Flowering Phase Research Articles

Yield and quality of Panicum virgatum (Panicum virgatum L.) seed depending on varietal characteristics

The article presents the results of research on millet seeds the crop formation and the quality, depending on its varietal characteristics. It was experimentally proven that in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the passage of phenological phases of growth and development of millet depended both on varietal characteristics (groups of varietal maturity) and on the number of effective temperatures. The crop yield and quality depended on the phenological phases of growth and development, particularly the phases of flowering and seed formation and their conditions. On average, over three years, early and late ripening varieties had signifcantly lower seed yield compared to other variety samples. Early-ripening, mid-early and mid-late varieties had signifcantly higher seed yield. The lowest productivity was in the very early sample of Dakota – 88.3 kg/ha. The yield of very late varieties – Nezalezhnist, Kanlow and Lyadivske – made 89.7, 88.3 and 99.4 kg/ha, respectively. The study on factors affecting seed yield established that the influence of the factor "variety" was the largest and amounted to 61.1 %, and the factor of "growing conditions" affected the crop less – 11.9 %. Germination energy and seed germination, as well as its yield, depended on the maturity groups of the variety samples. Very early, early-ripening and medium-ripening varieties had the highest quality indicators, no signifcant difference was found depending on varietal characteristics. The mid-late varieties had signifcantly lower quality indicators, and the lowest quality was the very late Kanlow variety. The study on factors affecting seed quality established that the influence of the "year conditions" factor on germination energy and germination was the greatest and was 37.6–48 %, and the "variety" factor was 33.8 and 30 %, respectively. It was found that the later is the variety is of the maturity group, the higher is the sum of effective temperatures it needs and, accordingly, the longer the onset of the phenological phases of growth and development of the crop, which affects the features of seed formation and ripening and, accordingly, its quality and yield. The mid-late varieties had signifcantly lower quality indicators and the lowest ones were observed in the very late variety. Mid-late, late and very late varieties do not ripen biologically, which affects the seeds quality its germination is very low. Key words: variety samples, maturity groups, germination energy, germination, phenological phases of growth and development.

OIL CONTENT IN WINTER RAPE SEEDS DEPENDING ON MICRONUTRIENT NUTRITION

The article is devoted to the study of the role of micronutrients in their application in the form of foliar fertilization in view of their influence on the quality indicators of the formed crop, in particular on the oil content of seeds as a basic indicator that determines the value of winter rape as a crop for multipurpose use. The effectiveness of monocomponent application of the main physiologically active microelements in two phenological critical phases of growth and flowering of winter rape plants with different dominance of growth and growth-reproductive processes of plant organism differentiation - in the phenological phases of stemming and flowering - was investigated. The effectiveness of the influence of single-component microelements selected by the typological composition of modern multicomponent chelated microfertilizers in the form of sulfate salts, boric acid and ammonium sulfate at a physiological concentration of 0.2 %, taking into account the regulation of concentrations of physiologically active agrochemicals in the format of foliar feeding with aqueous salt solutions, was determined. It was found that the use of each of the studied microelements was effective and significant in terms of increasing the oil content of seeds in comparison with the control variant of water treatment. Individual peculiarities of seed oil content formation for two high-intensity varieties of winter rape for each of the studied microelements were established both from the standpoint of the increase in oil content to the control and from the standpoint of assessing the variability of its value, taking into account the two-year cycle of study and variation within the general set of the obtained accounting values within the replications of the experiment. On the basis of the data obtained, the expediency of the timing of foliar fertilization with microfertilizers of winter rape hybrids was determined and the role of the genotypic component in the effectiveness of the use of corrective foliar fertilization with various microelements was noted. It was established on the basis of a two-year research cycle for a guaranteed increase of oil content in seeds of intensive winter rape hybrids by at least 0.6-1, 8 % under the condition of one-component use of trace elements in the form of foliar feeding, they should be used in the following order of increasing expediency and validity of Co>Zn>B>Cu>Mn>Mo in the form of a solution of salt sulfates, boric acid and ammonium molybdate at 0.2 % concentration of the working solution for foliar feeding. Prospects for further research in the field of optimization of fertilization of intensive hybrids of winter rape with microfertilizers are formulated.

