Type Of Fluid Research Articles

Numerical study on solar photovoltaic/thermal system with tesla valve

In recent years, photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems have played a crucial role in reducing energy consumption and environmental degradation, nonetheless, the low energy conversion efficiency presents a considerable obstacle for PV/T systems. Therefore, improving heat conversion efficiency is essential to enhance energy efficiency. In this paper, the PV/T system with the Tesla valve is proposed to solve this problem. Firstly, the cooling effect is simulated and analyzed in the system with four different flow channel structures: semicircle, rectangle, triangle and Tesla valve. The results indicate that the system with the Tesla valve exhibits superior cooling performance. Subsequently, several factors including angle, valve number, valve type, and pipe diameter ratio for the Tesla valve are further studied through numerical and simulation analysis. The results reveal that Tesla valves demonstrate optimal cooling performance when possessing the following structural parameters: complete symmetry, more valves, a 30-degree angle and a pipe diameter ratio of 1. Finally, four different types of fluid are selected to explore the Tesla valve. The conclusion shows that nanofluids with high density, low specific heat, and high thermal conductivity also improve the cooling performance. Thus, the PV/T system with the Tesla valve exhibits good heat dissipation and energy storage efficiency, electrical efficiency can reach 16.32% and thermal efficiency reach 59.65%.

Role of minimization entropy generation and heat transfer on the nanofluid peristaltic flow via Reiner-Philippoff model

The primary objective of this study is to explore the effects of minimizing entropy generation in the context of peristaltic flow within an asymmetric tapered channel, using Buongiorno’s nanofluid model to account for pseudoplastic and dilatant behaviors of the nanofluid. To accurately represent the non-Newtonian characteristics of the fluid, we employ the Reiner-Philippoff (RPh) fluid model, known for its intricate nature among non-Newtonian models. In the RPh model, the relationship between shear stress and velocity gradient is nonlinear, and it also accounts for the implicit coupling between stress and deformation rate, presenting a formidable challenge. Our investigation incorporates the effects of thermophoresis motion, the viscosity parameter of the RPh fluid, and Brownian motion into the governing equations. We simplify these equations under the assumptions of low Reynolds numbers and long wavelengths. Subsequently, we numerically solve the resulting nonlinear equations. We thoroughly discuss the significant impact of RPh nanofluid parameters on entropy generation and the Bejan number by presenting graphical representations. Notably, we observe that the fluid transitions from a dilatant behavior to Newtonian behavior and from Newtonian behavior to pseudoplastic behavior as we vary the RPh fluid parameter. Furthermore, we briefly address the influence of thermophoretic diffusion, the Brinkman number, the RPh fluid parameter, Prandtl number, and Brownian motion parameters on entropy production and the Bejan number. It is experimented that the entropy generation is less for dilatants fluid and higher for pseudoplastic fluids. We can also notice that the entropy generation significantly increases by Brinkman number Br for both types of fluid. We also provide a mathematical and graphical examination of the effects of all these significant parameters.

Comparison of Newtonian and glycerol-water solution-based SiO2 nanofluid droplets impacting on heated spherical surfaces

The dynamic interactions of liquid droplets with heated spherical particles, relevant across various scientific and engineering disciplines, display intriguing collision behaviors whose principles are yet to be fully deciphered. This investigation utilizes high-speed photography to explore the wetting and non-wetting responses of different Newtonian and glycerol-water solution-based SiO2 nanofluid droplets upon contact with heated particles. Findings indicate that nanofluid droplets disrupt the thermal field and modify the surface morphology of particles more extensively under wetting than non-wetting conditions. Wetting conditions lead to significant alterations in the liquid film thickness and notable velocity field disruptions for droplets of deionized water and glycerol solution. Conversely, in the non-wetting phase, droplets nearing full rebound cause less disturbance to the velocity field, a behavior consistent across all fluid types and particle temperatures. The shape changes nanofluid droplets undergo when rebounding and separating from the particle surface are similar to those seen in glycerol solution and water droplets. Droplets in the breakup-rebound phase experience shorter contact times than those merely rebounding. A phase diagram is presented, detailing wetting (receding-deposition and boiling-breakup) and non-wetting (rebound and breakup-rebound) actions. An increase in the Weber number necessitates a higher particle temperature for the transition from rebound to breakup-rebound, which corroborates with theoretical insights. Furthermore, droplets achieve their maximum spreading area during the boiling-breakup mode.

