Fluoride Concentration In Groundwater Research Articles

High fluoride in groundwater and associated non-carcinogenic risks at Tiruvannamalai region in Tamil Nadu, India

The present investigation in the Tiruvannamalai region is about high fluoride contamination of groundwater samples from bore wells and open wells. About 75% of groundwater samples were found predominantly containing the fluoride content greater than the acceptable limit of 1.5 mg/L in the ranges 1.51 – 2.00 mg/L (23%), 2.01 – 3.00 mg/L (36%) and greater than or equal to 3.01 mg/L (16%) as per WHO. The other water quality parameters were found within the permissible limit of WHO. Taking the groundwater sources into consideration, the non – carcinogenic risk due to high fluoride concentration in groundwater sources revealed that teen – aged (98%), Children (92%) and Infant (98%) categories were at greater risk than those under Men (50%) and Women (69%) categories. The mapping was done on the spatial distribution of fluoride concentration in groundwater and the associated health risk by Ordinary Kriging. The correlation coefficients among the parameters witnessed that the hydro-chemical facies are interdependent. Box – Whisker plots illustrated the dispersion of various water quality parameters. The WQI data represented the quality of groundwater in view of potable nature due to dissolved ions. The Gibbs, bivariate mixing and the scatter plots ascribed the dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals which dominate the groundwater chemistry. The factor analysis detailed the extracted loadings of different parameters of groundwater sources and differentiated the percentage variance values between bore well and open well sources.

Occurrence, Origin and Health Hazards of High Fluoride Waters in the Western Part of the Neogene Sedimentary Basin in Opole Province, Poland

High fluoride content exceeding permissible limits for drinking water and causing numerous incidents of fluorosis disease in the population of Nysa town was the reason for the closure of the deepest wells in the western part of the Neogene groundwater basin Paczków-Niemodlin in the Opole region in Poland. Hydrochemical studies conducted by the Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute resulted in the recognition and extent of fluoride anomaly in the groundwater extracted from the Neogene basin in southern Poland. The studies provided a comprehensive recognition of hydrogeological and chemical conditions of the aquifer located in the Neogene basin characterized by a series of fine-grained sands within a series of clays. The content of fluoride in groundwater is high; the average is 2.1 mg/L, maximum value reached 11.5 mg/l, exceeding several times the permissible limit for drinking waters (1.5 mg/L). The main objective of this study was to determine the source of high concentrations of fluoride in groundwater in the western part of Paczków-Niemodlin basin where the highest concentrations were observed. The investigations confirmed the increase in fluoride content with the decreasing altitude of the aquifers. Various factors that may form the chemistry of these groundwater were analyzed. The most probable source of high fluoride content in groundwater in this basin is their long-term contact with Precambrian and Palaeozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks containing fluorine-rich minerals along with the location near large fault zones, which may be privileged water flowpaths from greater depths.

Environmental fate and health exposures of the geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants in potable groundwater of Lower Ganga Basin, India

The study evaluated the sources and controlling factors of the groundwater contaminants in an agroeconomic region of Lower Ganga Basin using principal component analysis (PCA), multivariable linear regressions (MLR), correlation analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis, and evaluated the public health risks using the Latin Hypercube Sampling, goodness-of-fit statistics, Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis based on the 1000 samples collected in two sampling cycles (N = 1000). The study reveals that the dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals and semi-arid climate regulate the fluoride concentrations (0.10–18.25 mg/L) in groundwater. Extensive application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and livestock manure mainly contributed to elevated nitrate levels (up to 435.0 mg/L) in groundwater. The health risks analysis indicates that fluoride exposure is more prevalent in the residents of each age group than the nitrate and both contaminants exhibited higher non-carcinogenic health risks on the infant and child (minor) age groups compared to adolescents and adults. Based on the cokriging interpolation mapping, the minor residents of 17.88%–23.15% of the total area (4545.0 km2) are vulnerable to methemoglobinemia whereas the residents of all age-groups in 38.47%–44.45% of the total area are susceptible to mild to severe dental/skeletal fluorosis owing to consumption of untreated nitrate and fluoride enriched groundwater. The Sobol sensitivity indices revealed contaminant levels, groundwater intake rate and their collective effects are the most influential factors to pose potential health risks on the residents. Artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting practices should be adopted to improve the groundwater quality and the residents are advised to drink purified groundwater.