Triploid and aneuploid hybrids obtained from hybridization between Eriobotrya japonica and E. cavaleriei

A short ripening stage, multiple large seeds per fruit, and anthracnose disease seriously restrict the loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) industry. To obtain breeding germplasm of loquat with multiple ideal traits, a wild Eriobotrya species, E. cavaleriei (2n=2x=34), which flowers in late spring and early summer and whose fruits ripen in autumn, was used as the male parent to produce triploid plants from crosses with loquat tetraploid (2n=4x=68) lines (EjK474, EjB433 and EjB456). Fifteen progenies were obtained from three hybridizations, and 13 plants were identified as hybrids according to insertion-deletion (InDel) markers. All 13 hybrids were roughly identified as triploids by flow cytometry. Therein, 4 plants were identified as aneuploids with decreased or increased chromosome numbers based on sequencing depth according to reduced-representation genome sequencing. The sequencing depth on some chromosomes of these 4 hybrids was approximately 2/3 times or 1.41 times the average depth of all detected InDel loci. Frequencies of the loquat parent-specific alleles on increased or decreased chromosomes were approximately 50% or 75%. This verified that increased or decreased alleles in the 4 hybrids were all from tetraploid parents. The fruit flesh color genotypes of all hybrids were detected; there were two red-flesh alleles and one white-flesh allele in all hybrids. Leaves of E. cavaleriei were highly resistant to anthracnose in an in vitro assay, and the leaves of loquat B433 were sensitive. Disease spot diameters on the leaves of hybrids were significantly smaller (p < 0.01) than those of B433 after infection by spores of C. gloeosporioides. Therefore, the resistance of the hybrids was greater than that of the female parent B433. All these results showed that allotriploids can be obtained via hybridization between loquat tetraploids and E. cavaleriei, with some aneuploids as secondary products. Different flowering phases and fruit ripening stages, seedlessness and resistance to anthracnose might be combined in allotriploids. This study verified that resequencing can be used to identify the molecular karyotype of interspecific hybrids.

STUDY OF ALKALOIDS FROM THE SPECIES Mahonia bealei (FORT.) CARR. INTRODUCED IN GEORGIA

The aim of the work was to study the introduced plant on the Black Sea coast of Adjara Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. for the content of alkaloids. A comparative analysis of the quantitative yield of the total amounts of alkaloids isolated from the aerial organs of M. bealei, collected in the phase of active flowering, showed the advantage of the amount obtained from flowers - 2.48%. Based on the results of the HPLC analysis, it was concluded not only about the percentage of the main protoberberine and aporphine alkaloids, but also in which fractions, which alkaloid is dominant (in leaves, three bases dominate at once: berberine (27%), jatrorrhizine (23%), magnoflorin (18%), in branches and flowers - dominated by one base - berberine (50%) and palmatin (57%), respectively, the rest are present in the form of traces). The results of the preliminary investigation suggest that the alkaloid containing substances obtained from the aboveground vegetative organs of the plant demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Monarda fistulosa L., cultivated in the north-east of Belarus

For the first time the data have been presented on the chemical composition of the essential oil of Monarda fistulosa L., cultivated in the north-east of Belarus (Vitebsk region). Dried leaves and inflorescences of M. fistulosa L., harvested in the flowering phase, were used to obtain the essential oil. More than 70 components were detected by chromato-mass spectrometry, of which 33 were identified. The main components of the essential oil are thymol (29.18 % in leaves and 38.4 % in inflorescences), carvacrol (22.83 % in leaves and 21.5 % in inflorescences) and p-cymene (17.5 % in leaves and 9.5 % in inflorescences). The main component of essential oils is thymol, which makes it possible to attribute the studied samples of M. fistulosa L. to the thymol chemotype. M. fistulosa L. can be recommended for further study and cultivation as a promising essential oil plant in the north-east of Belarus.

