of business writing of the 17th century. Relevance of the work is determined by the fact that Russian syntax and the history of the Russian language in Siberia are insufficiently studied, as well as by the need to expand the source base of such research. Scientific novelty of the work consists in the study of historical syntax of the complex sentences in the texts of Siberian petitions, most of which are not published and has not previously been brought to the historical-grammatical research. The high source value and linguistic informativeness of the Siberian petitions of the 17th century are proved. These texts analyze complex sentences with paratactic and hypotactic connections. The article traces the peculiarities of their use in monuments of local business writing in the aspect of developing syntactic norms of the Russian national language. The arsenal of compositional and subordinate conjunctions used in such sentences is defined. The changes in the structure of complex sentences are found out. They reflect live folk speech, language consciousness of the Russian people in Siberia and at the same time they are typical for the syntactic system of the Russian national language in the initial period of its formation.

UKRAINIAN ORAL SPEECH ECOLOGY: PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS

The article is devoted to Ukrainian oral speech at the synchronous level, in particular the pronunciation features. The purpose of the survey is to prove orthoepic normativity and historical organicity on the basis of opinion polls, to indicate pronunciation problems and deviations, to determine the percentage of pronunciation of consonant norms depending on the respondents’ sphere of activity, region of Ukraine (North, South, West, East, Central). The object of the research is Ukrainian speech of students of Philological Departments in Ukraine. The subject is knowledge of orthoepic rules of modern Ukrainian, in particular orthoepy of consonants (pronunciation of voiced and voiceless consonants, [в] as [ў], [з] as a part of prefixes роз-, без, prefixes з-, об-, над-, під -, від-, аffricates [д з], [д ж]). The proposed work integrates general scientific and special research methods: analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, observation; taxonomy; quantitative analysis, descriptive, comparative and historical methods, method of linguistic geography; field research methods: oral examination and sociolinguistic analysis; auditory analysis. They allowed to identify orthoepic features and general characteristics of Ukrainian oral speech which were subjectively perceived. Thus, the research conducted in Ukraine allows us to call stable such orthoepic norms of consonants pronunciation as the pronunciation of the merged [д зᶦ] in the word дзвінок (followed by 100% of respondents), the pronunciation [г] as [x] in the word легкий (90%), pronunciation of prefixes роз- (100%), без- (100%) in words розписати, безпека. Pronunciation norms were developed quite clearly in the second half of the XIX century and are recorded in manuscripts and first editions written in phonetic spelling. The formation of orthoepic norms was influenced by traditional spelling and folk speech. We see the prospect of further research in the study of orthoepic deviations of the regional speech of young people, in particular in the pronunciation of sound combinations.

Festive folk culture of France: historical retrospective of formation and development

The purpose of the article is to study the formation and development of the French festivefolk culture in historical retrospect, to determine its cultural and value components. Themethodology of work is based on the historical and system-structural principles of research. Thepurpose and objectives of the publication led to the use of such research methods: analysis andsynthesis, which enabled to identify and analyze the main historical stages of the formation anddevelopment of the French festive folk culture. The system-structural method allowed to reveal thecultural and value components of the subject of research. Scientific novelty consists in the study ofthe theoretical understanding of the historical retrospective of the formation of the French festivefolk culture, the discovery and justification of its cultural and value components. Conclusions. Thestudy made it possible to state that the whole history of revolutionary holidays can be understood asa vivid illustration of such blindness: a holiday, which wishes to be free and spontaneous, becomesobnoxious with caution and coercion; it continually distributes people to the caste. On the chosenand despicable, although on the eve of the eager to merge altogether; it turns a parody and ends ina void. The maniacal obsession of the revolutionary epoch of holidays is a history of deepfrustration. In such conditions, holidays can only exacerbate false praises of the world and heartunity and understanding. And so do decorative functions. Holidays become colorful facades,fictions, ghosts, whose purpose - to conceal the oppressive reality. Murdering irony of events:precisely this definition of the eighteenth century gave the French folk holidays.Key words: festive folk culture, folk speech, festive ceremony, festive ritual, festive behavior,festive conjuncture