Fluoride contamination, spatial variation, and health risk assessment of groundwater using GIS: a high-density survey sampling in Weifang City, North China.

The present study, with the aid of GIS, utilizes high-density groundwater (GW) sampling data (1398 samples) to analyze the spatial variation characteristics of GW fluoride in Weifang City (WFC), and evaluate the health risks associated with drinking water routes. The concentration of fluoride in the GW of WFC is observed to be between 0.08 and 9.16mg/L, with a mean value of 0.62mg/L. The fluoride concentration of a total of 192 GW samples exceeded the limit of China's GW quality standards (1mg/L), accounting for 14.74%. The GW fluoride concentration in most areas of WFC is less than 1mg/L. However, the relatively high-value zones are mostly concentrated in the upper reaches of Wen River, the east of Shouguang, the southeast of Anqiu, the east of Qingzhou, the east of Fangzi, and the southeast and northwest of Gaomi. The hydrochemical types of GW in WFC are mostly HCO3-Ca·Mg and SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg, while GW samples with hydrochemical types HCO3-Na and SO4·Cl-Na are characterized by high fluoride content. The hydrochemical characteristics of GW in WFC are mostly dominated by rock weathering. In addition, the northern coastal plain is evidently influenced by seawater intrusion. The concentration of fluoride in GW is affected by the dissolution of fluorine-containing minerals, cation exchange, and alkaline environmental factors. The effect of GW by seawater intrusion and very high content of Na+ will decrease the fluoride content of the GW through cation exchange. Health risk assessment demonstrated that the mean values of non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) for infants, children, teenagers, and adults were 0.52, 0.35, 0.31, and 0.30, respectively. In addition, the distribution characteristics of GW fluoride in high health risk areas (HQ > 1) in WFC are further consistent with the spatial variation of GW fluoride content. Overall, the health risk distribution area of GW fluoride in WFC is decreasing in the following order: infants > children > teenagers > adults.

Hydro-Geochemistry of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater and Potential Human Health Risks from the Parts of Bankura District, West Bengal

Hydro-Geochemistry of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater and Potential Human Health Risks from the Parts of Bankura District, West Bengal

Prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries in fluoride endemic areas of Rohtak district, Haryana.

This study investigates the estimation of the fluoride concentration in drinking water in Rohtak district, Haryana, and quantifies its effect on the prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1262 school children in endemic fluoride areas of Haryana. Using simple random sampling, thirty villages from five blocks of Rohtak districts were selected, and children 6-12 years of age were examined. A questionnaire survey form was filled out to record the demographic details of the samples. Dental caries was recorded according to DMFT (D = Decayed, M = Missing due to caries only, F = Filled, T = Teeth)/deft index (d = decayed, e = extracted due to caries, f = filled, t = teeth). Assessment of Dental Fluorosis was done according to Dean's Fluorosis index, modified in 1942. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19, and nonparametric tests were used to assess the significance. The study participants included 615 males and 647 females among which Mean DMFT in the area of study ranged from 0.32 to 1.90. Mean deft in the area of study ranged from 0.34 to 1.91. The fluoride concentrations in groundwater are in the range of 0.532-8.802. Out of 1262 children examined, 655 (51.90%) children were having dental fluorosis. 607 (48.10%) of the subjects were free from fluorosis. 16.09%, 13.39%, 9.11%, and 8.16% and 5.15% were having questionable, very mild, mild, moderate, and severe form of fluorosis, respectively. It can be concluded that in Rohtak district, the fluoride levels in drinking water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis are high, so requiring an urgent need to improve the quality of water and institute de-fluoridation of drinking water in affected areas to lower the burden of dental fluorosis in the community.

Prevalence of dental fluorosis among 12-15-Year-Old schoolchildren in Cheyyur Taluk, Chengalpattu District: A cross-sectional survey

Background: Endemic fluorosis resulting from high fluoride concentration in groundwater is a public health problem in India. The available data suggest that 15 states in India are endemic to fluorosis (fluoride level in drinking water >1.5 mg/l) which includes Tamil Nadu. In Tamil Nadu, almost 19 districts have been reported to be affected by dental fluorosis. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children in Cheyyur taluk between the age groups of 12 and 15 years. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among schoolchildren in the age group of 12–15 years. After obtaining ethical clearance and permission from the randomly chosen eight government schools of Cheyyur taluk, demographic data and American Dental Association Type III clinical examination was conducted. The dental fluorosis status of the children was assessed using the Modified Dean's Fluorosis Index (1942) and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16. In descriptive statistics, a Chi-square test was carried out to find the association among dental fluorosis and demographic characteristics such as age and gender and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study sample comprised of 1089 children of which, 491 (45.1%) were boys and 598 (54.9%) were girls. Overall dental fluorosis prevalence was found to be 28.6%. Conclusion: Mild and very mild form of dental fluorosis was the most common form prevalent among the population, whereas the severe form of dental fluorosis was not found. Statistically significant difference exists between different age groups and no difference exists among gender.