Enhancing growth, yield and water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa) through drip irrigation

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2018 and 2019 at the research farm of Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu to evaluate the impact of drip irrigation on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, productivity and water use efficiency. The experiments were laid out in a strip plot design with 4 varieties/hybrids in the horizontal strip and 6 irrigation regimes in the vertical strip with 3 replications. The findings reveal that drip irrigation at 125% Pan Evaporation (PE) resulted in superior growth, yield parameters and grain yield. KRH 2 with 125% PE recorded the maximum grain yield (4200 kg/ha), followed by ADT 45 (4140 kg/ha) with 125% PE. All yield attributes, except ill-filled grains/panicle, increased with increasing irrigation level from 50 to 125% PE. Rice yield attributes, viz. tillers/m2 (r=0.86), panicles/m2 (r=0.90) and grains/panicle (r=0.84) showed positive correlation with grain yield. Irrespective of the variety and irrigation levels the row closer to the drip line recorded higher grain yield at all the irrigation levels compared to rows farthest. Among the irrigation regime the highest total water use (671 mm) was recorded in 125% PE while the highest water use efficiency (6.5 kg/ha-mm) was recorded in 75% PE up to tillering stage, 100% PE during flowering phase and 75% PEduring maturity phase. Among the variety, ADT 45 recorded the highest water use efficiency (7.15 kg/ha mm). The study recommends KRH 2 hybrid and ADT 45 variety for drip irrigation with 125% PE in areas with limited water availability, especially in well-irrigated areas.

EVALUATION OF APPLE PLANT VARIETY COMBINATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST STEPPE OF THE RIGHT BANK OF UKRAINE

A study on the impact of varietal rootstock combinations on the productivity of apple trees was established at the research station of horticulture of the Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2013-2014 with 17 new and promising clonal rootstocks for apple trees. At the same time, Amulet, Askolda, Renet Simyrenko, Revena, Ligol, Todes, Jonagored varieties were used as grafts. The growing season of fruit trees began and ended depending on weather conditions. The beginning of vegetation of apple varieties on rootstocks was observed in the first decade of April, and in 2017 and 2020 in the third decade of March. During 2016-2020, the difference between varieties in the rate of bud break was 1-4 days. Flowering of the trees began at the end of April at the beginning of May and lasted for 9-11 days, depending on weather conditions. Over the years of research, an earlier flowering period was characteristic of Askold and Ligol varieties, and in most varieties the flowering phase began on May 2-4. The characteristics of the growth processes of fruit trees of apple trees indicate a direct dependence of the strength of the growth of the tree and the rootstock. In the Revena variety, planted in 2013, the largest increase in the cross-sectional area of the stem was determined in combination with control rootstocks M 9 - 2.71 cm2, 54-118 - 8.32 cm2 and MM106 - 8.40 cm2. In the Askold variety, in the group of dwarf rootstocks, trees in combination with the control rootstock M 9 - 3.10 cm2, with the semi-dwarf rootstock K104 - 9.31 cm2, and on medium growth from the rootstock D 471 - 7.43 cm2 were stronger.According to the Jonagored variety, planted in 2014, a higher researched indicator was established in combination with the dwarf rootstock KD 4 - 3.56 cm2, on the semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118 - 5.58 cm2, medium-growing rootstock D1904 - 7.10 cm2. According to the indicators of the total growth of shoots and the average length of shoots, stronger growth was noted in the group of dwarf rootstocks in the varieties: Revena, Askolda, Renet Simyrenko, Amulet in combination with rootstock M9. Also, with the use of semi-dwarf rootstocks, a stronger growth of one -year shoots was noted in the varieties: Revena in combination with the control rootstock 54-118 – 53.2 cm, Amulet, Renet Simyrenko, and Askolda with rootstock K 104, respectively 60.9 cm, 67.5 cm, and 73.2 cm, on a medium-sized rootstock, the strongest growth was noted in all varieties of apple trees in combinations with D 1904 rootstock. The volume of the crown of the tree depended on the pomological variety and rootstock. From the use of dwarf rootstocks, a larger crown volume was noted in the varieties Amulet (5.0 cm3), Renet Simyrenko (8.4 cm3) with the control rootstock M 9, in the variety Revena (1.92 cm3) with the rootstock KD 4, in the variety Askolda (3.3 cm3) with rootstock D 3038 and on a semi-dwarf rootstock - in varieties Askolda (12.7 cm3), Renet Simyrenko (14.28 cm3) with rootstock K 104. In terms of yield, the highest indicator was the Revena variety on rootstocks M 9 - 15.7 t/ha, 54-118 - 11.5 t/ha and MM 106 - 9.8 t/ha. At the same time, a higher fruit yield of the Askold variety was obtained in combination with dwarf rootstocks D 1071 - 13.7 t/ha and D 3038 - 13.8 t/ha and in the variant with the M9 rootstock, where the value was 13.0 t/ha and with a medium-sized control rootstock MM 106. Thus, for the Renet Simyrenko apple variety, the highest yield was recorded in combination with the D 1071 dwarf rootstock - 11.1 t/ha, which was 21% higher than the M 9 rootstock, and in combination with the semi-dwarf Baturyn rootstock, the yield decreased and amounted to only 3, 5 t/ha, Slobozhanska - 3.3 t/ha and D 1161 - 6.8 t/ha. One of the indicators of marketability of the crop is the average fruit weight. The average weight of the fruits in the variety rootstock combinations was the largest in the trees of the control variety rootstock combination, namely: M 9, 54-118, MM 106, and already in the varieties planted in 2014, the highest average fruit weight was obtained with dwarf rootstocks D 1071, D 3038 . However, in combinations with Revena, Amulet, and Todes varieties with rootstocks Sambirska, D 1071, fruits of the highest and first varieties prevailed - 92.2-93.0%

