Chrysanthemum Flowers Research Articles

Pengendalian Penyakit Karat Putih (Puccinia horiana) dengan Menggunakan Bakteri Antagonis Pada Tanaman Krisan

The study aims to analyze the techniques of controlling white rust, Pucinia horiana by using antagonistic bacteria. The results showed that all antagonistic microbes tested for controlling white rust (P. horiana) showed good ability to suppress because all were significantly different from the control and Pseudomonas flourescens was proven to be the most effective at suppressing the development of rust disease which was equivalent to the use of synthetic chlorotalonyl fungicides. Besides that, P. flourescens application increases plant height growth and quality of chrysanthemum flower caused by the ability of the two microbes as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria.

PREPARATION DIFFERENTIAL CULTURE MEDIUM FOR CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS FROM AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIAEFOLIUM

Objective: A new medium was prepared to isolate and diagnose the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans from flower and leaves aqueous extract of chrysanthemum.
 Methods: Prepared differential culture medium for C. neoformans from aqueous extract of leaves and flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and chemical, spectral tests of the extracts were tested, in addition of gas chromatography (GC)–mass was used to diagnose phenolic compounds in both leaves and flowers.
 Results: Showed that the yeast was grow with typical colonies on the new medium compared with other media which using in diagnosed of this yeast such as Staib agar and Sabourauds dextrose agar and unlike the yeast Candida albicans (as a negative control), which appeared in cream to white on this medium. Furthermore, the colonies are dark brown in color on flower chrysanthemum medium and light brown color on leaves chrysanthemum medium. In addition, the results of the chemical and spectral tests of the extracts confirmed that the plant contains many active compounds such as alkaloids, turbines, tannins, and phenols. The analysis of the extracts of phenolic compounds using GC–mass led to the diagnosis of five compounds in the leaf extract and nine compounds in the flower extract of this plant.
 Conclusions: The media was prepared is differential medium that use to diagnosis of Cryptococcus such as Staib agar. Moreover, low economic cost, which consists of leaves and flowers of a plant available, abundance and the method of preparation is very simple.

Produksi dan Profil Metabolit Bunga Krisan (Chrysanthemum sp.) pada Intensitas Cahaya Lampu LED dengan Durasi Yang Berbeda

Chrysanthemum is a Short Day Plant (SDP) that will flower if the day length is less than 12 hours. Indonesian Chrysanthemum farmers provide additional light at night to maintain the Chrysanthemum’s vegetative phase so obtained the stem length which accordance to the cut flower standard (±76 cm). In other side, Chrysanthemum flowers are known has contain metabolites product and potentially useful. This study is purpose to determine the effect of differences in LED light intensity and light exposure duration on growth, flower production, and metabolites profile of chrysanthemum. The study used a RAL method 3x2 factorial pattern which is in the form of giving an additional light intensity of 0 W, 10 W and 20 W and an additional light exposure duration of 2 hrs and 4 hrs. The results showed that the combination of 20 W + 4 hrs is optimaly increases the stem length (96,2 cm) and flowers diameter (6,6 cm). The 20 W light intensity is optimally inhibits the flower initiation and increases the amount of flower. The most compounds produced by chrysanthemum are from fatty acid groups, then hydrocarbons, and diterpenes. The combination of 10 W + 4 hrs is an optimally increases flower metabolites production that produces the most compounds compared to other treatments.

Steering root microbiomes of a commercial horticultural crop with plant-soil feedbacks

Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) can influence plant performance in natural and agricultural systems but how PSF principles can be applied in agriculture is not well-studied.In a two-phase PSF experiment, we tested how inoculating soil conditioned by plants into live and sterilized commercial glasshouse soil influences the root-associated microbiome (bacteria and fungi) and biomass of the cut flower chrysanthemum. The conditioned soil inocula were obtained by growing eight grassland species and chrysanthemum individually in soil collected from a commercial chrysanthemum glasshouse, or in soil from a natural grassland.Inoculation of conditioned grassland soil into sterilized glasshouse soil led to higher plant biomass, to more complex and connected microbial networks and to a lower abundance of the pathogenic fungi Olpidium in chrysanthemum roots, than inoculation into live glasshouse soil or inoculation with conditioned live glasshouse soil. Biomass of chrysanthemum was highest in 100% sterilized soil, but in this soil the root-associated microbiome also contained the highest relative abundance of Olpidium.Glasshouse soils are frequently steam-sterilized and our results show that inoculating these soils with desired soil microbiomes can steer the root microbiome in this crop. However, our study also highlights that steering live glasshouse soil with a disease-related microbiome into a healthy state remains challenging.

