Type Of Fluid Research Articles

Research on the Performance Characteristics of a Waste Heat Recovery Compound System for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In this paper, a waste heat recovery compound system for series hybrid electric vehicles is established. The existing components of vehicle air conditioning are used in the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to realize miniaturization. The waste heat recovery compound system is constructed using GT-SUITE, and the objective of the analysis is to increase the power output and engine thermal efficiency increase ratio (ETEIR). The effects of the expander speed, pump speed, working fluid mass flow rate, and working fluid type on the waste heat recovery compound system are analyzed. The simulation results show that the optimal schemes for the ORC system and compound system corresponding to the expander speed and pump speed are 1000 pm, 2500 rpm, 1200 rpm, and 2500 rpm, respectively. Compared with the ORC system, the maximum power output of the compound system with the same working fluid in three states (1500 rpm, 2500 rpm, and 3500 rpm) of the engine is increased by 21.67%, 24.05%, and 28.23%, respectively. Working fluid supplies of 0.4 kg/s, 0.4 kg/s, and 0.6 kg/s in the three engine states are also considered the best solutions. The working fluid R1234yf and R1234ze are the preferred choices for a waste heat recovery compound system, which have a high system power output and ETEIR and are environmentally friendly.

Color-switching hydrogels as integrated microfluidic pressure sensors

Precisely measuring pressure in microfluidic flows is essential for flow control, fluid characterization, and monitoring, but faces specific challenges such as achieving sufficient resolution, non-invasiveness, or ease of use. Here, we demonstrate a fully integrated multiplexed optofluidic pressure sensor, entirely decoupled from the flow path, that enables local pressure measurements along any microfluidic channel without altering its flow geometry. The sensor itself relies on the compression of a soft mechano-actuated hydrogel, changing color in response to a pressure change. The hydrogel is separated from the fluid circulating in the channel by a thin membrane, allowing for the unrestricted use of different types of fluids. Imaging the gel through the transparent PDMS with a color camera provides a direct, easy, and contact-free determination of the fluid pressure at the sensing location for pressures as small as 20mbar with a resolution of around 10mbar. The sensitivity and accessible pressure range can be tuned via the mechanical properties of the sensing unit. The photonic gel can also be used to acquire 2D pressure or deformation maps, taking advantage of the fast response time and fine spatial resolution.

Body fluids should be identified before estimating the time since deposition (TsD) in microbiome-based stain analyses for forensics.

Identification and the time since deposition (TsD) estimation of body fluid stains from a crime scene could provide valuable information for solving the cases and are always difficult for forensics. Microbial characteristics were considered as a promising biomarker to address the issues. However, changes in the microbiota may damage the specific characteristics of body fluids. Correspondingly, incorrect body fluid identification may result in inaccurate TsD estimation. The mutual influence is not well understood and limited the codetection. In the current study, saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, and menstrual blood samples were exposed to indoor conditions and collected at eight time points (from fresh to 30 days). High-throughput sequencing based on the 16S rRNA gene was performed to characterize the microbial communities. The results showed that a longer TsD could decrease the discrimination of different body fluid stains. However, the accuracies of identification still reached a quite high value even without knowing the TsD. Correspondingly, the mean absolute error (MAE) of TsD estimation significantly increased without distinguishing the types of body fluids. The predictive TsD of menstrual blood reached a quite low MAE (1.54 ± 0.39 d). In comparison, those of saliva (6.57 ± 1.17 d), semen (6.48 ± 1.33 d), and vaginal secretion (5.35 ± 1.11 d) needed to be further improved. The great effect of individual differences on these stains limited the TsD estimation accuracy. Overall, microbial characteristics allow for codetection of body fluid identification and TsD estimation, and body fluids should be identified before estimating TsD in microbiome-based stain analyses.IMPORTANCEEmerged evidences suggest microbial characteristics could be considered a promising tool for identification and time since deposition (TsD) estimation of body fluid stains. However, the two issues should be studied together due to a potential mutual influence. The current study provides the first evidence to understand the mutual influence and determines an optimal process for codetection of identification and TsD estimation for unknown stains for forensics. In addition, we involved aged stains into our study for identification of body fluid stains, rather than only using fresh stains like previous studies. This increased the predictive accuracy. We have preliminary verified that individual differences in microbiotas limited the predictive accuracy of TsD estimation for saliva, semen, and vaginal secretion. Microbial characteristics could provide an accurate TsD estimation for menstrual blood. Our study benefits the comprehensive understanding of microbiome-based stain analyses as an essential addition to previous studies.

