Flush System Research Articles

The effect of heparin-coated pulmonary artery catheters on activated coagulation time in cardiac surgical patients

To investigate the effect of heparin-coated pulmonary artery catheters (HPACs) on activated coagulation time (ACT) drawn through a non-heparin-coated introducer sheath. A prospective, observational study. University teaching hospital. Patients scheduled for surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. With institutional review board approval, 63 patients without prior coagulopathy undergoing procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass were studied. Jugular venous and radial arterial ACTs were measured before and immediately after insertion of an HPAC. Additional measurements were obtained 1 hour later and 4 minutes after completion of protamine infusion. The ACT drawn from the introducer after placement of an HPAC was 48 seconds greater than the ACT drawn before the HPAC was placed (p < 0.0001). This difference was still present 1 hour later but not after the administration of protamine or in blood drawn at any time from another site. Baseline ACTs drawn from radial arterial catheters, kept patent using a heparin flush system, resulted in elevated measurements, despite withdrawing seven times the deadspace before taking a sample. Blood obtained from an introducer with an HPAC in situ provides a spuriously high ACT. ACTs drawn from catheters kept patent using heparin flush also result in prolonged measurements. Baseline ACT measurement from an introducer should be obtained before placement of the HPAC.

Risk factors for fecal shedding of Salmonella in 91 US dairy herds in 1996

In 1996, data on management practices used on US dairy operations were collected and analyzed for association with fecal shedding of Salmonella by dairy cows. A total of 4299 fecal samples from 91 herds was cultured for Salmonella isolation. Herd-size (adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 5.8, 95% CI 1.1, 31.3), region (OR = 5.7, CI 1.4, 23.5), use of flush water systems (OR = 3.5, CI 0.9, 14.7), and feeding brewers’ products to lactating cows (OR = 3.4, CI 0.9, 12.9) were identified as the most important predictive risk factors. The population attributable risks (PARs) for herd-size, region, flush water system, and feeding brewers’ products to lactating cows were 0.76, 0.46, 0.37, and 0.42, respectively. The estimated PAR for all four risk factors combined was 0.95. The effects of these factors need to be more-closely evaluated in more-controlled studies, in order to develop intervention programs that reduce Salmonella shedding.

Manure and lagoon nutrients from dairies using flush systems (2000)

Nine primar,y lagoons and solids storage basins were sampled on Kansas dairies using flush systems. These samples were analyzed for nutrient content of wastewater and sand manure. The manure moisture content in the storage basins averaged 81%. The average totals of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash were 3450, 1345, and 1420 mg/L, respectively, for flushing systems. The average totals of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash in the lagoon samples were 816, 337, and 1134 mg/L, respectively, for dairies using recycled water for flushing alleys. These data and previously reported data indicate that lagoon effluent and manure removed from basins must be managed differently between dairies using flush versus scrape systems.; Dairy Day, 2000, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2000;

Flushing sand-laden manure (2000)

Sand can be handled successfully either in a scrape or flush system by developing handling systems that allow for the sand-laden manure to settle prior to the effluent entering a lagoon. The abrasiveness and density of sand create problems in handling the manure. Manure weighs about 60 lb/cu ft, whereas sand has a density of 120 lb/cu ft. Sand-laden manure will have an approximate density of 80 lb/cu ft, if 30% of the manure is sand. Because sand is heavier, it will not remain in suspension as long as manure and settles rapidly. Many problems associated with handling sand-laden manure can be avoided if the solids are stored separately from the effluent.; Dairy Day, 2000, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2000

The effect of using a heparin-free flush system for central venous and pulmonary artery catheters on a general medical and surgical intensive care unit

The effect of using a heparin-free flush system for central venous and pulmonary artery catheters on a general medical and surgical intensive care unit