Introducing the area under stress–velocity curve: Theory, measurement and association with rock properties

AbstractSince many years ago, ultrasonic velocity has been used to investigate the physical and mechanical behaviour of rocks, thereby playing an important role in reservoir characterization and seismic interpretation. In order to develop the knowledge of ultrasonic tools, we performed a noble analysis on the ultrasonic behaviour of rocks under confining stress and evaluated a distinctive property of porous media that is measured as the area under the stress–velocity curve (here defined as S*). We further investigated its relationship with elastic and mechanical behaviours of rock. To validate the theoretical framework developed in this work, 20 core plugs from various rock units with complex microstructures were subjected to triaxial compressional tests to calculate their area under the curve. Calculations were made for crack‐closing, elastic and post‐elastic stages (e.g. pore collapse) along the ultrasonic velocity–stress curve. Moreover, the selected samples had their microstructure investigated by thin‐section studies to quantify their porosity and pore type. The results were analysed to check for the effect of pore type on S* in different stages of the stress–velocity curve. Based on the outputs of the analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, the curve had its shape and underlying area closely related to the porosity and pore geometry. Indeed, the results showed that the shale and sandstone with micro cracks and carbonate with stiff pores correspond to smaller and larger areas under the curve in crack‐closing and inelastic stages, respectively. Cross‐correlating the results to compressibility (inverse of bulk modulus), it was figured out that the calculated area under curve was well consistent with the compressibility. In addition, S* represents both static and dynamic behaviours of the rock, and the results revealed that the shape and curvature of the stress–velocity curve give valuable information about the rock microstructure. Another finding was the fact that the type of fluid and wave velocity seemingly affect the S*. Our findings can help interpret wave velocity behaviour in reservoir rocks and other stressful porous media.

Impact of fins and cooling fluid on the hydrogenation process in a LaNi5-Based metal hydride reactor for hydrogen storage

This study investigates the influence of different reactors incorporating copper circular fins within the hydride, along with variations in the reactor coolant—specifically water, oil, and nitrogen. Employing user-defined functions in the commercial software Ansys Fluent 15, a 2D numerical model was developed to assess thermal characteristics (temperature, heat flux, etc.) and kinetics of MH-hydrogenation, with a focus on the cooling fluid type. The reactor experiences diverse pressures (5–15 bar), an initial temperature of 298 K, and a coolant speed of 1 m/s. Validation of numerical results was performed against experimental data. The study delves into absorption properties of the storage reactor, examining crucial parameters such as hydrogen concentration, heat transfer coefficient of forced convection, and average temperature within the reactor. The findings reveal that coupling internal fins with water or oil as a coolant yields optimal performance, especially on an industrial scale. Nitrogen, on the other hand, exhibited the least favorable thermal performance, while the addition of fins significantly improved the cooling performance of the storage unit. Results were quantitatively analyzed across various scenarios to enhance understanding of the synergistic role of fins and cooling fluids in the storage performance of H2 within LaNi5 alloy.