Thermal performance of a flat-plate solar collector using elliptical riser tubes and magnesium oxide nanofluid

In this research, a solar flat plate collector with a rectangular geometry with elliptical risers has was studied experimentally. The collector was designed and built by the authors and the studies and tests were based on the ASHRAE standard and were done in the south of Iran. Thermal performance for water fluid and magnesium oxide nanofluid was performed in different discharges and atmospheric conditions. Studies were performed based on the type of fluid including ordinary water and nanofluid of water-magnesium oxide with a concentration of 1% and the environmental conditions of the test site as well as the fluid flow. The results showed that using nanofluid increases the collector efficiency in all conditions, especially at higher flow rates of the working fluid. Also, the maximum efficiency obtained in the best conditions for water is about 62.7% and for water-magnesium oxide nanofluid is approximately 82.3%.

Review on Factors Affecting Efficiency of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Heat exchanger is one amongst promising thermal device in which heat transfer takes place between hot fluid and cold fluid. Among various classifications of warmth exchangers, the main focus was shown by researchers on indirect contact type compact heat exchangers. Among them the shell and tube device belongs to fluid to fluid type heat transfer device. Main applications of shell and tube device feed device in process industries, refineries, chemical plants and power plants. Usually the analysis of shell and tube heat exchangers are divided into two parts namely shell side and tube side analysis. Shell side analysis is easy and doesn't involve much modification. Whereas the tube side analysis is complex and it's done by varying baffle design and elevation with regard to arrangements of tubes. The most disadvantage of shell and tube device is pressure drop which occur at the end of tubes. To overcome this problem, drilled cylindrical copper block has been introduced to switch the tube part through which the new fluid flows and therefore the cold fluid is circulated through the shell. With this design modification, the effectiveness, mass rate, overall heat transfer co efficient are simulated and analysed.

Self-adhesive, ionic conductive, environmentally tolerant, and antibacterial phytic acid-reinforced zwitterionic hydrogels as flexible sensor applications

Ionic conductive hydrogels have attracted tremendous research interest for their intrinsic characteristics in the field of flexible sensors. However, the combination of multifunctionalities of high mechanical strength, satisfactory self-adhesiveness, ionic conductivity, anti-freezing, antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility remains a great challenge for the development of ionic conductive hydrogels. In this study, a novel ionic conductive hydrogel was developed by introducing highly conductive phytic acid (PA) to poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (polySBMA). PA molecules, as non-covalent crosslinkers and electrolytes in the polySBMA network, significantly improved the mechanical properties, self-adhesion, and electrical properties of the hydrogels. The optimal hydrogel displayed robust mechanical properties (tensile stress: 240.7 kPa), desirable adhesive strength (18.6 kPa to pig skin), and excellent ionic conductivity (2.44 S/m). Simultaneously, the presence of PA confers hydrogels with good antibacterial, anti-freezing properties and long-term environmental stability, and the hydrogels could remain soft even at -40 °C. Moreover, the hydrogel-based sensors showed high sensitivity (gauge factor up to 9.72), wide sensing range (≈400%), good stability, and accuracy for physical and physiological signals (tensile strain, pressure, fluid types and concentrations). This work has not only provided a simple strategy for fabricating tough and recoverable zwitterionic hydrogels, but also demonstrated the multifunctional properties of the zwitterionic hydrogels, which possess a great potential to fulfill flexible device applications.