Mehmet Emin Yurdakul'un Şiirlerinde Çocuk

Mehmet Emin Yurdakul is known as a Turkist, nationalist, populist and social poet in our literature history. He makes a breakthrough in Turkish literature based on liberty and authority of Turkish language with his work named “Turkce Siirler” published in 1898. Regardless of the aesthetic value of these poems, he narrates the life of community with the folk speech. This is welcomed as an offer of a radical change, as a literary case. Yurdakul gives place to wide range of people from all classes in his poems where he narrates both epic themes and scenes from social life. In this article; the poems about the children he wrote for children will be discoursed, the mentioned poems will be analyzed in point of individual and social values.

Disease-related euphemisms in chinese and uzbek linguoculture

This article is devoted to linguistic research of euphemisms associated with diseases in Chinese and Uzbek languages, the general and specific features of the euphemisms that characterize diseases are covered in the course of their propagation, indicating their role in language and culture. In both folk speech it was found that such cognitive signs as eastern embarrassment, shame, chastity are reflected in euphemisms. The study of euphemisms provides an opportunity to penetrate deeply into the mentality of the people, to have a complete idea of its national culture, values, customs, moral norms, national character of the owner of the language, as well as the interaction of language and culture.

О ХОДЕ РАБОТЫ ПО ПРОЕКТУ РФФИ № 18-012-00579 "РУССКИЕ ДИАЛЕКТНЫЕ БЛАГОПОЖЕЛАНИЯ: СЕМАНТИКА, СТРУКТУРА, ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ"

Communicative aspects of Russian dialects functioning are insufficiently investigated. The project is aimed at studying a special phenomenon of Russian culture - village speech etiquette. The task, the project is aimed to solve, is to describe the features of communication in the Russian province, the mass of the inhabitants of which still speaks a dialect. The subject of the research is the semantics, structure and functioning of etiquette units in folk speech. In 2019 the project lead published 5 scientific articles and also participated in 6 scientific conferences. During the summer expedition there have been collected and analyzed numerous materials on the dialects of the Vologda region.

ДІАЛЕКТНІ ТЕКСТИ ЯК НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ РЕСУРСНА УРОКАХ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ

ntroduction. The presence of the requi-?ements of modern society to the secondary school graduate determines the modernization of education, in particular its content. One of the current principles of studying the Ukrainian language today is a text-centric approach. The essence of text-centrism is to use texts as illustrative material in the study of language topics. In the texts selection, teachers prefer artistic samples. But diale-?t texts - records of living folk speech can also be used as a learning resource. The purpose of the article is to prove the expediency of using dialect texts as an educational resource in Ukrainian language lessons; to publish some examples of living folk speech, recorded by the author in East Polesian dialects, which can be used in the teaching and education of high school students. The following methods were used in the study: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, analogy, generalization, as well as the method of continuous sampling. The main results of the study. Complex tasks, made on a text basis, allow developing not only language and speech knowledge and skills of students, but also the ability to formulate their own statements, as well as to satisfy the cognitive interests of students. Dialect texts contain rich linguistic material, so their use allows you to master the language at all levels of the language system. Acquaintance with samples of folk speeches promotes the prestige of proficiency in the Ukrainian language. Through dialect texts, students get acquainted with the world picture of Ukrainians, their customs, traditions, spiritual and material culture, folk life. All this forms the ethnic consciousness of high school students. Originality. The article raises the issue of the use of dialect texts in the study of the Ukrainian language for the first time and publishes samples of dialect discourse recorded in East Polesian dialects. Conclusions and author’s specific suggestions. The use of dialect texts contributes to the development of language and speech competence of students, as well as general cultural and national education of high school students. The didactic and information potential of dialect texts is very large, so they can be used in the study of other subjects (Ukrainian literature, history of Ukraine, biology, geography, etc.).