The effects of non-vacuum packaging systems on drip loss from chilled beef

This study investigated drip loss in chilled beef (hot-boned m. longissimus lumborum (LL)) under conventional packaging systems, in which a vacuum is applied, and non-vacuum packaging systems. The use of vacuum during the packaging process (vacuum packaging, CO 2 atmosphere packaging) was associated with increased drip. Drip was lower in heat-shrunk vacuum packaging than in non-shrunk vacuum packaging. A slow vacuum onset had no effect on drip formation, or may have increased it. The extent of pressure reduction (vacuum; range 0–1 atm) did not significantly affect drip formation, although the standard vacuum pressure (0 atm) tended to cause more drip loss than higher pressures. The three non-vacuum anaerobic packaging systems tested were: flushed with carbon dioxide without the pressure being reduced below atmospheric (Flush), or the same system with no CO 2 flush but a proprietary oxygen absorber added (Scavenger), or a combination of both (Flush/Scavenger). Storage was at —1.5 °C for up to 20 weeks. The Flush and Flush/Scavenger systems had considerably lower drip loss than the CAP standard system (6.4%, 6.5%, and 9.1% respectively); the Scavenger system had the lowest drip loss (5.2%). Drip losses generally increased with storage period, irrespective of packaging system. All non-vacuum packaging systems except the Flush system had very low oxygen levels (<0.l% v v ). The Flush system had considerably higher levels of oxygen (0.9%) with associated browning of meat samples. All packaging systems gave a hygienic shelf-life of at least 16 weeks. At 16 weeks, microbial numbers were highest (5 × 10 6) in the Scavenger system. The meat from all packaging systems was acceptable to taste panels even after 16 weeks of storage at —1.5 °C. There were no significant differences between any of the packaging systems for any of the sensory attributes tested. The packaging systems with the best all round performance were the Flush/Scavenger and the Scavenger systems, depending on the storage-life required.

Influence of port site on central venous pressure measurements from triple-lumen catheters in critically ill adults

Measurements of central venous pressure are generally obtained through one of the three ports of centrally placed triple-lumen catheters. However, no scientifically based literature is available that guides clinical practice and indicates which of the lumens is most appropriate for obtaining these measurements. To determine if a difference exists between measurements of central venous pressure obtained via the proximal, medial, and distal ports of a triple-lumen catheter. Measurements of central venous pressure in 48 adult ICU patients were obtained via each of the three ports of a triple-lumen catheter. Catheters were placed in either the right or left subclavian vein or the right or left internal jugular vein. The flush system was single-transducer, trifurcated pressure tubing system. Data were evaluated for variation among the three ports of the catheter for readings taken at a single point. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant differences across port sites. Post hoc univariate F tests showed significant differences between the proximal and distal ports and between the medial and distal ports. In some patients, the difference between central venous pressure obtained from the distal port and pressure obtained from the proximal or the medial port may be clinically significant. Because measurements of central venous pressure may not always be comparable for all three ports of a triple-lumen catheter, care should be taken to distinguish when changes in pressure readings are a result of a change in port site rather than in the patient's condition.

House/Daughter/Nation: Interiority, Architecture, and Historical Imagination in Janaki Majumdar's “Family History”

My mother grew up in a small Punjabi village not far from Chandigarh. As she chopped onions for the evening meal or scrubbed the shine back onto a steel pan or watched the clouds of curds form in a bowl of slowly setting homemade yoghurt, any action with a rhythm, she would begin a mantra about her ancestral home. She would chant of a three-storeyed flat-roofed house, blinkered with carved wooden shutters around a dust yard where an old-fashioned pump stood under a mango tree.… In England, when all my mother's friends made the transition from relatives' spare rooms and furnished lodgings to homes of their own, they all looked for something ‘modern. ’ “It's really up to date, Daljit,” one of the Aunties would preen as she gave us the grand tour of her first proper home in England. “Look at the extra flush system … Can opener on the wall … Two minutes' walk to the local amenities …” But my mother knew what she wanted. When she stepped off the bus in Tollington, she did not see the outside lavvy or the apology for a garden or the medieval kitchen, she saw fields and trees, light and space, and a horizon that welcomed the sky which, on a warm night and through squinted eyes, could almost look something like home.

The Influence of Feeding and Housing Systems on Production, Reproduction, and Somatic Cell Count Scores of Southern Holstein Herds

A survey of 178 Holstein herds was conducted in 1994 to evaluate the influence of feeding and housing systems on production, reproduction, and somatic cell count scores. Dairy Herd Improvement technicians completed a questionnaire consisting of questions on milking systems, feeding systems, housing types, and milking practices. Survey responses were merged with rolling herd average production, reproduction parameters, somatic cell count scores, and income and feed cost information from the processing center. Herds with freestall housing had higher production, lower days open, and lower somatic cell count scores than herds housed outside. Herds fed in freestall barns or in a covered feeding area had higher production and lower somatic cell count scores than herds fed outside. Herds fed concentrate outside had higher production than herds fed concentrate inside the milking parlor, but income over feed cost was not different based on location of concentrate feeding. Production was higher in herds using automatic take off units. Larger herd size was associated with feeding concentrate outside the parlor, feeding in freestall barns, automatic back flush systems, automatic take off units, low milk line, milking sick cows separately, and housing inside. Housing and feeding facilities that provide shade and cooling improve production and may provide control over environmental conditions that affect somatic cell counts.