The stingless bee species Trigona spp. on various species of flowering plants in Baturaja City, Ogan Komering Ulu District, South Sumatra

Trigona bee (Trigona spp.) is a species of honey-producing bee that does not have a sting (Stingless bees). This bee is small in size and plays an important role as a pollinator of flowering plants. Research was conducted from June to July 2021 in Baturaja City, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra. The purpose of this research was to study the species of Trigona bees (Trigona spp.) visiting various flowering plants and the species of flowering plants visited by these bees. The research method involved purposive sampling and direct observation in the field. Observations were made by identifying bee species present on several flower plants. Trigona bees predominantly used plants in the flowering phase as a food source due to their abundant nectar and pollen production. The field observations revealed 11 species of flowering plants favored by Trigona bees, namely Kembang kertas (Zinnia elegans), Jambu air (Syzygium aqueum), Air mata pengantin (Antigonon leptopus), Kelengkeng (Dimocarpus longan), Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), Cabai (Capsicum annuum), Seri (Muntingia calabura), Palem (Dypsis lutescens), Matahari (Helianthus annuus), Santos lemon (Xanthostemon chrysanthus), and Belimbing (Averrhoa carambola). The most commonly found species of Trigona spp. was Heterogona itama, observed on the bridal tears flower (Antigonon leptopus).

The stingless bee species Trigona spp. on various species of flowering plants in Baturaja City, Ogan Komering Ulu District, South Sumatra

Trigona bee (Trigona spp.) is a species of honey-producing bee that does not have a sting (Stingless bees). This bee is small in size and plays an important role as a pollinator of flowering plants. Research was conducted from June to July 2021 in Baturaja City, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra. The purpose of this research was to study the species of Trigona bees (Trigona spp.) visiting various flowering plants and the species of flowering plants visited by these bees. The research method involved purposive sampling and direct observation in the field. Observations were made by identifying bee species present on several flower plants. Trigona bees predominantly used plants in the flowering phase as a food source due to their abundant nectar and pollen production. The field observations revealed 11 species of flowering plants favored by Trigona bees, namely Kembang kertas (Zinnia elegans), Jambu air (Syzygium aqueum), Air mata pengantin (Antigonon leptopus), Kelengkeng (Dimocarpus longan), Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), Cabai (Capsicum annuum), Seri (Muntingia calabura), Palem (Dypsis lutescens), Matahari (Helianthus annuus), Santos lemon (Xanthostemon chrysanthus), and Belimbing (Averrhoa carambola). The most commonly found species of Trigona spp. was Heterogona itama, observed on the bridal tears flower (Antigonon leptopus).