Seasonal Variations in the Groundwater Fluoride of Swarna River Basin in Southern India: A GIS-based Study.

ABSTRACTObjectives:The study aimed (1) to assess fluoride concentration of groundwater along the Swarna river basin in Udupi District; (2) to investigate variations in fluoride concentration with respect to rainfall status in Udupi district; and (3) to develop a spatial distribution map for the groundwater fluoride concentration in Udupi district.Materials and Methods:Water samples were procured from 30 different sampling points across three time zones in a year: pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon. The samples thus collected were analyzed for fluoride ion concentration using fluoride ion selective electrodes (Orion™). Mean determination readings at each time zone were calculated. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was done to analyze whether there was a difference in the concentration of fluoride over different time zones.Results:The mean (SD) pre-monsoon concentration was 0.25 (± 0.07) ppm, whereas the mean monsoon and post-monsoon concentrations were 0.26 (± 0.09) and 0.57 (± 0.23) ppm, respectively. There was a significant increase in post-monsoon fluoride levels when compared with the pre-monsoon and monsoon levels.Conclusion:The groundwater fluoride concentration in the Swarna river basin was found acceptable for human consumption at all the sampled sites and across all time zones. As the fluoride concentration was found to be lower than the recommended values for dental caries prevention at most of the sampling sites, use of topical fluorides needs to be encouraged.

Economic evaluation of fluoride removal by membrane capacitive deionization

Today, one of the most important issues of all is the supply of drinking and utility water, which is the most basic need for human beings, to be healthy and reliable, economical. Some substances in natural water sources pose a danger to living creatures when they exceed certain concentrations. Fluoride, which can be commonly found in water as a result of natural or industrial effects, poses various risks for the living not only in its deficiency, but also its excess. Therefore, the fluoride concentration should be under control. Membrane Capacitive Deionization Process is an effective method to remove ions from water. In this study, firstly, optimum conditions have been determined by working on the removal of fluoride from groundwater with MCDI which is prepared synthetically. Subsequently, the groundwater, which was obtained from Isparta province and containing 7.71 mg/L fluoride, was treated by the membrane capacitive deionization method at the optimum conditions determined by 99%. Groundwater fluoride concentration has been reduced below the drinking water fluoride limit. For this treatment, 0.06 kWh/m3 energy was expensed and this corresponds to an energy cost of $ 0.006/m3. These results are quite economical when compared to other groundwater fluoride removal methods.

Experimental evaluation of sand filtration and ultrafiltration as subsequent treatment of coagulation for fluoride removal

Fluoride concentration in groundwater above than the prescribed value by WHO (>1.5 mg/L) has led to severe health issues. One of the fluoride removal techniques that are low cost and highly efficient is the coagulation technique. Aluminum salts are used as coagulants along with lime to maintain desired pH. The main drawback of this technique is the large concentration of aluminum in treated water. Therefore, the present study aims to lower down the aluminum concentration in the defluoridated water within the acceptable limits by applying sand filter and ultrafiltration membrane subsequently. Aluminum removal efficiency of ultrafiltration was almost 90% and 70% for sand filtration. In terms of energy consumption, ultrafiltration consumed 60 kWh/m3 and sand filtration consumed 6.2 kWh/m3. Cost analysis was also done and it was observed that sand filter was more cost effective than ultrafiltration. Also, ultrafiltration consumed 10 times higher energy than sand filter for treating 1 m3 of water.