Cross contamination control and the dental handpiece

The issue of heat sterilization of handpieces for every patient every time evokes visions of higher cost, damage to handpiece sheaths and turbines, and increased staff involvement. The introduction of fast turn-around steam autoclaves reduces the number of handpieces required and helps lower costs. The damage can be contained by using high-quality handpieces and by maintaining them properly. Staff involvement time can be reduced through the use of handpiece scrubbers, handpiece flush systems, and simple, adequate maintenance standards. Because of the discovery that biofilms contribute to the microbial contamination of dental unit water lines, the need for a clean water system is apparent because it will further reduce the potential danger of cross contamination.

5360556 Method of feeding wastewater effluent to filter bed through parallel conduits

An on-site wastewater treatment system distributes septic tank effluent over a particulate media filter bed through a distribution manifold at a sufficient volumetric flow rate relative to the cross-sectional area of the distribution conduits to inhibit undesirable biological growth in the conduits and in the filter by creating a scouring effect in the conduits. This effect prevents clogging of the conduits and maximizes the even distribution of effluent in the filter. A mesh fabric intercepts the downward flow of the effluent in the filter to further aid in the even distribution of effluent in the filter. Orifice shields also aid in such distribution by preventing clogging of orifices embedded in the filter media. A high pressure switch in the distribution manifold and a high water alarm in the filter pump basin indicate when required maintenance is necessary, and the switch controlling the high water alarm temporarily disables the septic tank pump as well. A flush system is provided to easily remove any clogging solid material from the distribution manifold.

An improved method for determination of light hydrocarbons in stabilized crude oil

This paper reports a quick, and simple method for quantitative determination of C2 to C6 hydrocarbons in stabilized crude oil without using a back flush system. A mixture of crude oil and internal standard is injected into a GC equipped with a 6 meter length of fused silica capillary as a guard column. The light hydrocarbons are separated individually up to the last peak of the hexane group with the heavier components trapped in the guard column. The total analysis time for each sample is 15 minutes. The base line is table for up to 15 consecutive analyses. The guard column and the injector port are then reconditioned by simply heating them for one hour at 300 °C.

Maintaining the patency of transduced arterial and venous lines using 0.9% sodium chloride

Using dilute concentration of heparin in continuous flush systems for arterial and venous invasive cannulae is an established practice in intensive care units (ICUs) throughout the UK. It is, however, practical to maintain the patency of these lines using 0.9% sodium chloride, thus reducing the possibility of drug interactions, systemic anticoagulation and cost. A small feasibility study was carried out in a 10-bedded general ICU on both arterial and venous lines using 0.9% sodium chloride over a 3-month period. The study has subsequently changed unit policy.

固‐液分離システム

Comparing to organic membrane, ceramic membrane of high purity Alumina has various superiority such as thermal resistance, chemical resistance, corrosion resistance to solvent and its life span. The most remarkable thing is the high strength and the homogeneous as well as sharpened micro pore distribution which can provide trouble-free high security automatic filtration system. In addition, if necessary, built-in automated back flush and chemical cleaning system offer highly efficient maintenance free system.History of the ceramic membrane which has above mentioned features is rather short. However, active development of the application facilitates its use in various industrial fields.This paper reports efficient filitration system for solid and liquid separation using our newly developed ceramic membrane module.

Isolation of multiple Salmonella serovars from a dairy two years after a clinical salmonellosis outbreak

Summary Samples were obtained for bacteriologic culturing of salmonellae from cows and calves on, and the environment of, a large California dairy that used free-stall housing and a flush system for manure handling. Two years previously, the dairy had an outbreak of clinical salmonellosis in the lactating herd; however, since that time, it had not had problems with clinical salmonellosis. On the basis of mean annual milk production per cow, this dairy was consistently ranked in the top 25% of dairies in the area enrolled in the Dairy Herd Improvement Association. Results of bacteriologic culture of 76% (108/142) of environmental samples and 48% (639/1,339) of fecal samples were positive for salmonellae. Eighty-two percent of the isolates were serovar C1, subclassified as Salmonella montevideo, and 17% were serovar E. Results of bacteriologic culture of 85% of samples of recycled flush water being pumped into the free-stall alleys were positive, as were results of bacteriologic culture of 78% of samples of herd bulk milk filters, 97% of fecal samples collected from calves being fed nonsalable milk, and 25% of fecal samples collected from cows at the time of breeding. These findings suggest that freedom from clinical salmonellosis and comparatively high measures of herd performance do not indicate the absence of salmonellae from a premises, and that hardy infectious agents transmitted by ingestion of feces can become established in the environment of modern free-stall dairies that use recycled water in their manure flush systems.