Preparation and characterization of high stability silicone-based colloidal magnetic fluids

The Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were prepared using a chemical co-precipitation and were coated with surface-active agents including silane coupling agents KH550 and KH792, carboxyl-functionalized silicone oil, and amine-functionalized silicone oil. In this study, the four types of magnetic nanoparticles coated with different surface-active agents were characterized using XRD, FTIR, TEM, VSM, etc. to determine the effects of different surface-active agents on the magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, four different types of silicone oil-based colloidal magnetic fluids were prepared, and their stability was analyzed using an LC oscillation circuit. The results show that the magnetic nanoparticles coated with carboxyl-functionalized silicone oil have an average particle size of about 12.4 nm and a saturation magnetization of 65.2 emu/g. They exhibit the strongest dispersion stability in the base fluid, and the prepared silicone oil-based colloidal magnetic fluids can remain stable under a magnetic field for up to 2 months without sedimentation. Moreover, they exhibit excellent viscosity-temperature performance, which enhances the practical application value of silicone oil-based colloidal magnetic fluids.

On the solution of MHD Jeffery–Hamel problem involving flow between two nonparallel plates with a blood flow application

AbstractThe Jeffery–Hamel flow phenomenon appears in a variety of real‐world applications involving the flow of two nonparallel plates. BY using a similarity transformation derived from the equation of continuity, partial differential equations determining flow characteristics are translated into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The problem involves the flow of a specific type of fluid, namely, an incompressible and electrically conducting fluid, between two nonparallel plates. The flow is assumed to be steady, two‐dimensional, and subject to certain boundary conditions. Specifically, the plates are impermeable, and the fluid adheres to a no‐slip condition, resulting in zero fluid velocity at the plates' surfaces. Moreover, the problem incorporates the effects of magnetic fields and pressure fluctuations, making it highly applicable to scenarios, such as blood flow through arteries in the human body, which can be modeled as a special case of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Jeffery–Hamel problem referred to as the (MHD) blood pressure equation. This work compares two numerical approaches for solving the MHDs Jeffery–Hamel problem: B‐spline and Bernstein polynomial collocation. The given approaches are used to discretize and transform the equation into a system of algebraic equations. Matrix algebra techniques are then used to solve the resultant system. A complete error analysis and convergence rates for different grid sizes are derived for both methods and are used to compare the accuracy and efficiency of the two approaches. Both approaches produce correct solutions, according to the numerical findings, although the Bernstein polynomial collocation method is more efficient and accurate than the B‐spline collocation.

Epigenetics and Forensics: Brightening the Future

Abstract: Epigenetics deals with the changes in gene expression (no change in the genetic code) concerning certain epigenetic elements in response to the environment. Some of the most common epigenetic examples include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. This field has been extensively applied in forensic studies, particularly to determine types of body fluids, distinguish them from mixed samples, uncovering the biological age of the forensic samples and drug-based studies. Considering recent findings, this review highlights the applications of epigenetics in forensic investigations.

Determinants of birth asphyxia among new born babies in Bekoji public hospital, Arsi zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, 2023

Background: Birth asphyxia stands out as a significant factor contributing to morbidity and mortality among newborns. However, the determinants of birth asphyxia have not been thoroughly investigated within the local context, particularly in this specific area. Hence, this study aims to identify these determinants to tackle the issue effectively. Objectives: The goal of this study is to pinpoint the determinants of birth asphyxia at Bekoji Public Hospital in Bekoji Town, Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Southeast Ethiopia, in 2023. Methods: A case-control study was conducted between June 1, 2023, and August 30, 2023. A total of 198 newborns (75 cases and 123 controls) at Bekoji Public Hospital were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data collection involved a checklist for record review and an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi Data version 7.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Variables with a P-value < 0.25 were subjected to multivariable regression analysis. The Odds Ratio estimated with a 95% Confidence Interval was utilized to indicate the strength of association, with a significance level set at P < 0.05. Results: 196 mothers of newborns (73 cases and 123 controls) were interviewed, resulting in a response rate of 98.9%. Factors such as prolonged duration of labor (AOR=2.54; [95% CI: 1.78, 6.39]), delivery by Caesarean section (AOR=0.64; [95% CI: 0.004, 1.114]), presence of stained amniotic fluid (AOR=0.473; [95% CI: 0.180, 1.242]), and non-cephalic fetal presentation (AOR=2.12; [95% CI: 1.019, 3.80]) were identified as predictors of birth asphyxia. Additionally, being male (AOR=1.885; [95% CI: 0.899, 3.950]) was also found to be a predictive factor for birth asphyxia. Conclusion and recommendations: Duration of labor, fetal presentation, type of amniotic fluid, mode of delivery, and the gender of newborns emerged as significantly associated factors with birth asphyxia. As a result, interventions targeting these factors, particularly focusing on duration of labor and fetal presentation, should be rigorously implemented.