The performance of calcined serpentine to simultaneously remove fluoride, iron and manganese

Abstract To solve the problem of high fluoride, iron and manganese concentrations in groundwater, serpentine (Srp) was modified by metal salt impregnation, acid–base activation and calcination, and the effects of these three modifications on the removal performance of Srp were compared. Specifically, the effects of the calcined serpentine (Csrp) dose, reaction time, pH, and temperature on the removal performance of F−, Fe2+ and Mn2+ on Csrp were analysed. An isothermal adsorption model and adsorption kinetic equation were established and confirmed through SEM, EDS, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy to analyse the mechanism of removing F−, Fe2+ and Mn2+ by Csrp. The results show that when 3 g/L Csrp was used to treat water samples with 5 mg/L F−, 20 mg/L Fe2+, and 5 mg/L Mn2+ (pH of 6, reaction temperature of 35 °C, and time of 150 min), the removal rates of F−, Fe2+, and Mn2+ were 94.3%, 99.0%, 98.9%, respectively. The adsorption of F−, Fe2+ and Mn2+ on Csrp follows the quasi-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. After five cycles of regeneration of Csrp, Csrp can still maintain good properties of fluoride, iron and manganese removal.

A study on the hydrogeochemical mechanisms controlling groundwater fluoride enrichment in Jaipur: a semi-arid terrain in India

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research paper was to find out the major governing factors controlling fluoride enrichment in groundwater resources in the Jaipur region of India. Chemical analysis of collected water samples revealed that 36% of the collected groundwater samples exhibit fluoride concentration of more than 1.5 mg/L as per BIS, 10,500 and WHO, 2017. An attempt has been made to discuss occurrence of fluoride alongside its spatial distribution in the study area with respect to geology and groundwater flow direction. Chloroalkaline indices, Gibb’s plot, Piper diagram and various inter-ionic bivariant plots have been applied to recognize hydrochemical processes and dissolution trends resulting in high concentration of fluoride in groundwater. There exist five water types in the study area: Ca-HCO3, Na-HCO3, Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-Na-HCO3. Due to ion association of excess Cl− emanating from wastewater, Na-HCO3 type water finally gets changed as Na-Cl type in aquifer. In the study area, 82% of water samples enriched in F− concentration (>1 ppm) pertain to Na-Cl type. Geochemical modelling confirms that reduced Ca2+ ion activity due to oversaturation of calcite with respect to fluorite might have triggered the favourable condition for dissolution of fluoride bearing minerals leading to fluoride enrichment in groundwater. To further assess the extent of natural and anthropogenic processes, the data was subjected to multivariate statistical analysis by performing correlation analysis, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis.

Characterization of Groundwater Chemistry and Fluoride in Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network of Korea

This study presents the data analysis results of groundwater chemistry and the occurrence of fluoride in groundwater obtained from the groundwater quality monitoring network of Korea. The groundwater data were collected from the National Groundwater Information Center and censored for erratic values and charge balance (±10%). From the geochemical graphs and various ionic ratios, it was observed that the Ca-HCO3 type was predominant in Korean groundwater. In addition, water-rock interaction was identified as a key chemical process controlling groundwater chemistry, while precipitation and evaporation were found to be less important. According to a non-parametric trend test, at p=0.05, the concentration of fluoride in groundwater did not increase significantly and only 4.3% of the total groundwater exceeded the Korean drinking water standard of 1.5 mg/L. However, student t-tests revealed that the fluoride concentrations were closely associated with the lithologies of tuff, granite porphyry, and metamorphic rocks showing distinctively high levels. This study enhances our understanding of groundwater chemical composition and major controlling factors of fluoride occurrence and distribution in Korean groundwater.

Hydrogeogenic fluoride in groundwater and dental fluorosis in Thai agrarian communities: a prevalence survey and case\u2013control study