Ectopic expression of AtSOC1 gene driven by the inducible promoter rd29A, causes early flowering in Chrysanthemum

Suppressor of Overexpression of Constans1 of Arabidopsis (AtSOC1) plays an important role in floral induction and development as one of the flowering pathway integrators. rd29A is a stress inducible promoter. To obtain a new chrysanthemum germplasm with an inducible flowering time, we succeeded in making transgenic chrysanthemum plants carrying AtSOC1 genes driven by the rd29A promoter via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Molecular characterization confirmed the stable integration of the introduced gene cassette in the transformants. The result showed that AtSOC1 expression was elevated to varying extents in different transgenic lines. One of the lines showed an obvious phenotype of early flowering, which was induced by drought stress. These results indicated that AtSOC1, driven by the rd29A promoter, can regulate the flowering time when drought stress treatments are applied to chrysanthemum.

Transcriptome analysis of the molecular mechanism of Chrysanthemum flower color change under short-day photoperiods

Chrysanthemum [Dendranthema morifolium Tzvel.] is an ornamental plant grown under long-term artificial cultivation conditions. In production, early Chrysanthemum blossoms are often promoted by artificial short-day treatment. However, we found that the flower colour of Chrysanthemum blossoms induced by artificial short-day treatment was lighter than those induced by the natural photoperiod. To explore the intrinsic mechanism of colour fading in flowers, we performed full-length transcriptome sequencing of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Jinbeidahong’ using single-molecule real-time sequencing and RNA-sequencing under natural daylight (ND) and short daylight (SD) conditions. The clustered transcriptome sequences were assigned to various databases, such as NCBI, Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology and so on. The comparative results of digital gene expression analysis revealed that there were differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in the four stages under ND and SD conditions. In addition, the expression patterns of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The major regulators of the light signalling ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 genes were markedly upregulated under ND conditions. The patterns of anthocyanin accumulation were consistent with the expression patterns of CHI1 and 3GT1. The results showed that the anthocyanin synthesis is tightly regulated by the photoperiod, which will be useful for molecular breeding of Chrysanthemum.

Cellular Evidence of CD63-Enriched Exosomes and Multivesicular Bodies within the Seminiferous Tubule during the Spermatogenesis of Turtles.

The seminiferous tubule (ST) is the location of spermatogenesis, where mature spermatozoa are produced with the assistance of Sertoli cells. The role of extracellular vesicles in the direct communication between Sertoli-germ cells in the ST is still not fully understood. In this study, we reported multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and their source of CD63-enriched exosomes by light and ultrastructure microscopy during the reproductive phases of turtles. Strong CD63 immunopositivity was detected at the basal region in the early and luminal regions of the ST during late spermatogenesis by immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and western blot (WB) analysis. Labeling of CD63 was detected in the Sertoli cell cytoplasmic processes that surround the developing germ cells during early spermatogenesis and in the lumen of the ST with elongated spermatids during late spermatogenesis. Furthermore, ultrastructure analysis confirmed the existence of numerous MVBs in the Sertoli cell prolongations that surround the round and primary spermatogonia during acrosome biogenesis and with the embedded heads of spermatids in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. Additionally, in spermatids, Chrysanthemum flower centers (CFCs) generated isolated membranes involved in MVBs and autophagosome formation, and their fusion to form amphiosomes was also observed. Additionally, autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (after 24 h) increased CD63 protein signals during late spermatogenesis, as detected by IF and WB. Collectively, our study found MVBs and CD63 rich exosomes within the Sertoli cells and their response to autophagy inhibition in the ST during the spermatogenesis in the turtle.