Trakya Bölgesi Koşullarında Kısıntılı Sulama Programlarının Darıda (Panicum miliaceum L.) Verim Üzerine Etkileri

Millets are indigenous to many parts of the world and are more widely grown, especially in areas where water is limited. The most widely grown millet type is sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). A field study was carried out to determine the effect of deficit irrigation regimes on grain yield and seasonal evapotranspiration of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in the Thrace Region of Turkey. The field trials were conducted on a loam Entisol soil, on Öğretmenoğlu and Beydarı, the most popular varieties in the research area. In the study, the split plots experimental design with three replications was used. Eight different irrigation issues are considered, including combinations of the vegetative (V), flowering (F) and grain formation (Y) phases of the plant (including dry conditions, NoI). Results showed that proso millet was significantly affected by water stress during the sensitive flowering stage. The highest grain yield was obtained with 4.09 t ha-1 from Öğretmenoğlu and 4.03 t ha-1 from Beydarı, which was rinsed (VFY) in all development periods. Seasonal irrigation water use and evapotranspiration of the irrigated (VFY) in all development periods were 318 and 579 mm, respectively, for the non-stressed treatment. The seasonal water yield function was calculated as Y = 0.4087 ET + 144.03, and the seasonal yield-water response factor value was calculated as 0.57'.

MTYOLOX: Multi-transformers-enabled YOLO for tree-level apple inflorescences detection and density mapping

Fruit tree-specific management plays a vital role in ensuring fruit quality and quantity. Monitoring inflorescence information is essential for apple tree cultivation activity such as inflorescence thinning in the early flowering phase. The proportion to be thinned is mainly determined by the inflorescence intensity of the whole tree. Most existing researches pay more attention to apple flower detection in local regions of the tree, but a small subset of trees cannot provide tree-level information on inflorescences. Therefore, a novel transformer-based CNN model, MTYOLOX, is presented for robustly detecting full tree inflorescences. The DAT-Darknet and ST-PAFPN modules based on multiple self-attention mechanisms are designed and rationally embedded into the backbone and neck of the network to explore the potential global context information and extract more distinguished features for inflorescences detection. The MTYOLOX exhibits robust adaptability to variable illumination directions in the uncontrolled and challenging orchard environment. Comparisons with representative detection methods (SSD, FCOS, Faster RCNN, YOLOv4, YOLOv5s, Variant YOLOv5s, YOLOXs and YOLOv7) show that the proposed MTYOLOX achieves the highest AP50 of 0.834 and AR50 of 0.933 with encouraging detection speed, total parameters, flops and model size. The competitive performance indicated that the proposed method is feasible for apple inflorescences detection of the whole tree. On the basis of detection results from the MTYOLOX, the tree-level inflorescences density mapping is implemented for the potential commercial application. This study is expected to provide a solution reference for precision horticulture.

Influence of basic soil treatment and moisture supply on the structural elements of soybean harvest

The article presents the results of studying the influence of methods of basic tillage and moisture availability on the elements of the structure of the soybean crop: the mass of seeds per plant, the number of beans and seeds per plant, the height of the plant, the weight of 1000 seeds and the yield of soybeans of the Volma variety, after winter wheat. It was found that on average in 2020-2022. Moisture conditions developed in such a way that among the main tillage methods, high yield structure and yield were obtained in the variant with plowing by 22-24 cm - 2.2 t/ha, slightly less yield was obtained by non-moldboard loosening by 22-24 cm - 2 0 t/ha, disking with a processing depth of 16-18 cm produced the least amount of grain - 1.9 t/ha. In addition, it was noted that the method of basic processing affects the amount and dynamics of moisture in the soil during the growing season. During the germination period, the largest moisture reserves were recorded on non-moldboard loosening, and the smallest - on disking. In the flowering phase, when soybean plants urgently need moisture to form a crop, the largest amount of it was in plowing, and the smallest - in disking.