BackgroundDental fluorosis can be a disease of social inequity in access to safe drinking water. This dental public health issue becomes prominent in socially disadvantaged agrarian communities in fluoride endemic areas where the standard irrigation system is unavailable and groundwater containing natural fluoride is the major drinking water source. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in children and to evaluate its association with fluoride in groundwater in the aforementioned setting in Thailand.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 289 children in Nakhon Pathom Province was conducted in 2015. Children with very mild to severe fluorosis were regarded as ‘cases’ while their counterparts were ‘controls’ for a subsequent case–control study. Records of fluoride concentrations in groundwater used for household supply corresponding to resident and number of years by age of each child during 2008–2015 were retrieved. Other exposure variables were measured using a questionnaire. Prevalence ratio (PR), a measure indicating the relative effect of different levels of fluoride on dental fluorosis, was obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard error.ResultThere were 157 children with very mild to moderate dental fluorosis (54.3% prevalence). The univariable analysis revealed that the prevalence of dental fluorosis among children with fluoride concentrations in water sources of 0.7–1.49 (index category 1) and ≥ 1.5 ppm (index category 2) was 1.62 (95% CI; 0.78, 3.34) and 2.75 (95% CI; 1.42, 5.31) times the prevalence among those with fluoride < 0.7 ppm (referent category). After adjusting for all covariates, the adjusted prevalence ratios in both index categories were 1.64 (95% CI; 0.24, 11.24) and 2.85 (95% CI; 0.44, 18.52) which were close to their corresponding crude estimates. Since the magnitude of confounding, measured by (PRcrude–PRadjusted)/PRadjusted, were less than 10% for both index categories; this indicated the limited confounding effect of all covariates.ConclusionsIn fluoride endemic areas, groundwater containing natural fluoride utilized for household consumption resulted in high dental fluorosis prevalence, particularly in the groundwater with fluoride concentrations of ≥ 1.5 ppm.

Predicting regional fluoride concentrations at public and domestic supply depths in basin-fill aquifers of the western United States using a random forest model

A random forest regression (RFR) model was applied to over 12,000 wells with measured fluoride (F) concentrations in untreated groundwater to predict F concentrations at depths used for domestic and public supply in basin-fill aquifers of the western United States. The model relied on twenty-two regional-scale environmental and surficial predictor variables selected to represent factors known to control F concentrations in groundwater. The testing model fit R2 and RMSE were 0.52 and 0.78 mg/L. Comparisons of measured to predicted proportions of four F-concentrations categories (<0.7 mg/L, 0.7–2 mg/L, >2 mg/L – 4 mg/L, and > 4 mg/L) indicate that the model performed well at making regional-scale predictions. Differences between measured and predicted proportions indicate underprediction of measured F at values by between 4 and 20 mg/L, representing less than 1% of the regional scale predicted values. These residuals most often map to geographic regions where local-scale processes including evaporative discharge in closed basins or intermittent streams concentrate fluoride in shallow groundwater. Despite this, the RFR model provides spatially continuous F predictions across the basin-fill aquifers where discrete samples are missing. Further, the predictions capture documented areas that exceed the F maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 4 mg/L and areas that are below the oral-health benchmark of 0.7 mg/L. These predictions can be used to estimate fluoride concentrations in unmonitored areas and to aid in identifying geographic areas that may require further investigation at localized scales.

Groundwater fluoride concentrations in the watershed sedimentary basin of Quetta Valley, Pakistan.

Litho-geochemical characteristics of low and high fluoride (F-) groundwater along with hydrological processes were investigated to delineate its genesis and enrichment mechanism in a watershed sedimentary basin. In this study, groundwater F- concentration ranged from 0 to 20mg/L with a mean and standard deviation of 2.8 and ± 3.7mg/L, respectively. Out of N = 87, 63% of samples exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) limit of 1.5mg/L. The order of cationic and anionic dominance in groundwater samples with mean was found in decreasing order as Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ and HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > PO43- > NO3- measured in milligrams per liter. Groundwater chemistry changed from Ca-HCO3 to Na-HCO3 type and low to high fluoride as we moved from mountain foot towards the synclinal basin. Low fluoride groundwater reflected weathering, recharge, and reverse ion exchange processes with Ca-HCO3- and Ca-Mg-Cl-type water while high fluoride groundwater revealed base ion exchange, mixing, and desorption as dominant hydrological processes with Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl types of water. Gibb's diagram showed rock weathering and mineral dissolution as the major geochemical processes controlling water chemistry with an insignificant role of evaporation in the semi-arid area. Fluoride was undersaturated with mineral fluorite, indicating fluoride in groundwater is released by secondary minerals. However, due to complex geological features, groundwater fluoride enrichment was affected by a broad-scale process across a wide area such as depth, residence time, and most important geomorphological units hosting the aquifer.