Assessing transfer of pesticide residues from chrysanthemum flowers into tea solution and associated health risks

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) flowers are consumed as a popular, traditional herbal tea worldwide. During tea infusion with hot water pesticide residues in chrysanthemum flowers can be transferred into tea solution, posing potential health risks to consumers. Using greenhouse chrysanthemum this study systematically investigated the transfer of metalaxyl-M, fludioxonil, cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin (a major metabolite of thiamethoxam) from dry chrysanthemum flowers to tea solution at a range of infusion repetitions, duration and water temperature. The tested pesticides were released into tea solution at varying degrees, and the maximum transfer percentage was 59.9%, 9.8%, 29.4%, 88.2% and 68.4% for metalaxyl-M, fludioxonil, cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin, respectively. The transfer of pesticides into tea solution generally increased with increasing pesticide water solubility, water temperature, infusion duration, and pesticide concentrations in dry chrysanthemum flowers, but decreased with increasing octanol-water partition coefficient and the number of infusion repetitions. Risk quotient for pesticide intake via consuming tea solution of chrysanthemum flowers (one and two times of recommended pesticide dosages) ranged from <0.00003 to 0.0924, indicating a low health risk. This study provides useful information for risk assessment of pesticide residues in greenhouse chrysanthemum flowers and may help establish realistic maximum residue limit of pesticides in chrysanthemum flowers and tea solution.

Uptake and dissipation of metalaxyl-M, fludioxonil, cyantraniliprole and thiamethoxam in greenhouse chrysanthemum

Production of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) in greenhouses often requires intensive pesticide use, which raises serious concerns over food safety and human health. This study investigated uptake, translocation and residue dissipation of typical fungicides (metalaxyl-M and fludioxonil) and insecticides (cyantraniliprole and thiamethoxam) in greenhouse chrysanthemum when applied in soils. Chrysanthemum plants could absorb these pesticides from soils via roots to various degrees, and bioconcentration factors (BCFLS) were positively correlated with lipophilicity (log Kow) of pesticides. Highly lipophilic fludioxonil (log Kow = 4.12) had the greatest BCFLS (2.96 ± 0.41 g g−1), whereas hydrophilic thiamethoxam (log Kow = −0.13) had the lowest (0.09 ± 0.03 g g−1). Translocation factors (TF) from roots to shoots followed the order of TFleaf > TFstem > TFflower. Metalaxyl-M and cyantraniliprole with medium lipophilicity (log Kow of 1.71 and 2.02, respectively) and hydrophilic thiamethoxam showed relatively strong translocation potentials with TF values in the range of 0.29–0.81, 0.36–2.74 and 0.30–1.03, respectively. Dissipation kinetics in chrysanthemum flowers followed the first-order with a half-life of 21.7, 5.5, 10.0 or 8.2 days for metalaxyl-M, fludioxonil, cyantraniliprole and thiamethoxam, respectively. Final residues of these four pesticides, including clothianidin (a primary toxic metabolite of thiamethoxam), in all chrysanthemum flower samples were below the maximum residue limit (MRL) values 21 days after two soil applications each at the recommended dose (i.e., 3.2, 2.1, 4.3 and 4.3 kg ha−1, respectively). However, when doubling the recommended dose, the metabolite clothianidin remained at concentrations greater than the MRL, despite that thiamethoxam concentration was lower than the MRL value. This study provided valuable insights on the uptake and residues of metalaxyl-M, fludioxonil, cyantraniliprole and thiamethoxam (including its metabolite clothianidin) in greenhouse chrysanthemum production, and could help better assess food safety risks of chrysanthemum contamination by parent pesticides and their metabolites.

The SWOT Analysis for Chrysanthemum Farmers Business Development Strategies for Fresh Chrysanthemum Farmers

Objective – This paper examines the business strategy at cut flower area. The need for cut flowers, especially chrysanthemums, is very large. The farmers of cut flowers are concentrated in Java, namely Malang, Bandungan, Yogyakarta and Cianjur in West Java. Methodology/Technique – In this study the object is in Bandungan, Semarang area. With large market conditions, it is possible for cut flower farmers to plant various varieties of chrysanthemum that the market likes. In order to fulfil the market prospect that is still wide open, chrysanthemum cut flower farmers must have business strategies that are able to provide guidance on the business being run. Production activities will develop and have an impact on farmers if supported by organizational policies that not only manage internal activities but are also able to face challenges from a dynamic external environment. Findings &amp; Novelty – The SWOT analysis were used at this research. The strategies that should be created are increasing cooperation, maintaining networks, and expanding marketing. The need for cut flowers especially chrysanthemums flowers in Indonesia is very large. This study aims to identify and examine the internal and external factors of the development of chrysanthemum agribusiness in Bandungan Village and to determine the priority of appropriate agribusiness strategies based on the farmer’s needs. This study is descriptive analysis research with a sample of 45 Chrysanthemum farmers. Using SWOT analysis, we found the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat for the farmers and we could design alternative business strategies. Internal Strategic Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) is used to identify and evaluate the key internal factors of the company, while External Strategic Factor Analysis (EFAS) is used to organize external strategic factors into generally accepted categories of opportunities and threats. Meanwhile, IE matrix is used to define the business strategy at the company level with greater details. The results suggest that the farmers should strengthen the internal conditions of the farmer groups, improve the production of chrysanthemum flower, and maximize the use of production facilities and equipment, These findings imply that production activities will develop and have a positive impact on farmers if supported by organizational policies that not only manage internal activities but are also able to face challenges of a dynamic external environment. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: Chrysanthemum Flower; Strategic Management; SWOT Analysis. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Helmiatin; Susanty, E. 2019. The SWOT Analysis for Chrysanthemum Farmers Business Development Strategies for Fresh Chrysanthemum Farmers, J. Bus. Econ. Review 4(3) 139 – 148 https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2019.4.3(3) JEL Classification: Q20, Q22, Q29.