Toilet system having an air evacuating system in a water storage tank

A toilet system includes a water storage tank that stores fresh water used in the flush cycle. The water storage tank is divided into two compartments by a partition wall, and an air evacuating system is located in one of the compartments, while a flush control system and flush water are located in the other compartment. The air evacuating system includes a blower connected to an air passage way located in the toilet bowl and to the waste water disposal conduit. Air from inside the toilet bowl is moved to the waste water disposal conduit.

Evaluation of recycled wastewater for dairy flush systems

A dairy holding lot was divided into sub-lots, one of which was flushed with recycled dairy lagoon wastewater from the third cell and the other flushed with domestic water. The sub-lots were sampled at 7 am and 11 am on each of two consecutive days in July and September. Samples were tested for total plate count (TPC), total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), fecal streptococcus (FS), Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus (S) and other streptococci. Analyses of log-transformed data showed no difference in TPC, TC or S between water sources. A similar trend was seen for FS and other streptococci. There was a marked reduction in TPC and S after 4 h of exposure to sunlight but there was no difference in TC. Swabs of cows' teats showed no difference for TPC, TC, FS, S or other streptococci between water sources. Recycled third-cell wastewater did not increase enteric indicator organisms or add other potential pathogens to the feedlot environment.

Availability of intraarterial pressure waveforms from catheter-manometer systems during surgery.

We determined how often and for how long usable pressure waveforms were unavailable from a radial intraarterial pressure cannula during anesthesia and surgery in 41 patients. During cardiac surgery with a continuous flush system, usable arterial pressure was unavailable 8.7% of the time. It was unavailable 9.1% of the time during noncardiac surgical procedures with a continuous flush system, and 14.7% of the time in system without continuous flush. Thus, the use of a continuous flush device improves intraarterial pressure availability. Artifact is the principal contributor to unavailability, followed by flushing and blood sampling. With rare exceptions the use of a Riva-Rocci cuff for occasional return-to-flow maneuvers on the same arm as the intraarterial cannula reduces intraarterial pressure availability only slightly, certainly not enough to detract from its usefulness in providing an estimation of systolic pressure during intraarterial pressure monitoring.

Evaluation of Manure Flush Systems at Caged Layer Operations

ABSTRACT SOLIDS removal efficiency, water and energy use, channel characteristics, and odors were determined at three Texas Qgg farms using high rate pumped flushing for manure removal. Manure removal efficiency was 29 to 67%. Mineral feed additive was not removed by flushing. Manning's n was 0.043. Pumping plant efficiencies ranged from 3% to 63%. Odors in the poultry building were reduced by flushing. Electrical conductivity of lagoon effluent recirculated for flushing was very high — 8.8 to 11.0 mmhos/cm

Excreta disposal facilities and intestinal parasitism in urban Africa: preliminary studies in Botswana, Ghana and Zambia

The relationships between intestinal parasitism and excreta disposal technologies in Gaborone (Botswana), Ndola (Zambia) and Kumasi (Ghana) were investigated. Parasitic prevalence and intensity rates amongst groups of urban residents having similar socio-economic status and housing, but different excreta disposal technologies, were compared. In Gaborone, there was no evidence of a difference in intestinal parasitism between those using aqua privies and having access to public taps and those in identical houses enjoying flush toilets, in-house water connections and showers. In Ndola, the group with sewered aqua privies had larger houses, cleaner toilets, better water supplies, longer residence and more people in paid employment than the groups using pit latrines or communal flush toilets. Despite this, the sewered aqua privy users were not found to be different from the other groups with regard to hookworm and protozoal infection but had significantly higher Ascaris infection rates. In Kumasi, despite the differences in toilet type—from squalid communal aqua privies, through often fouled bucket latrines to well-maintained flush toilet systems—and despite also the differences in water provision, no evidence was obtained of any differences in intestinal parasitism between the groups studied. These findings suggest that the provision of superior water and sanitation facilities to a small cluster of houses, or to houses scattered through an area, may not protect those families from infection if the over-all level of faecal contamination of the environment is high. The sample sizes and response rates achieved in this study were low and follow-up studies, employing the same methodology but with larger samples, are recommended.