Study on the productivity and mechanism of physical field evolution of enhanced geothermal systems under different working fluid types and properties

The injected working fluid conditions directly affect the heat generation efficiency of a stimulated hot dry rock reservoir. Taking exploration well GR1 in the Gonghe Basin of Qinghai as the research object, a stochastic discrete fracture reservoir model was established around the main injection channel, and the productivity variation pattern of the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) and the spatiotemporal evolution mechanism of the reservoir fields were analyzed for CO2 and H2O working fluids. The interaction mechanism between the upper and lower rock formations and the reservoir during the heat mining process was discussed. This study obtained the following findings: (1) when the working fluid was CO2, after 20 years of heat recovery, the injection flow rate, output flow rate, and heat generation efficiency with a working fluid temperature of 60 °C reached 1.22 times, 1.18 times, and 1.92 times those with a working fluid temperature of 35 °C, respectively. The average subsidence and average geostress with the working fluid temperature of 60 °C were low, at only 90.61% and 95.96% of those with the working fluid temperature of 35 °C, respectively. However, high-temperature fluid injection increased flow loss. The changes in the various laws of H2O-EGS were similar to those of CO2-EGS. (2) When the working fluid temperature was 35 °C, after 20 years of heat recovery, the output flow rate and heat generation efficiency with the CO2-EGS reached 12.66 times and 1.28 times those with the H2O-EGS, respectively. However, the flow loss, average subsidence, and average geostress were higher with the CO2-EGS, reaching 6.58 times, 1.14 times, and 1.06 times those with the H2O-EGS, respectively. The patterns in these parameters observed at the other temperatures were similar to those observed at 35 °C. (3) The temperature decrease of the cushion layer was higher than that of the caprock, while the subsidence of the caprock was higher, and this phenomenon was more obvious when the working fluid temperature was lower. The conclusions obtained have important reference significance for the rational selection of working fluids.

Karakteristik Kimia Fisik Fluida Mata Air Panas dan Estimasi Temperatur Reservoir di Sekitar Rano Raindang Desa Leilem, Kecamatan Sonder, Kabupaten Minahasa

To meet future energy needs, the Indonesian government has developed alternative energy sources: geothermal energy. Rano Raindang is one of the areas with a geothermal field due to several geothermal manifestations, such as hot springs. This study aims to examine the fluid type, the reservoir temperature estimation, and the functional group of hot springs. The method used is a geoindicator of Na, K, Mg, Cl, SO4, and HCO3, combining spectrophotometry and FTIR spectroscopy. Research results show that the type of hot spring fluid around Rano Raindang with geoindicators Na, K, Mg is immature waters, this is because the type of hot spring fluid around Rano Raindang has undergone a mixing process, while the geoindicators Cl, SO4, HCO3 are bicarbonate (HCO3) types. This corresponds to the results of measurements using FTIR spectroscopy. The estimated reservoir temperature in the area is 193.66 °C and is included in the medium-temperature geothermal system, as the temperature around Rano Raindang is between 125–225 °C. The functional group of hot spring molecules around Rano Raindang has functional groups C=O and O-H.