Efficiency of cultivation of variegated alfalfa and awnless brome in pure form and in mixed sowings

The development of technology elements for the cultivation of perennial alfalfa-brome mixtures contributes to the formation of highly productive agrocenoses and reduce the cost of fodder mass. In 2017-2022, in the conditions of the Penza region, there has been studied the effect of seeding rates of alfalfa variegated of Daria variety and awnless brome Udalets in pure and mixed sowings, the level of mineral nutrition and the time of harvesting green mass on the economic and energy efficiency of cultivation. Growing seasons of 2017-2021 were characterized by dry conditions (HTC = 0.4-0.8), of 2022 – by normal moisture (HTC = 1.0). The calculation of the cost of production showed the advantage of the seeding rate of alfalfa and brome 70+40 %, the introduction of N45P60K90 and harvesting in the early phase the cost of 1 ton of feed units amounted to 2.36 thousand rubles, in the variant without fertilizers at this seeding rate, the cost was 6.8 % higher – 2.52 thousand rubles. The level of profitability of alfalfa-brome mixtures when cultivated for green mass was at a high level and amounted to 161-238 % according to the variants. Higher rates were obtained in variants with a seeding rate of 70+40 %, the introduction of N45P60K90 during harvesting both in the budding phase and variable mowing – 235-238 %. Cost of 1 ton feed units at a seeding rate of 70+40 % was 1.51-1.96 GJ (depending on the mowing period), a decrease in the seeding rate of alfalfa to 40 % increased the cost of 1 ton of feed units up to 1.74-2.20 GJ. The use of mineral fertilizers increased the cost of 1 ton of feed units when applying P60K90 by 0.02-0.06 GJ, and when introducing N45P60K90 by 0.29-0.36 GJ. The early phase of harvesting was energetically favorable – the cost of 1 ton of feed units was lower than when harvesting in the flowering phase by 0.08-0.15 GJ. With a high seeding rate of alfalfa and a low seeding rate of brome (70+40 %), the maximum energy efficiency coefficient (EEC) was obtained – 5.2-7.1 (depending on the background of nutrition and the mowing period). With a decrease in the seeding rate of alfalfa from 70 to 40 %, a decrease in the EEC to 4.5-6.1 was noted. The application of mineral fertilizers significantly reduced the EEE indicators – from 5.8-7.1 to 5.5-6.7 with the application of P60K90 and to 4.3-5.3 with the application of N45P60K90. At an early harvesting time (budding phase), the EEC was slightly higher – 4.7-7.1, than at a late harvesting time (flowering phase) – 4.5-6.8.

Breeding value of drought-resistant sterile sorghum lines

Currently, breeders often use multidimensional statistics methods to process a large set of experimental data. To characterize the breeding value of 20 sorghum lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS lines) under arid cultivation conditions, during the research there was applied a cluster analysis, allowing to group the lines into clusters according to similar indicators from 15 analyzed agronomic and physiological characteristics. The studies were carried out during 2019-2021, various in meteorological conditions: the hydrothermal coefficient was 0.59-0.84 during the vegetation period of plants. Cytoplasmic male sterility lines were sown at a density of 100 thousand plants per 1 hectare. Breeding and physiological traits were evaluated according to generally accepted methods. The assessment of agronomic and physiological characteristics was carried out according to generally accepted methods. For further practical work, based on the results of the conducted studies, four CMS lines of grain sorghum (clusters 2, 3, 5) were identified according to a complex of physiological and breeding characteristics. Sterile lines (A2 Vostorg, M35-1А Pischevoe 614, A3 Feterita 14 and A2 KVV 114) were distinguished by the highest seed yield of 3.02-3.50 t/ha, high water content (72.7-73.7 %) and water retention capacity of leaves (72.2-84.3 %), low water deficiency (6.5-8.7 %). The study of moisture loss during the natural wilting of leaves confirmed the high resistance to drought in the flowering phase of the sterile A2 KVV 114 line, in which the intensity of moisture loss after 1 hour was only 9.9 %, 1.5 h – 15.8 % and 24 h – 68.6 %. In breeding for increasing drought resistance the CMS-line A1 Efremovskoe 2 (the sixth cluster) should be noted, as it was inferior to the above-described lines only in terms of low water deficiency (16.5 %), indicating average drought resistance. The line is the tallest with large leaves (length – 46.7 cm, area – 163.8 cm2) and form 3.21 t/ha of seeds on average for the period presented. The use of the obtained data provides the increasing of the breeding process for the creation of productive drought-resistant F1 sorghum hybrids.

