Flue-cured Tobacco Cultivars Research Articles

AC Cheng flue-cured tobacco

AC Cheng is a flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultivar bred at the Pest Management Research Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. It is a cultivar with high leaf quality and resulted from crosses between flue-cured cultivars and breeding lines, and Nicotiana rustica (+) Nicotiana tabacum somatic hybrids (somatic 9/77CD15//2*Delgold) (Douglas et al. 1981). AC Cheng is adapted to the tobacco growing areas of Ontario. Key words: Nicotiana tabacum, somatic hybrid

Transgenic Burley and Flue-Cured Tobacco with Resistance to Four Necrotic Isolates of Potato Virus Y

Transgenic burley (cultivars KY14, NC3433-33, and TN90) and flue-cured (cultivar K326) tobacco with resistance to four necrotic isolates of potato virus Y (PVY) were constructed. These tobacco cultivars were transformed with a chimeric gene designed to express the coat protein (CP) from the necrotic Chilean isolate of PVY. CP expression among R 0 plants was undetectable by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. Transgenic R 0 plants that harbored from one to five neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) transgene loci were identified. Although the NPT II and the PVY CP chimeric genes were linked within a common T-DNA, no correlation was found between the number of NPT II and CP transgenes. Inoculation of 41 independent transgenic KY14 R 0 plants with PVY-Chilean identified eight resistant plants, while inoculation of 30 transgenic K326 R 0 plants identified six resistant plants. Inoculation of 17 transgenic NC3433-33 R 0 plants with PVY-Chilean identified six resistant plants, while inoculation of 50 transgenic TN90 R 0 plants with PVY isolate VAM B resulted in nine resistant plants. Progeny derived from PVY-inoculated but symptomless R 0 plants were also resistant to the Chilean, Europe H, M s N r , N-Canada, and VAM B isolates of PVY, demonstrating sexual transmission of the transgenes that condition resistance. We discuss the ability of the PVY-Chilean CP gene to protect transgenic tobacco K326, KY14, NC3433-33, and TN90 from infection by four necrotic isolates of PVY. The flue-cured tobacco cultivar K326, which carries a gene simultaneously conferring resistance against root-knot nematode and susceptibility to PVY strain M S N R , is protected against this strain when transformed with the PVY-Chilean CP gene.

Breeding and development of flue-cured tobacco cultivar ‘Moskuaka 85)

Abstract ‘Moskuaka 85’, a new cultivar of flue-cured tobacco, was developed for New Zealand growing conditions. It has resistance to three important diseases affecting tobacco grown in New Zealand: tobacco mosaic virus (TMV); black root rot; and verticillium wilt. ‘Moskuaka 85’ was derived from a cross made in 1973 between a TMV resistant Taiwanese flue-cured cultivar and a New Zealand breeding line resistant to black root rot and verticillium wilL Resistance screening for the three diseases was performed from the F2 to F6 generations of the cross using standard pedigree breeding procedures. Twenty F7 lines were evaluated for agronomic, chemical, and physical characters. Eight F8 lines were entered in regional small-plot trials. After three seasons of evaluations at three sites, two F11, lines were tested in large-scale (2 ha) trials. ‘Moskuaka 85’ was released in 1985 as an F13, line.

Field and Greenhouse Analysis of Variation for Disease Resistance in Tobacco Somaclones

Daub, M. E., and Jenns, A. E. 1989. Field and greenhouse analysis of variation for disease resistance in tobacco somaclones. Phytopathology 79:600-605. A total of 854 somaclones of two flue-cured tobacco cultivars were parent cultivar in black shank resistance, but many had greater resistance generated from protoplast cultures, and their progeny analyzed in to bacterial wilt than did NC2326. Most cultivar Coker 319 somaclones greenhouse and field tests for yield, leaf chemistry, and resistance to black were more susceptible than the parent cultivar to black shank but had shank, bacterial wilt, tobacco mosaic virus, and root knot (Meloidogyne bacterial wilt resistance similar to that of Coker 319. Variation in black incognita). Under the culture conditions established in this study, shank and bacterial wilt resistance was slight, and few somaclones had approximately 55% of the somaclones were not self-fertile. Progeny of the responses equivalent to those of the susceptible and resistant control somaclones had normal phenotype and did not differ significantly from the cultivars. However, conditions used in this study reduced the amount of parent cultivars in yield and leaf chemistry. Significant variation was found potential variation. No somaclones were identified with resistance to in resistance to black shank and bacterial wilt, two diseases for which the tobacco mosaic virus or M. incognita. We conclude that genetic variation parent cultivars have low levels of resistance. The variation that was occurred in the somaclones, that the magnitude of variation was slight, and observed in response to these diseases depended on the disease as well as the that the variation depended on both the genotype of the parent cultivar and genotype of the parent. Somaclones of cultivar NC2326 were similar to the the trait. Additional keywords: Nicotiana tabacum, Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Pseudomonas solanacearum, tissue culture.