Analisis Pengaruh Bukaan Katup Terhadap Kapasitas dan Efisiensi Pompa Sentrifugal 3 Sudu pada 1600 RPM

Fluid is a substance that is capable of flowing. The types of fluids that are often used in everyday life are liquid fluids and gas fluids. To drain the fluid you need a laundry device called a pump. The working principle of the pump is to provide pressure or energy to the fluid. This type of research is experimental research, namely, researchers carry out experiments to obtain data in the form of numbers or quantitative data. Researchers varied the valve openings from 0o, 25o, 45o, and 65o and used a pump rotation of 1600 RPM. This research plan is to determine the effect of valve opening on pump capacity and efficiency. The research results show that the pump capacity and efficiency results at valve openings from 0o to 65o have increased significantly. The greatest capacity and efficiency occur at 65o valve openings with a value of 6 L/M and 43.2%.

Unravelling the effects of magmatic fractionation, fluid phase separation and dilution on the composition of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids of the Cornubian Batholith (SW England)

The compositional evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids from the SnW mineralized Cornubian batholith was investigated via in situ fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS microanalysis and reveals a large degree of variation between intrusive stages and at the sample scale, with complexities due to superposition of several mechanisms affecting fluids chemistry during the protracted evolution of the batholith. Despite large ranges of salinities (from <1 wt% to 48 wt% NaCleq.), the effects of individual processes such as magmatic differentiation, fluid saturation and boiling, fluid mixing and dilution can all be discerned on the basis of fluid inclusion trace element geochemistry combined with detailed petrography and microthermometry.In all samples, different fluid types (aqueous liquid-rich, vapor-rich and brine inclusions) were identified in variable proportions and microthermometry revealed complex temporal trends. Granite-related samples from the G5 intrusive stage are characterized by intermediate density fluids undergoing magmatic fractionation under pressure conditions above 1.5 kbar, indicated by successively decreasing fluid salinities with concomitant increases in Li, B, Rb and Cs concentrations. The latter two elements later strongly partitioned in the brine phase upon boiling, together with most of the other Cl-complexing elements (e.g., Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn). Those brines subsequently underwent progressive dilution with meteoric waters that caused a decrease in the concentration of all elements (besides B) and homogenization temperatures. In G3 granite from Dartmoor, on the other hand, brine inclusions represent the earliest fluid type while intermediate density fluids are absent, and a large salinity range in the fluid inclusion record associated with a decrease in homogenization temperatures represents their progressive dilution with meteoric fluid. The lack of intermediate density fluids at Dartmoor indicates fluid exsolution at relatively low pressures resulting in immediate phase separation into brine and vapor.All studied samples associated with ore mineralization display only the trend of dilution of high-salinity magmatic fluids. Their transition metal contents (e.g. Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) show the expected positive correlation with salinity of the fluids. Conversely, the compositional trends observed for Sn and particularly W are more enigmatic, as they do not appear to significantly fractionate during most of the physicochemical processes outlined above and appear to be unrelated to fluid salinity, opposite of what would be expected for Sn as it is dominantly transported in Cl-complexes.This study highlights the key advantages of high-resolution geochemical fluid inclusion studies in discerning a variety of magmatic and post-magmatic processes in fluids in comparison to bulk fluid inclusion techniques or more simplistic fluid inclusions studies which might overlook important aspects of the typically complex history of fluids evolution in magmatic-hydrothermal systems.

Spherical warp-based bubble with non–trivial lapse function and its consequences on matter content

In the present work, we study the consequences of including the lapse function as an additional degree of freedom for a general spherical warp-based geometry. By allowing a non-uniform lapse function to evolve, we find that it is possible to accommodate a fluid that includes heat flow. This broadens the range of fluid types that have been studied in these systems and is consistent with the spherical warp metric. Having added the lapse function, we solved the system of equations using an anisotropic fluid with heat flow. In this way, we can examine the different characteristics of the variables of the system. Next, we study the energy conditions and establish how these are modified by including heat flux for an appropriate generic observer in a locally flat spacetime. Finally, we explore all energy conditions using the numerical solutions and verify the regions where they are satisfied.