Geospatial Variability Analysis of Fluoride Quantification in Underground Aquifers of Central Parts of Haryana State, India

The elevated levels of fluoride in underground water enhance the prevalence of the fluorosis epidemic in Haryana state. To assess the groundwater geospatial variability of fluoride at different depths in central parts of Haryana, the present study has been explored. The samples at eight sites were collected in triplicate at 3 depth levels viz. a) &lt; 10 m below ground level (bgl), b) 10-40 m bgl, and c) &gt; 40 m bgl. Fluoride levels have been determined by the SPADANS-zirconyl oxychloride method using UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Systronics-118). The fluoride concentration varies from 0.19 mg/L to 2.87 mg/L. More than 38 percent of samples exceed the standard prescribed limit of 1.0 mg/L fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride contamination increases in post-monsoon samples with maximum concentration at 40 bgl depth. Due to geological factors (fluoride-bearing minerals in basement rocks) and human-induced (brick-kiln industries, phosphatic fertilizers) factors, a high concentration of fluoride in groundwater is observed. Sustainable defluoridation techniques and a good diet (calcium &amp; vitamin c enriched) can control the adverse effects of fluorosis.

Predicting geogenic groundwater fluoride contamination throughout China

Endemic fluorosis exists in almost all provinces of China. The long-term ingestion of groundwater containing high concentrations of fluoride is one of the main causes of fluorosis. We used artificial neural network to model the relationship between groundwater fluoride concentrations from throughout China and environmental variables such as climatic, geological. and soil parameters as proxy predictors. The results show that the accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model in the test dataset are 80.5% and 0.86%, respectively, and climatic variables are the most effective predictors. Based on the artificial neural network model, a nationwide prediction risk map of fluoride concentrations exceeding 1.5 mg/L with a 0.5 × 0.5 arc minutes resolution was generated. The high risk areas are mainly located in western provinces of Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, and Sichuan, and the northern provinces of Inner Mongolia, Hebei and Shandong. The total number of people estimated to be potentially at risk of fluorosis due to the use of untreated high fluoride groundwater as drinking water is about 89 million, or 6% of the population. The high fluoride groundwater risk map helps the authorities to prioritize areas requiring mitigation measures and thus facilitates the implementation of water improvement and defluoridation projects.

Assessment of Fluoride in Groundwater and Surface Water in Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Fluorine is the most electronegative and most reactive halogen. Fluorine is 13th most common element on earth crust found in the form of fluoride. Concentration of fluoride below 1 mg/l are believed beneficial in the prevention of dental carries or tooth decay, but above 1.5mg/l, it increases the severity of the deadly diseases fluorosis, which is incurable in India. The whole study was conducted in Gorakhpur region to know about the concentration of fluoride, mainly in rural areas of the district. We have collected 64 drinking water samples from 9 blocks of the district in which we took 6 number of ground water samples from each block so total 54 number of samples were collected from the groundwater source and 8 number of samples were taken from surface water source. Out of 54 ground water samples, 36 numbers of samples were taken from India Mark-II hand pumps and rest 18 number of samples were taken from shallow depth hand pumps and tested to determine the concentration of fluoride. From our assessment we came to know that in this region the concentration of fluoride in groundwater ranges between 0.004 to 1.42mg/l, minimum value is found in the surface water source and the maximum value is found from the ground water source.The samples collected from both ground water and as well as surface water were taken from potable sources i.e. they are used for drinking purposes in daily routine. After the testing and analyzing the samples it is come to know that surface water has quite lower levels fluoride compare to ground water. The conclusion of this work is to give information about the concentration of fluoride in groundwater and surface water of the district.

Assessment of Fluoride Content in Ground Water and its Impact on Wheat and Vegetables of Dausa District, Rajasthan, India

In the present investigation samples of ground water ( open well, hand pump), wheat and vegetables (spinach, potato and tomato) were collected from different areas of Dausa district of Rajasthan and analyzed to access the adverse effect on human health due to fluoride accumulation. The fluoride concentration varies between 5.1-14.9 mg/l in the collected water samples, where as in wheat samples it was found in the range of 3.42-14.25mg/l and in vegetables from 1.19-22.45mg/l. The fluoride accumulation was found to be much higher in leafy vegetable (spinach) than that of in other vegetables, where seeds or tubers are the main edible part (potato and tomato). Cereal crop ( wheat ) also estimated with more fluoride content then potato and tomato. The maximum concentration of fluoride in water, wheat and vegetables was 14.9mg/l (Bairwa Mohalla/Dausa ), 14.25 µg/g (Seengpura/Dausa) and 22.45 µg/g (Kalyanpura/ Dausa) respectively. It was observed that large number of people from Bairwa Mohalla/Dausa were suffering from Skeletal and Dental fluorosis.