Optimization of Spacing, doses of Vermi-compost and Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid on Growth, Flowering and Soil Health of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) cv. “Guldasta”

A field experiment was conducted during the year 2018–2019 to study the effect of spacing (50×50, 50×60 and 50×75), dose of vermi-compost (0, 5.0 and 10.0 ton/ha) and foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 100 and 200 ppm) on the growth, flowering and soil health of chrysanthemum. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with twenty seven treatments and three replications. Significant improvement in growth and flowering characters was recorded with closer spacing (50×50 cm) except plant spread, number of flowers/plant, weight of individual flower, diameter of flower, shelf life and stalk length while, plants grown at wider spacing had maximum available NPK in post harvested soil. Gradual increases doses of vermicompost for 0 to 10.0 ton/ha significantly improved plant growth, flowering and yield attributing traits alongwith higher availability of NPK in post harvested soil. Among the foliar spray of salicylic acid, salicylic acid (100 ppm) significantly produced good plant growth and flower yield except induced early flowering and 50% flowering however, control showed maximum availability of NPK in post-harvested soil. Among the combined combinations, maximum flower yield/plant was recorded with treatment combination T26 (S3+VC2+SA1) and treatment combination T8 (S1+VC2+SA1) resulted in maximum flower yield/plot and flower yield/ha during course of study.

Sistem Pakar Untuk Diagnosa Hama dan Penyakit Pada Bunga Krisan Menggunakan Forward Chaining

Bunga krisan adalah jenis tumbuhan berbunga yang sering ditanam sebagai tanaman hias atau bunga petik. Petani bunga krisan rata-rata mempunyai pengetahuan yang kurang mengenai hama dan penyakit pada bunga krisan yang susah untuk diidentifikasi, sehingga terlambat dalam melakukan penanganan dan pecegahan yang nantinya akan berakibat pada menurunnya hasil panen bunga krisan. Sistem pakar dapat mengatasi permasalahan ini yaitu dengan merancang sebuah sistem komputer berbasis web yang terintegrasi dengan database dan bahasa pemrograman seperti PHP-MySQL sehingga dapat membantu petani bunga krisan di Poncokusumo untuk mendiagnosa hama dan penyakit tersebut. Aplikasi sistem pakar dalam pengambilan keputusannya menggunakan mesin inferensi seperti Forward Chaining yang bekerja dengan menelusuri kasus-kasus berdasarkan rule-rule pada pohon keputusan. Diagnosa hama dan penyakit mengunakan metode forward chaining. Pada penelitian ini jenis penyakit yang dapat didiagnosa sebanyak 12 penyakit. Hasil dari implementasi sistem yaitu sistem akan memberikan pertanyaan berupa gejala-gejala yang dijawab oleh petani berdasarkan gejala yang dialami bunga krisan dan hasil dari proses tersebut sistem akan memberikan informasi hama atau penyakit apa yang dialaminya untuk mendapatkan solusi pengobatan dan pencegahannya. Pengujian yang digunakan yaitu pengujian akurasi dengan data uji sebanyak 21 pengujian.