Control of Myzus Nicotianae, 1988

Abstract Experimental plots were established in a field near Blackstone, Va. The flue-cured tobacco cultivar ‘Coker 319’ was transplanted into the field 9 May. Experimental plots consisted of 2 40-ft rows of tobacco on 4-ft centers. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated border rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer operated at 60 psi and delivering 20 gal/acre through 3 TX-8 tips/row on 24 Jun and 24 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 tips/row on 12 Jul and 3 Aug. M. nicotianae were counted between the fourth and sixth veins on the right half of the underside of the 4 upper leaves on 10 plants/plot before treatment and at 3-d to 2-wk intervals after transplanting. At the time of application, temperatures were 75, 78, and 90°F on 24 Jun, 12 Jul, and 3 Aug, respectively. There was 0.35 inches of rainfall 2 d after the 24 Jun application, 0.5 inches on 14 Jul, and 0.3 inches on 6 Aug. Data were transformed to log10(x + 1). Untransformed means are presented.

Components of Partial Resistance to Blue Mold in Six Tobacco Genotypes Under Controlled Environmental Conditions

Rufty, R. C., and Main, C. E. 1989. Components of partial resistance to blue mold in six tobacco genotypes under controlled environmental conditions. Phytopathology 79:606-609. Two susceptible and four partially resistant tobacco genotypes were Mutant, NC-BMR 42, and NC-BMR 90 produced fewer and smaller evaluated for components of partial resistance to blue mold. Disease lesions, had lower sporulation capacity, and exhibited longer patent efficiency, incubation period, latent period, degree of colonization, and periods than susceptible genotypes. Breeding line NC-BMR 90 was sporulation capacity were measured under high and low inoculation superior to all other partially resistant genotypes in this study. The presence density in experiments conducted at the Southeastern Plant Environmental of multiple resistance components in NC-BMR 90 makes this line a Laboratory (North Carolina State University Phytotron), Raleigh, NC. desirable source of blue mold resistance. Results obtained in these Genotypes differed significantly for all components of resistance in all experiments corroborated field observations and indicate that deployment trials. Commercial cultivars Speight G-70 and McNair 944 were of tobacco germ plasm with partial resistance to blue mold should reduce consistently the most susceptible genotypes based on all components of onset and progress of blue mold epidemics. partial resistance measured. Partially resistant genotypes Chemical Additional keywords: Nicotiana tabacum, Peronospora tabacina. Tobacco blue mold, also known as downy mildew of tobacco derived from N. velutina) and Chemical Mutant (resistance (Nicotiana tabacum L.), is caused by the fungus Peronospora obtained after treating seeds of flue-cured tobacco cultivar tabacina Adam. Occurrence of blue mold is generally sporadic, but Virginia Gold with triethylene iminotriazine) (9); two resistant severe economic losses can occur when the disease reaches breeding lines, NC-BMR 42 (derived from the cross Ovens 62 X epidemic proportions. For example, an epidemic of blue mold in McNair 944) and NC-BMR 90 (derived from the cross Ovens 62 X 1979 resulted in an estimated $250 million loss to U.S. and KY 17) (12); and two susceptible commercial cultivars, Speight

Nicotine Production by Tissue Cultures of Tobacco as Influenced by Various Culture Parameters

Tissue culture systems of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., Nicotiana rustica L.) are described, in which up to 5% and more nicotine accumulated on a dry weight basis. Maximum amounts of nicotine (5.3 %, yield 920 mg/1) were detected in mixotrophic green cell suspensions of a newly developed flue-cured tobacco cultivar (N. tabacum cv. Delcrest X cv. McNair 133). This cultivar also showed maximum nicotine content compared to other strains when cultured as callus or heterotrophic cell suspension. Nicotine content was increased up to 29-fold (2. 9 %, yield 360 mg/1) compared to the stock cultures, when a two- or three-stage culture was employed by reducing the auxin and cytokinin levels, raising medium sucrose to 40 gil and replacing ammonium nitrate by potassium nitrate in the production medium. Cells in 20 1 batch fermentor cultures accumulated up to 1 % nicotine with a final yield of 28 mg/1, thus producing much less nicotine.