Ionic Hydraulic Fluids and Seal-Material Compatibility

Manufacturers of hydraulic fluids invest a lot of effort and resources in improving their physico-chemical properties, with the goal of getting as close as possible to the properties of an ideal hydraulic fluid. It should be non- flammable, environmentally friendly, sustainable and should have excellent physical and chemical properties. After decades of development in the field of ionic liquids and the search for an ionic liquid suitable for use in hydraulic systems, ionic hydraulic liquids are now already in industrial use, especially on devices that operate in harsh and risky operating conditions. Since ionic hydraulic fluids are a completely new type of hydraulic fluid, one of the issues is their compatibility with the materials present in the hydraulic components, including all the seals. This paper refers to the process of testing the compatibility of hydraulic seal materials with different types of ionic hydraulic fluids according to the standardized percentages and recommendations, with emphasis on changes in the swell, shrinkage and hardness of the seals. The presented results are a useful guide for selecting suitable seal materials in case of using high-tech ionic hydraulic fluids.

Comparative study of thermo-structural analysis of nano-fluid flow in a baffle-corrugation rectangular channel for adoptable sustainable multifunctional application

Recent years have seen a rise in interest in and usage of thermo-hydraulic research of nano-fluid flow phenomena in a variety of engineering applications. Under uniform heat flux, thermo-physical characteristics of nano-fluid flow in baffle-corrugation rectangular channels have been observed from a numerical standpoint for various Reynolds numbers and different values of the aspect ratio of baffles. Employing the finite volume method, the governing equations have been solved and to visualize the simulation results, fluent software has been employed. Four various types of baffle-corrugation shapes (plane, trapezoidal, isosceles, and triangular) with their interchanged positions have been examined in the present analysis. Different types of base fluids viz., water, glycerin, and ethylene glycol, four distinct forms of nanoparticles, Al2O3, CuO, SiO2, and ZnO are assumed to be transmitted for varying values of volume fractions (D%) and diameter of nanoparticles. From the present study, it is found that in the presence of plane baffle-isosceles corrugation provides the highest average Nusselt number ([Formula: see text]) than the rest of the baffles. It is revealed that SiO2 nano-fluid provides the highest [Formula: see text] in comparison to other nano-fluids. Further, it is concluded that [Formula: see text] enhances with the enhancement of D%, Reynolds number (Re), height, and pitch of the baffles and is found to decrease as the diameter of nanoparticles increases. This study also indicates that glycerin-SiO2 provides the highest [Formula: see text] than the rest of the base fluids.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis of menstrual cycle: From biochemical changes to diagnostics of vaginal infections

Analysis of vaginal fluid is essential for the diagnosis of cervical cancer, various infections and the increasingly common infertility as well. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), which is an ultrasensitive technique, provides information from the molecular level of the analysed system and together with chemometric methods, can be a perfect diagnostic tool. However, the variety of processes naturally occurring during the menstrual cycle has a definite impact on the biochemistry of vaginal swabs. This study adopted SERS to track the biochemical changes recorded in spectra of analysed clinical entities during two menstrual cycles. Using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) technique, we demonstrated the spectral information typical for three types of body fluid: menstrual blood (MB), menstrual spotting (MS) and vaginal fluid (VF). The hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle can be reflected in SERS spectra and allow distinction between the fertile and infertile phases. Significantly larger data separation was observed due to infection rather than hormonal fluctuation. These results give a firm foundation for the diagnosis of vaginal infections regardless of the menstrual cycle’s day.

Magnetite-apatite ores record widespread involvement of molten salts

Abstract The origins of magnetite-apatite deposits are controversial, and the crux of the debate is what types of fluids form these rocks. We present evidence from 20 magnetite-apatite deposits worldwide showing ubiquitous involvement of molten salts. The studied deposits are distributed globally, from various tectonic settings, and from Precambrian to Quaternary in age. In every case, water-poor polycrystalline melt inclusions in ore-stage minerals are dominated by sulfate, chloride, and carbonate components plus variable proportions of calc-silicates, phosphates, and iron ± titanium oxides that re-melt between 285 °C and 1100 °C. These fluids are very different from what is generally expected in most geologic settings, but their ubiquitous presence in magnetite-apatite rocks indicates that molten salts are widespread and essential to the formation of these deposits.