Identification of Chrysanthemum Flower Based on Color and Flower Form using Sobel Edge and Artificial Neural Network

Chrysanthemum is a popular ornamental plant in Indonesia because it has a variety of shapes and colors that attract a lot of attention. In addition to the trimmer, this flower can be used as a mosquito repellent and also absorbs dirty air pollution. Chrysanthemum flowers can be distinguished by color and shape with two types of ways to grow Chrysanthemum flowers that grow in clusters are called spray and also flowers that grow with no cluster or a flower per stalk. In addition, Chrysanthemum flowers have various color variations including pink, purple, yellow, white, orange, and red. The purpose of this study is to identify the type of Chrysanthemum flowers using extraction of Red, Green, Blue (RGB) color features and characteristic extraction using a Sobel edge detection, for his identification method using Artificial Neural Networks. Chrysanthemum data are white puma, Vania, Iranian, purple aster, and pink standard used in this research consisted of 100 training data and 50 tests data. The test was done with four tests that is identification with form extraction (Sobel) yielded accuracy value equal to 59.52%, identification with color and shape extraction yield accuracy value equal to 65.36%, identification with color extraction on flower and base flower plate yield value accuracy of 69.44%, and identification with color extraction yields an accuracy value of 75.35%.

Effects of chrysanthemum flower extract on cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoprenaline in mice

Effects of chrysanthemum flower extract on cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoprenaline in mice

The Growth and Flowering of Potted Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) on Types of Organic Media and Watering Frequent

The soils in Samigaluh are mostly dominated by clay and used by farmer for crops production. The growing media for potted chrysanthemum requires additional organic media that could be mixed with the organic material to improve chemical and physical soil properties. Furthermore, the research location is a region with little water in dry season. The research aimed to determine the growth and flower yield response of Avanthe agrihorti to the different organic material mixed with clay and watering frequency. The research was arranged in a split plot design with 3 replications, conducted at an altitude of 462 m above sea level in the village of Gerbosari, Samigaluh, from March to June 2018. The main plot was watering frequency, i.e. every day, every three days and every five days. The subplot was types of media, i.e. clay + manure, clay + manure + cocopeat, clay + manure +rice husk, and clay + manure + rice husk charcoal. Data on the growth and yield of chrysanthemum plants were observed and statistically analyzed with ANOVA and continued with DMRT test at 5%. The results showed that the types of media and watering frequency did not significantly give different effect on most of the observed variables. However, Avanthe Agrihorti planted on clay + manure + cocopeat at all watering frequencies showed better growth and yield of flowers than those planted on other media. The efficient watering frequency for Avanthe Agrihorti was every three days. This study provides information for farmers on an alternative method to prepare the best media for the cultivation of potted chrysanthemum on the soil clay.

Transformation of eIF5B1 gene into Chrysanthemum to gain calluses of high temperature tolerance

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental flowers in the world. In general, abnormal morphology of Chrysanthemum flowers is developed during~35–40 °C, which significantly damages incomes of flower gardener. Therefore, to select Chrysanthemum lines of high temperature tolerance is of vital importance. In this study, transgenic calluses with eIF5B1, a regulatory gene of high temperature tolerance, were generated, and the presence of the transgene and its stable expression were confirmed through PCR, GUS assay and Western blotting. These transgenic calluses with plantlets were also observed by both electron and optical microscope. Findings indicate these lines contain more starch granules, which are a marker of high temperature tolerance. We expect that the efficient protocol developed in this study will facilitate the genetic transformation of the genes of interest and that these regulatory genes will help in keeping the flower morphology of Chrysanthemum under high temperature stress.

PERANCANGAN READY – TO – WEAR DELUXE BERKONSEP SUSTAINABLE FASHION UNTUK BRAND ALLEGRA JANE

This designed collection is made to promote Sustainable Fashion, which is of particular concern with the abundance of waste in the fashion industry, especially in Indonesia. Domestically, there are still many consumers who buy fast fashion products and have not extensively used environmentally friendly products made in Indonesia. Seeing the importance of local fashion brands lifting the concept of Sustainable Fashion by preserving Indonesian art and culture, ALLEGRA JANE a fashion brand made the designs in the form of Ready – to – Wear collection or also called ready – made clothes using ATBM woven fabric and Pasuruan Batik with natural coloring. The Pasuruan Batik Motif selected for this collection is called Tansah Kelingan, which is the motif of chrysanthemum flowers and tuberose flowers. The other motif is Sumebyar Ing Kalen, which is a rose motif and tuberose flowers motif, both of these Batik designs are equipped with detailed technique of hand written Batik of sprinkles. The design collection is inspired by Autumn Winter 2019 - 2020 color and fashion trends. The designs of this collection have straight silhouettes and tailoring structures that can be easily combined with outers, tops and bottoms worn as semi-casual wear or semi-formal wear.