Dynamics of Absorbed Nitrogen Forms in Mountain-Chernozem Soils of Gadabay District of Azerbaijan

The article presents the results of a study conducted in 2015-2017 in Chaldash of Gadabay district on mountain-chernozem soils under Solanum tuberosumculture in rainfed conditions. The dynamics of the accumulation of absorbed nitrogen both in the soil and in the plant was studied, according to the phases of development: budding, flowering and the phase of full ripeness. According to the results of 3 years of research, it was revealed that, depending on the diet, the amount N/NH4, N/NO3 in the soil on the N93P98K126 + 20 t manure variant was 41.02-21.06 mg/kg in the budding phase, and in the phase of flowering and maturation 31.06-31.03 mg/kg and 15.17-7.98 mg/kg. The amount of N/NH4, N/NO3 in the soil in different phases of plant growth increased compared to the control variant. This is due to the fact that the applied organic, mineral and complex fertilizers led to the introduction of nitrogen N/NH4, N/NO3.

Source-Sink Alterations in Rice Fallow Adaptive Blackgram Variety ADT3 for Enhancement of Yield and Quality of Seed

Seed Production of rice fallow blackgram variety, ADT3 has limitations due to inherent issues of soil fertility, climate change and thermo sensitivity results in poor flowering, reduced pod setting and poor seed filling. Macro and micro nutrients application during critical stages of growth were tried to improve the seed yield and quality in rice fallow blackgram variety ADT3. The combined foliar spraying of 0.5% NPK (macro) and 0.2% chelated micro nutrients mixture (Fe 2.5%, Mn 1.0%, Zn 3.0%, Cu 1.0%, Mo 0.1% and B 0.5%), were sprayed on 15th (Vegetative phase), 30th (Reproductive phase), 45th ( Flowering and pod formation phase) days after germination improved the growth and seed parameters viz., plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, filled seed % which resulted in increased seed yield in rice fallow blackgram variety, ADT3.&#x0D; Response of macro and micro nutrients through foliar mode revealed the lack of soil fertility resulting in poor uptake of macro and micro nutrients. Foliar application induced uniform flowering and synchronous maturity of pods with least shattering which would facilitate mechanical harvesting. Foliar application of macro and micro nutrients phenotypically altered the source-sink which greatly influenced the yield of seed, germination and seedling quality parameters.

The influence of the temperature factor on the passage of phenophases of &lt;i&gt;Clematis L.&lt;/i&gt; varieties

Relevance. The features of the passage of the phenological phases of vegetation and flowering of 20 varieties of the genus Clematis L. in the agro-climatic conditions of Stavropol were studied. The dates of the onset of phenophases in different years have been established. A shift in these terms was revealed, associated with the amount of heat received by the plant during the period preceding the phase.Methods. The object of study was 20 varieties of clematis from the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden belonging to two garden groups — Integrifolia and Jackmanii. The study of phenorhythm features was carried out in 2018–2022, using the generally accepted methodology of phenological observations in botanical gardens.Results. It has been established that the onset of the phenological phases of the beginning of vegetation and flowering depends on the temperature factor of a particular year, but the sequence of flowering of varieties of different groups is preserved. The beginning of the growing season, in the studied varieties of the two groups, occurs simultaneously, but differs over the years. Phenological observations show a shift of these dates, in some years, up to 26 days. For the onset of the «beginning of flowering» phase, the sum of accumulated positive temperatures above +5 °C for the interphase period from the beginning of vegetation to the beginning of flowering is determined. For clematis varieties of the Integrifolia group, the sum of temperatures at the beginning of flowering was 943–989 °C (average — 962 °C), and the Jackmanii group was 1406–1432 °C (average — 1418 °C).

Фармакогностическое исследование сырья Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.