The Effect of Fracturing Fluids Types on Reservoir Fracture Geometry, Production, and Net Present Value

The Effect of Fracturing Fluids Types on Reservoir Fracture Geometry, Production, and Net Present Value

Effect of Some natural products against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in mice: A Review

Cancer is a serious disease and it is one of the main causes of death, and it is considered the second cause, after people who suffer from heart failure. Through the statistics, Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, with a rate of 99% in women and 1% in men. It is very complex, and patients with this type of cancer may face numerous challenges during their treatment period. It was determined that the death rate from cancer had decreased by 1.5%, but it is expected to increase in the future due to an increase in cancer cases (breast, prostate). Ehrlich model is a cancer that grows inside a mouse. Its origin is spontaneous mammary carcinoma, and when it spreads within the mouse, it takes two forms, either ascitic or solid. Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma is a spontaneous breast cancer that has a very high importance in scientific research. It is undifferentiated and has a short life. This type of cancer was used for the first time in 1932, when it was used inside the mouse in the abdomen, and a type of fluid was obtained for this called ( Ehrlich's ascites) due to the liquid substance on which cancer cells depend and consider it food and a means for rapid tumor growth, EAC deficiency causes anemia and thus causes a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin, EAC causes an increase in urea and a decrease in creatinine, and EAC causes an increase in liver enzymes and a decrease in total protein.Natural products are the only and most effective products that lead to the development of drugs, especially anti-cancer drugs and anti-inflammatories. Through studies, it has become clear that natural products are a source of drugs.

Comparison of the physicochemical properties of branded and generic glucose-added maintenance hypotonic infusion fluids to assess the potential for phlebitis and incompatibility with other drugs.

In Japan, the switch from branded to generic infusion fluids has been promoted as a national policy. Recently, as generic products have been in short supply, the switch from generic to branded infusion fluids has increased. However, certain additives for injectable infusion fluids, such as nonvolatile acids like acetic acid and hydrochloric acid, are not required to be listed in the package insert. We hypothesized that the addition of nonvolatile acids may be one of the reasons for the differences in physicochemical properties between the branded and generic infusion fluids. We have previously reported that in other types of electrolyte infusion fluids, a variation in pH can cause incompatibility with other drugs, and variation in titratable acidity and osmolality can lead to phlebitis. Glucose-added maintenance hypotonic infusion fluid (listed as type-3G) is commonly used as a maintenance solution when energy support is needed. However, nonvolatile acid is added to prevent the caramelization of glucose, resulting in higher osmolality and titratable acidity and lower pH. Therefore, we hypothesized that both phlebitis and incompatibility with other drugs are likely to occur; hence, we measured and evaluated the physicochemical properties of branded and generic type-3G infusion fluids. We show that the osmolality, pH, and titratable acidity of all evaluated branded and generic products differed significantly and that these properties should be evaluated together to avoid phlebitis and incompatibility with other drugs when switching between branded and generic type-3G infusion fluids.

New bell plate controlled multi-inertia channel magnetorheological fluid mount wide frequency vibration isolation control study

This paper introduces a novel type of magnetorheological fluid (MRF) mount designed to achieve wide-frequency vibration isolation for engines. While previous studies have explored vibration isolation using hydraulic mounts, there has been limited research on achieving wideband isolation with MRF mounts. Consequently, this paper presents an innovative MRF mount structure and investigates wideband vibration isolation control for engines. Initially, experiments with a multi-channel MRF damper validate the switchable operation of controllable channels. A novel controllable multi-inertia channel MRF mount system is proposed, aligning the working mode of controllable inertia channels with that of the MRF damper. The lumped parameter method is employed to derive the mathematical model of the MRF mount, and its high and low-frequency dynamic characteristics are thoroughly examined. Subsequently, a real-time multi-island genetic algorithm-optimized controller is developed to investigate wideband vibration isolation within the MRF mount system. The findings indicate that: (1) The MRF mount demonstrates adjustable low-frequency dynamic stiffness and loss angle within the frequency range of f = 0–50 Hz. In the frequency range of f = 50–100 Hz, the mount achieves its lowest dynamic stiffness value, effectively addressing the issue of high-frequency stiffening. (2) The real-time multi-island genetic optimized controller exhibits superior vibration isolation performance compared to traditional sky-hook control and hybrid sky-hook control methods, achieving optimal vibration isolation for the mount.