Simulations of absolute porosity measurements by compensated neutron logging tools mounted with stilbene or CLYC scintillators

This paper aims to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed compensated neutron logging (CNL) tool for the absolute measurement of the porosity of subsurface formation based on the computational simulation study. Conventional CNL tools use 3He gas detectors, but solid-state scintillation detectors such as stilbene and CLYC are explored in this study. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to investigate the advantages of the proposed CNL tool and the effects of environmental parameters such as pore fluid, borehole radius, and rock type on the absolute porosity measurement. Comparing simulated responses from the stilbene and CLYC detectors with conventional 3He detector, the stilbene-based logging system was expected to exhibit the highest neutron detection efficiency, while the porosity calibration performance was evaluated to be better with the CLYC-based system. Pore fluid makes differences in porosity calibration curves associated with the hydrogen content. Larger borehole radius deteriorates the porosity calibration performance. The shape of porosity calibration curve was altered for a certain rock type. Neutron-induced gamma spectroscopy may reveal the rock type information based on gammas from certain elements. One can identify the rock type from the CLYC results based on photopeaks from silicon, which may be relatively hard to accomplish with the stilbene-based system. The proposed system is expected to allow absolute porosity measurement in a broader environmental configuration compared to the conventional system.

Using Fluid Curtains to Improve Sealing Performance in Turbomachinery Applications

Abstract The results from an investigation into the physics of how fluid curtains can be applied to improve the aerodynamic performance of conventional turbomachinery shaft and rotor seals are described in this paper. Computational fluid dynamics and testing on two experimental facilities are used in the study. In the first part of the work, computational fluid dynamics simulations validated against experimental test data demonstrate the fundamental mechanism by which the presence of the curtain can act to reduce leakage flow through conventional seals. These results are consolidated into a single performance carpet map, showing how the leakage reduction performance and the curtain supply pressure needed to achieve it vary with changes in values of key geometrical parameters. In the second part of the work the effect of swirl in the seal inlet flow, as is often encountered in turbomachinery applications, on the performance of the fluid curtain is investigated experimentally. Test results show that if the swirl momentum in the inlet flow is greater than the momentum of the curtain flow, the performance benefit from applying the curtain is greatly diminished. Overall, the results provide some fundamental design rules for applying fluid curtains to enhance turbomachinery sealing performance for the general type of leakage path geometry (cylindrical channel, 45-deg jet angle, curtain upstream of a conventional seal) and working fluid type and conditions (air, ambient temperature, subsonic leakage channel flow) used in the study.

Developing an interpretation model for body fluid identification

Criminal investigations, particularly sexual assaults, frequently require the identification of body fluid type in addition to body fluid donor to provide context. In most cases this can be achieved by conventional methods, however, in certain scenarios, alternative molecular methods are required. An example of this is the detection of menstrual fluid and vaginal material, which are not able to be identified using conventional techniques. Endpoint reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) is currently used for this purpose to amplify body fluid specific messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts in forensic casework. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is a similar method but utilises fluorescent markers to generate quantitative results in the form of threshold cycle (Cq) values. Despite the uncertainty surrounding body fluid identification, most interpretation guidelines utilise categorical statements. Probabilistic modelling is more realistic as it reflects biological variation as well as the known performance of the method. This research describes the application of various machine learning models to single-source mRNA profiles obtained by RT-qPCR and assesses their performance. Multinomial logistic regression (MLR), Naïve Bayes (NB), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to discriminate between the following body fluid categories: saliva, circulatory blood, menstrual fluid, vaginal material, and semen. We identified that the performance of MLR was somewhat improved when the quantitative dataset of the original Cq values was used (overall accuracy of approximately 0.95) rather than presence/absence coded data (overall accuracy of approximately 0.94). This indicates that the quantitative information obtained by RT-qPCR amplification is useful in assigning body fluid class. Of the three classification methods, MLR performed the best. When we utilised receiver operating characteristic curves to observe performance by body fluid class, it was clear that all methods found difficulty in classifying menstrual blood samples. Future work will involve the modelling of body fluid mixtures, which are common in samples analysed as part of sexual assault investigations.