Введение новых видов растений в медицинскую практику требует проведения фармакогностического исследования, в том числе определение макро- и микроскопических показателей растительного сырья.В статье изложены результаты анатомо-морфологического исследования надземных органов трехре-берника непахучего (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.), собранного в природных условиях в фазе цветения. Растение проявляет антикоагулянтные свойства, обладает мягчительными, спазмоли-тическими и анальгезирующими свойствами, а также проявляет антибактериальную активность. По итогам анализа морфологических и анатомических показателей трехреберника непахучего определе-ны диагностические признаки сырья на макро- и микроскопическом уровнях. Так, на макроскопиче-ском уровне определены следующие признаки: форма, цвет стебля с поверхности и цвет на изломе;форма и степень рассечения листовой пластины, форма конечных долек листочков; форма цветочной корзинки, особенности строения листочков обвертки, цветоложа; строение и форма трубчатых и колокольчатых цветков. На микроскопическом уровне признаки сырья Tripleurospermum inodorum следующие: форма и структура стебля, размещение основных тканей; форма и строение клеток эпидермиса венчика цветка и листочков обвертки, расположение вместилищ и эфирно-масличных железок. Полученные результаты могут войти в проект нормативных документов на растительное сырье данного вида.

Influence of climatic conditions on infection of sunflower lines by phoma black stem

The purpose of the research was to analyze three year observations (2018–2020) for the climate changes effect on infection of the breeding sunflower lines (Helianthus annuus L.) by a Phoma black stem pathogen Plenodomus lindquistii (Frezzi) Gruyter, Aveskamp &amp; Verkley in the central zone of the Krasnodar region. The disease was monitored on fields of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, Krasnodar. Analysis of climatic factors in years of the research resulted that heavy rainfalls (119.2?134.6 mm) exceeding multi-year averages (60.0 mm) by two times and the optimal average daily temperature 23.0?26.4 ?С in July are favorable for stem infection by Plenodomus lindquistii in the second half of the summer, in a phase of sunflower flowering – maturing. In 2018, the moisture deficit in June (11.0 mm) and August (6.8 mm) was a factor suppressing the viability of an infectious matter of a fungus that led to a low frequency of Phoma black stem on the sunflower lines (in average 20.3%). In 2019 and 2020, prevalence (P) and development (R) of Phoma black stem in average on sunflower lines were equal 23.3?29.9% and 21.4?28.1%, respectively. A line L 107 demonstrated a stable resistance to Plenodomus lindquistii infection during three years: amount of infected plants was within 5.7?8.3%, development was 3.8?8.3% at the infection level of 1–2 points. A susceptible line L 116 was selected (P: 47.5?62.8%, and R: 38.0?40.0%). Among the studied breeding lines, the sample VK 900 was the most susceptible to weather conditions of the year: prevalence of the Phoma black stem varied within 21.1?45.5% at the infection level of 1?3 points.

Providing buckwheat plants with macronutrients for different fertilization systems in the conditions of the Northern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Aim. The method of research, which is highlighted in the article, is the detection of changes in the ontogeny of buckwheat, associated with the provision of plant nutrients for different fertilization systems and the presence of physiological functional relationships between several macroelements with justification, in plants and their influence on the formation of productivity. Methods. The scheme of the experiment included a mineral fertilizer system – N45Р45К60, N25Р25К30 and N15Р25К30 + N15 (fertilizing plants at the IX stage of organogenesis). These variants were superimposed on variants without treatment (control) and with seed treatment with BTU. Reasonable determinations include humus content - according to Tyurin’s method, easily hydrolyzed nitrogen - according to Kornfield’s method, mobile phosphorus and potassium - according to Chirikov’s method. Plant samples were subjected to wet ashing according to the Ginzburg method. Results. The introduction of mineral fertilizers helped to increase the content of macroelements in the soil. At the time of crop emergence, the reserves of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil horizon ranged from 74.6 mg/kg to 80,5 mg/kg. It was the least in the control variant. The content of mobile phosphates reached 126,6 mg/kg in the control variants and increased to 144.3 and 165.6 mg/kg of soil when mineral fertilizers were applied. This trend remained in the phase of mass flowering. The amount of Р2О5 in the soil also changed under the influence of applied fertilizers. The difference between the tested variants and the control was 56.7 mg/kg of soil in the seedling phase and 32.5 mg/kg of soil in the mass flowering phase. The content of macroelements in the soil had a positive effect on the supply of nutrients to the plant. On average, over the years of research, in the variants with the introduction of NRK and seed treatment with BTU, buckwheat plants were provided with nitrogen and phosphorus, the potassium content in the plants was insufficient. Conclusions. A close relationship was obtained between the supply of plants with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and crop productivity, which was – r = 0.81; 0.74; 0.91 respectively.