Particle Dynamics and Matter Accretion onto Non‐linear Charged AdS Black Holes in Massive Gravity

AbstractThis article investigates the dynamics of charged particles and accretion process around nonlinear charged AdS black holes (BHs). the impact of key factors such as angular momentum, specific energy, and magnetic field on the behavior of particles are focused. Firstly, the concept of the effective potential is examined, which provides insights into the forces acting on particles and the escape velocity they must overcome. The innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) is also discussed, which is the closest distance a particle can orbit a BH without being pulled in and explore the conditions for particle escape. Next, the energy efficiency and epicyclic frequency of test particles are studied, which measure the amount of energy particle loses due to friction and the frequency of its oscillations, respectively. The accretion processes is analyzed by examining the radial velocity, energy density, and accretion mass of matter falling into the BH. Using the equation of state, how different types of fluid, such as stiff, dust, quintessence and phantom‐like dark energy fluid, affect the accretion process near a BH is investigated. Throughout this study, the parameter plays a key role in shaping the dynamics of particles and accretion systems is found. This parameter is a measure of the strength of the nonlinear electrodynamics field, and it can have a significant impact on the radius of the ISCO, the energy efficiency of accretion, and other properties. These findings provide new insights into the physics of particle dynamics around nonlinear charged AdS BHs. They could have implications for understanding the behavior of matter in extreme gravitational environments, such as those found near the center of galaxies.

Molecular dynamics investigation of ionanofluids (INFs): Towards a deeper understanding of their thermophysical, structural and dynamical properties

Ionanofluids (INFs) are a novel type of heat transfer fluids consisting of fine nanoparticles suspended in ionic liquids (ILs). They exhibit improved thermal properties, including enhanced thermal conductivity, non-volatility, and non-flammability, making them ideal candidates for various applications, especially solar concentrators. In this work, for the first time, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate the thermophysical, structural, and dynamical properties of a specific INF composed of the [HMIM][BF4] IL and SiC nanoparticles in the temperature range of 298.15–338.15 K and at different nanoparticle volume fractions, i.e. 1.10 %, 2.27 %, and 3.47 %. Radial distribution functions (RDFs) revealed a strong structural correlation between the fluorine atoms of anion and the HR atom of the cation ring and also with the carbon and silicon atoms of the nanoparticle. The results showed that with increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles, ions tend to have more interactions with nanoparticles, and the interactions between the anions and cations decrease. As a result, the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and density of ions in the INF increases. Finally, we made some comparisons between the simulated thermal conductivities and viscosities of the studied INF with classical models. The results showed that, in some cases, the simulation results were even better than some models compared to the experimental values. The insights obtained from this study not only enhance our understanding of the structure and dynamic behavior of the INF, but also can contribute to the development of innovative materials and more efficient solar thermal systems.

Analyzing thermophoresis phenomenon in a transient free convective MHD chemically radioactive fluid over oscillatory permeable media

A numerical observation of chemically radioactive free convective magneto hydrodynamics fluid passing through a vertical permeable medium with fluctuating mass and heat transfer with thermophoresis is studied here. The fluid type is assumed to be a suspended mixture of particles that are incompressible, chemically strong, ionized, and viscous with some mass infusibility. The model pertaining to this problem is resolved through the application of a highly stable implicit finite difference method. The method is used for small and large deflections of the physical parameters, which result in a noticeable fluid flow behavior depicted graphically. The momentum, energy, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt and Sherwood number are investigated for various factors such as the thermophoresis effect, magnetic field, permeability, and chemical reaction rate. The substantial findings of the present investigation indicate that the impact of thermophoresis is more pronounced in the diffusion of concentration as compared to the rate of chemical reactions. The concentration is considerably influenced by the permeability parameter, surpassing the influence of the chemical reaction rate. For higher radiation parameters and Prandtl number, the molecular interaction of liquids increases, which in turn constrains the extent of radiative heat exchange.