Inventory Planning with Method Q and Method P for Probabilistic Demand on Chrysanthemum Seeds at PT Transplants Indonesia

Fluctuating and uncertain demand is a problem faced by manufacturing firms. The problem can be mitigated by the availability of inventory systems. This inventory serves to ensure the availability of appropriate resources in the right quantity and at the right time, so as to minimize the costs incurred. PT. Transplants Indonesia is a company engaged in the business of chrysanthemum flower in Indonesia. PT. Transplants Indonesia is a subsidiary of Okinawa Flower Agricultural Cooperative Association (OKF) in Okinawa, Japan. The purpose of this company establishment is to meet the demand of farmers who are members of the OKF. In the case of backorder, on Q method with probabilistic request the size of the lottery (Q) is always fixed for every time the order is made and the order is made if the amount of inventory has reached a certain level (r) called the reorder point. In method P with probabilistic order requests made according to a fixed interval of time (T) and the ordering does not exceed the maximum inventory limit (R). Total Inventory cost incurred by the company using the method used by the company amounted to Rp.74.995.360,84. The inventory model using the Q method generates a total inventory cost of Rp.70.253.291,46. Meanwhile, inventory model using P method resulted in total inventory cost of Rp.71.529.327,17. So economically, the selected inventory model is the inventory model with the Q method which has a lower total inventory cost value than using the P method.

Both the Quality and Positioning of the Night Interruption Light are Important for Flowering and Plant Extension Growth

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Kitamura), a qualitative short-day plant, does not produce flowers when the night length is shorter than a cultivar-dependent critical value. Flowering is effectively inhibited when the required uninterrupted night period is broken by short periods of exposure to night interruption lights (NILs). The effects of the quality and positioning of the NIL on the morphogenesis, flowering, and photoperiodic gene expressions of chrysanthemum were investigated. Blue (NI-B), red (NI-R), far-red (NI-Fr), and white (NI-W) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at an intensity of 10 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were used to interrupt the dark period or plants grown in a closed walk-in growth chamber at night for a total of 4 h. The NILs were positioned to illuminate either the shoot tip, youngest mature leaf (vigorously growing third leaf from the shoot tip), or old leaf (third leaf from the stem base). The NI-R on the shoot tip and all NI-Fr treatments increased the plant extension growth, to a similar height observed in plants in long-day (LD) treatments. Extension growth was generally suppressed for plants in the NI-B, and plant height was the smallest when NI-B was shed onto the old leaf. Plants in all NIL treatments except NI-Fr showed a negative correlation between the plant height and the age of the leaf (or tissue) exposed to the NIL. Flowering was observed for plants in all treatments except for NI-R shed onto the shoot tip. The transcriptional factor PHYA was slightly expressed in plants which showed a flowering response. However, the CRY1, PHYB, and TFL was not expressed to levels reported previously, and the reason for low expression of these genes in these plants may be due to a combined effect of these genes with other flowering promoting and/or inhibiting genes. These results suggest that both the NIL quality and the age of the leaf (or tissue) exposed to the NIL affect the morphogenesis, flowering, and expression of transcriptional factors. Moreover, the previously known effects of the NIL quality on the morphogenesis as well as the vegetative to reproductive phase transition of plants were the most pronounced when the NIL irradiated the shoot tip, and the least pronounced when the NIL was shed onto the old leaf. Therefore, it seems that not only the appropriate quality, but also the appropriate positioning of the NIL, is important for optimizing flowering and plant extension growth.

THE STRATEGY OF IMPROVING AGRITOURISM SERVICE AT SETIYA AJI FLOWER FARM BY USING IPA-KANO APPROACH

Setiya Aji Flower Farm Agrotourism is a chrysanthemum flower farm agrotourism located in Jetis Village, Bandungan, Semarang regency, Central Java. This research aims to recommend improving attribute’s performance to give maximum satisfaction to visitors. The variable used in agrotourism service is the five dimensions of service quality: tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, consisting of 32 attributes in entirety. The research was conducted on October-November 2018. Interviews and observations were used to collect the data. There were 100 visitors used as samples in this research, selected through quota sampling. IPA and Kano analyses were used to give a recommendation. It results in the management‘s prioritizing concentrate here and one dimensional category.