Optimizing Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes (CL-PHPs) using Taguchi method enhancing thermal performance and operational parameters

Closed Loop-Pulsating Heat Pipes (CL-PHPs) are a promising heat transfer technologies known for their efficient and versatile thermal management capabilities. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of CL-PHPs employing Taguchi method. It's a statistical technique to optimization enhance their performance. The research involves the utilizing an 8-turn pulsing heat pipe and a variety of working fluids aqueous mixtures, including Water with acetone, methanol, ethanol and water. An optimal CL-PHP performance was achieved while incorporation of optimization techniques for the selected operational parameters such as thermal resistance, heat supply, angle of orientation, type of fluid and filling ratio. The optimization process aims to improve various operational parameters impact such as the thermal resistance performance of CL-PHPs were examined, including fill ratio, heat input, angle of inclination, working fluid, etc. to attain optimal CL-PHP performance. The performance parameters orthogonal array were studied using ANOVA and analysis of variance. Experiments with changing the input parameters were carried out using the Taguchi L27 orthogonal array. The performance of CL-PHP was mostly effected by heat supply along with inclination angle and fill ratio to some extent. The optimization results indicate that the most important element affecting CL-PHP performance is heat input, which is followed by fill ratio and angle of inclination. This research contributes to the advancement of thermal management technologies and underscores the potential benefits of CL-PHPs in various engineering applications A maximum deviation of with ±8 % divergence from the anticipated values is obtained among the test runs that are considered random.

Indirect Liquid Cooling for Battery Thermal Management: A Review

The thermal management system of batteries is a critical aspect of battery management for optimizing battery performance and lifespan. Research has rapidly progressed in battery thermal management in the past decade, mainly by adopting indirect liquid cooling methods. This article provides an in-depth overview of the recent developments in the application of indirect liquid cooling for battery thermal management, encompassing fundamental principles, types of fluids, and the strengths and weaknesses of this method. Various heat transfer techniques, such as convective heat transfer and heat generation, are also examined to comprehend effective ways of precisely managing battery temperature. The benefits and challenges of this indirect liquid cooling approach are evaluated, considering crucial criteria like safety. The results of this review demonstrate that the indirect liquid cooling method holds promise as an effective solution to address thermal challenges in batteries, with the potential to enhance overall battery performance and durability.

Irreversibility analysis of Darcy-Forchheimer flow of a Williamson hybrid nanofluids near a stagnation-point across a vertical plate with buoyancy force

PurposeA novel type of heat transfer fluid known as hybrid nanofluids is used to improve the efficiency of heat exchangers. It is observed from literature evidence that hybrid nanofluids outperform single nanofluids in terms of thermal performance. This study aims to address the stagnation point flow induced by Williamson hybrid nanofluids across a vertical plate. This fluid is drenched under the influence of mixed convection in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium with heat source/sink and entropy generation.Design/methodology/approachBy applying the proper similarity transformation, the partial differential equations that represent the leading model of the flow problem are reduced to ordinary differential equations. For the boundary value problem of the fourth-order code (bvp4c), a built-in MATLAB finite difference code is used to tackle the flow problem and carry out the dual numerical solutions.FindingsThe shear stress decreases, but the rate of heat transfer increases because of their greater influence on the permeability parameter and Weissenberg number for both solutions. The ability of hybrid nanofluids to strengthen heat transfer with the incorporation of a porous medium is demonstrated in this study.Practical implicationsThe findings may be highly beneficial in raising the energy efficiency of thermal systems.Originality/valueThe originality of the research lies in the investigation of the Darcy–Forchheimer stagnation point flow of a Williamson hybrid nanofluid across a vertical plate, considering buoyancy forces, which introduces another layer of complexity to the flow problem. This aspect has not been extensively studied before. The results are verified and offer a very favorable balance with the acknowledged papers.