Silicone-based highly stretchable multifunctional fiber pumps

Recent advancements on electrohydrodynamic (EHD) soft pumps demonstrate their applicability to various fluid-driven systems such as soft robots, wearable devices, and stretchable electronics. In particular, fiber type EHD pumps reported more recently is a promising pumping element thanks to their versatile fibrous structure. Yet existing EHD fiber pumps are less stretchable and require sophisticated, complex fabrication equipment, implying opportunity for technology advancement. This paper presents a simplified method to create highly stretchable multifunctional fiber EHD pumps. The method employs highly compliant silicone elastomers for the fiber structure that is formed by simple dipping fabrication process. The fabricated pumps (length of 100 mm, inner diameter 4 mm, and mass 5.3 g) exhibit a high stretchability (up to 40% strain) and flow rate and pressure of 167.4 ± 7.6 mL/min (31.6 mL/min/g) and 4.1 ± 0.6 kPa (0.8 kPa/g), respectively. These performances are comparable or even higher than those of previously reported EHD pumps including fiber types. The output performance of the fabricated pumps remain constant for repeated strain cycles (0–25%, up to 2000 cycles) and bending angle up to 180° (corresponding to curvature of 0–30/m). Moreover, the pumps demonstrate unprecedented functionality as a sensor to distinguish the type of fluid inside the tube and to detect strains by reading the capacitance between the electrodes. The characterization result reveals the sensing ability of the pumps as high repeatability up to 30% strain with negligible hysteresis, which is consistent for 5000 cycles.

Investigation on the propagation characteristics of pressure wave during managed pressure drilling

The small difference between formation pressure and fracture pressure in offshore oil and gas reservoirs poses a huge challenge to drilling. Managed pressure drilling (MPD) technology, as a drilling technique that can accurately control bottomhole pressure, is an effective technique to solve this challenge. In MPD technology, the pressure wave propagation behavior and mechanism in the wellbore induced by wellhead backpressure are crucial for parameter design and efficient application. In this paper, pressure wave propagation characteristics and mechanism in gas-liquid flow were investigated with a new proposed pressure wave velocity model that considers inter-phase mass transfer effect. This new model and its solution algorithm were verified with experimental data in literature. The influence of gas invasion stage, drilling fluid type, drilling fluid density and backpressure on pressure wave propagation characteristics were investigated. Results show that the time for pressure wave induced by wellhead backpressure in the wellbore cannot be ignored in the design of the backpressure value during MPD. This propagation time increases with occurrence of gas invasion. Moreover, the propagation time in water-based drilling fluid is longer than that in oil-based drilling fluid, which is because the interphase mass transfer between invaded gas and oil-based drilling fluid. The influence mechanism of high drilling fluid density and wellhead backpressure on pressure wave propagation characteristics is due to the suppression of gas invasion process. These findings could be used as guides in parameters design and optimization in MPD.

Shock Wave Evaluation in Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Tube Rupture Scenario

Abstract Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers (STHEs) are commonly used in oil and gas plants to cool or heat process fluids. A possible issue when designing such systems is represented by the tube rupture scenario, when the internal HP (high-pressure) fluid is suddenly discharged to the LP (low-pressure) fluid in the shell. Since, usually, the tube and shell sides have different design pressures, this scenario must be analyzed to assess if the safety measures are fit to protect the weakest part of the system. The time evolution of this event is characterized by different phases; in the first one, a shock wave is generated and propagated very rapidly in the system, with a time scale in the order of a few ms. The phenomenon is so rapid that pressure relief devices are not effective. This kind of wave is normally not evaluated in the majority of available publications; however, it is deemed that it is of particular relevance for large-size SHTEs, due to their significant investment cost, and hence, a methodology has been developed in this work for the purpose. The main impact of such waves is expected in the LP piping connected to the exchanger. The amplitude of the shock wave at the source location, i.e., at the ruptured tube, is calculated based on the theory of the Riemann problem, with reference to different types of HP and LP fluids. Then, the relevant propagation up to the piping entrance is studied to estimate the wave damping and the effective wave amplitude impacting it. Both validation calculations and calculations referred to new design applications and existing installations are presented, and possible mitigation measures are proposed, if any.