WINDEL: FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

Windel a compact, flue-cured tobacco cultivar, is recommended for growing in the provinces of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, where prevailing high winds cause extensive damage to tall cultivars, such as Delhi 76. Windel is high yielding and exhibits no loss of yield due to leaf drop — an important characteristic for tobacco cultivars grown in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick.Key words: Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, wind resistance, flue-cured

ISLANGOLD: FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

Islangold, a flue-cured tobacco cultivar, is recommended for growing in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. It is equivalent in yield to Virginia 115, but superior in leaf grade quality and tolerance to black root rot.Key words: Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, flue-cured

DELGOLD: A NEW FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

Delgold is a superior flue-cured tobacco cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Delhi, Ontario. Compared to Virginia 115, the cultivar commonly grown for many years prior to 1981, Delgold has superior grade quality and color, lower lamina weight, higher leaf total alkaloids (15–18%) and higher yield (10–12%). In addition, Delgold has a lower level of total particulate matter (TPM) and a lower tar: nicotine ratio than Virginia 115.Key words: Tobacco, Nicotinia tabacum, Nicotina rustica, tar:nicotine ratio, breeding, cultivar description

Evaluation of nuclear DNA content and heterochromatin changes in anther-derived dihaploids of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cv. Coker 139

Nuclear DNA contents of a conventionally inbred flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar. 'Coker 139,' and two selected, doubled haploid (dihaploid) lines developed from it by anther culture and colchicine chromosome doubling were compared. The dihaploid lines had previously been shown to be lower yielding and agronomically inferior to the parental cultivar. Nuclei of leaf and root cells of the dihaploids possessed significantly higher amounts of DNA than the parental cultivar, although chromosome numbers (2n = 48) had not changed. Mean nuclear DNA content of the dihaploid lines was 10.62 pg, while nuclei of the parental cultivar contained 9.32 pg. The anther-culture process and (or) the nature of vegetative nuclei of pollen grains from which haploid plants originate have been suggested as possible contributing factors to higher DNA values. An average 12% increase in heterochromatin (condensed chromatin) in dihaploids, and significant differences in thermal denaturation of parental and dihaploid DNAs, suggest an amplification of DNA sequences during dihaploid formation.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO CULTIVARS WITH DIFFERENT SENSITIVITIES TO WEATHER FLECK

Experiments were conducted in 1976, 1977 and 1978 to examine the chemical composition of four flue-cured tobacco cultivars (Nicotiana tabacum L.) with a range of weather fleck tolerances. Weather fleck is associated with the air pollution injury to plants. The amount of surface wax was positively related to the weather fleck tolerance. Individual phenolic constituents, nonvolatile organic acids and fatty acids were not related to weather fleck tolerance in the tobacco cultivars used in the study.Key words: Weather fleck, flue-cured tobacco, surface waxes, phenolic constituents, organic and fatty acids

Crop Loss Assessment for Flue-Cured Tobacco Cultivars Infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Crop Loss Assessment for Flue-Cured Tobacco Cultivars Infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Fusarium OxysporumF. Sp.NicotianaeEnzyme Production on Cell Walls Isolated fromMeloidogyne Incognita-Infected and Healthy Tobacco Roots

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae was grown on cell walls from the roots of the flue-cured tobacco cultivars ‘Coker 298’ (resistant to Fusarium) and ‘Virginia Gold’ (susceptible to Fusarium). Al...

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae Enzyme Production on Cell Walls Isolated from Meloidogyne incognita-Infected and Healthy Tobacco Roots

SUMMARYFusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae was grown on cell walls from the roots of the flue-cured tobacco cultivars ‘Coker 298’ (resistant to Fusarium) and ‘Virginia Gold’ (susceptible to Fusarium). All plants were grown in a split-root system and Meloidogyne incognita eggs were applied to one-half of the root system of certain ‘Coker 298’ plants. The amounts of polygalacturonase, cellulase, polygalacturonate transeliminase, pectinmethyl transeliminase, polymethyl galacturonase and amylase enzyme activities and soluble protein concentrations produced by the fungus on cell wall preparations from these roots did not differ statistically. However, there was a strong tendency for greater enzyme activity production on cell walls from the nematode-infected roots than on walls from nematode-free roots.

NORDEL, A NEW BRIGHT TOBACCO CULTIVAR

Nordel is a flue-cured tobacco cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Delhi, Ontario. The cultivar has agronomic characteristics very similar to Virginia 115. It has better tolerance to black root rot and weatherfleck diseases. Nordel produces cured leaf of superior chemical, physical and grade characteristics with preferential buyers’ rating compared to Virginia 115. It was licensed in 1979 and was grown in 1980 as the first crop on approximately 33% of the flue-cured tobacco acreage.

Studies on the Breeding of Varieties Having Low Sucker Productivity in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ). : I. Varietal Differences in Sucker-producing Characteristics of Tobacco

The sucker-producing characteristics and their genetic variations were studied by measuring the number and dry weight of leaf axil suckers, classified here as ground and upstalk suckers, of 130 flue-cured and Japanese domestic air-cured tobacco cultivars grown in randomized block design with two replications in 1979. Data obtained from this study showed the range from 0.3 to 8.5 ground suckers per plant, from 0.10 to 8.42g per plant for their dry weight, from 2.1 to l0.7 upstalk suckers per plant and 0.62 to 23.47g for their dry weight. Matsukawa, Perevi, MC and other 27 cultivars produced many ground suckers, and BY 103, Virginia 115, Shiroenshu and other 28 cultivars produced a few ones. Cash, Consolation 402, Perevi and other 3 cultivars produced many upstalk suckers, and Odaruma, Virginia 115, BY 101 and other 8 cultivars produced a few ones. Varietal correlations among four characters, that is, the number and dry weight of ground and the upstalk suchers were of appreciable value. Heritabilities calculated from the analysis of variance were 0.784. for the number of ground suckers, 0.873 for the dry weight of ground suckers. 0.732 for the number of upstalk suckers and 0.676 for the dry weight of upstalk suckers.

CORRELATION STUDIES AMONG AND BETWEEN AGRONOMIC, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND SMOKE CHARACTERISTICS IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.)

Coefficients of correlation among 23 characteristics were determined for several flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivars and advanced generation breeding lines, representing a wide range of variability for each characteristic. The variables were grouped into agronomic, chemical and physical characteristics of the leaf and smoke properties of cigarettes. Most of the traits studied in these individual groups could be classed into two main categories in terms of their relationship to yield, leaf alkaloids, smoke total particulate matter (TPM) and wet tar (WT). Those agronomic characteristics positively associated with yield were negatively correlated with leaf total alkaloids, lamina weight and smoke TPM, WT and alkaloids on a per cigarette basis. Conversely, grade index and the average length of the three top leaves, which were in negative association with yield, showed a positive relationship with leaf total alkaloids and smoke characteristics. Leaf total alkaloids and lamina weight, in positive association with each other, were positively correlated with smoke TPM, WT, and alkaloids. However, both of these traits were negatively correlated with yield.

Inheritance of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt Disease in Tobacco. : I. Analysis of Gene Controlling the Resistance in Japanese Domestic Cultivars.

In order to clarify the mode of inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt disease, gene analysis was performed with fifteen crosses among Japanese domestic, burley and flue-cured tobacco cultivars by the artificial inoculation method using temperature tank. Presence of Rps gene controlling the resistance was made clear, and the existence of polygenes and the close association of resistance with white burley character were inferred. By the combination of these genetic factors, the hereditary phenomena in wilt resistance of domestic cultivars may be approximately explained.

EFFECTS OF CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY ON CERTAIN CHARACTERS OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO,NICOTIANA TABACUM

Cytoplasmically male-sterile flue-cured tobacco cultivars, which were derived by backcrossing normal male-fertile cultivars to a male-sterile one containing Nicotiana megalosiphon cytoplasm, were compared to cultivars which were used as a recurrent parent. The male-fertiles produced significantly higher yield, return index, and percentage of reducing sugars than the male-steriles. The latter gave slightly improved grade index, and maturity index, higher total alkaloid content, and lower lamina weight than the fertiles but these differences were not significant.