Chrysanthemum Flowers Research Articles

Transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes in the floral transition of the summer flowering chrysanthemum.

BackgroundChrysanthemum is a leading cut flower species. Most conventional cultivars flower during the fall, but the Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Yuuka’ flowers during the summer, thereby filling a gap in the market. To date, investigations of flowering time determination have largely focused on fall-flowering types. Little is known about molecular basis of flowering time in the summer-flowering chrysanthemum. Here, the genome-wide transcriptome of ‘Yuuka’ was acquired using RNA-Seq technology, with a view to shedding light on the molecular basis of the shift to reproductive growth as induced by variation in the photoperiod.ResultsTwo sequencing libraries were prepared from the apical meristem and leaves of plants exposed to short days, three from plants exposed to long days and one from plants sampled before any photoperiod treatment was imposed. From the ~316 million clean reads obtained, 115,300 Unigenes were assembled. In total 70,860 annotated sequences were identified by reference to various databases. A number of transcription factors and genes involved in flowering pathways were found to be differentially transcribed. Under short days, genes acting in the photoperiod and gibberellin pathways might accelerate flowering, while under long days, the trehalose-6-phosphate and sugar signaling pathways might be promoted, while the phytochrome B pathway might block flowering. The differential transcription of eight of the differentially transcribed genes was successfully validated using quantitative real time PCR.ConclusionsA transcriptome analysis of the summer-flowering cultivar ‘Yuuka’ has been described, along with a global analysis of floral transition under various daylengths. The large number of differentially transcribed genes identified confirmed the complexity of the regulatory machinery underlying floral transition.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3024-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nitrogen Supplemented Cocopeat-Based Organic Wastes as Potting Media Mixtures for the Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum

ABSTRACTGrowth and flowering characteristics of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) was evaluated in organic wastes comprising burnt rice husk ash (RHA) and composted sewage sludge (SS) amended with differential proportions of soil:cocopeat (CP) in 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% each on dry weight volume basis. The media mixtures were supplemented with varying nitrogen (N) levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 g N per pot). Utilizing CP as an amendment with the organic media considerably improved the physical as well as chemical properties of the potting media that was found desirable for the root zone environment in a finite volume of a pot. Chrysanthemum plants produced in increasing proportions of CP were observed to be well anchored and exhibited excellent quality of flowers. Utilizing 50% CP and 25% soil as a growing media amendment in SS (25%) proved to be the best media mixture for ideal growth and performance of potted chrysanthemum. Better aggregate stability provided by the SS and increased potassium (K) content in CP coupled with improved physical root zone environment provide a suitable reason to utilize CP as an amendment in potting media for an ideal display of pot mums.

IMPROVING THE POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM CUT FLOWERS BY NATURAL PRESERVSTIVE SOLUTION

The effect of caraway, anise, lavender, marjoram and thyme essential oils treatments were investigated on the postharvest quality of chrysanthemum cut flowers. The essential oils were used as preservative solutions at 0, 25 and 50 ppm. All used treatments prolonged the vase life of cut flowers. Increasing the concentration of caraway, anise and lavender essential oils to the high rate extended cut flower longevity. The maximum vase life obtained by marjoram and thyme treatments, which minimized the fresh weight changes and reduced the deterioration of total chlorophyll in comparing to control flowers. Total carbohydrate content, RWC and MSI maintained in high level by thyme and marjoram treatments by the end of vase life. Using thyme and marjoram essential oil reduced the blockage of xylem in cut flowers. The effects of thyme and marjoram on flower senescence seemednot entirely limited due to their effects on microbes, but they most likely had a sustainable impact on the above tested physiological parameters. The results suggest that the marjoram and thyme essential oils could be used for improving the postharvest quality of cut chrysanthemum as a promising eco-friendly, non toxic, cheap and natural source as an alternative to chemical sources used in preservative solutions in chrysanthemum flowers.

Assessment of genotoxicity of pyrethrin in cultured human lymphocytes

Pyrethrin is an insecticide that is obtained from the Chrysanthemum flower (Pyrethrum). In this study, we examined the genotoxic effects of pyrethrin on cultured human lymphocytes using sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) assays. Cultures were treated with different concentrations of pyrethrin (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL), which was dissolved in in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The results showed that treatment of cultured lymphocytes with pyrethrin at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL induced significant elevation in SCEs (p < 0.05). In addition, the 100 μg/mL concentration significantly affected both mitotic and proliferative indices (p < 0.05). Finally, pyrethrin induced significant elevation in the oxidative stress marker 8-OHdG in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the results suggest that pyrethrin is genotoxic as measured by two independent assays on genetic toxicity.

Aplikasi fosfin formulasi cair terhadap Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) pada bunga potong krisan

Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum indicum ) as one of horticultural commodities has a good prospect to be developed as source of country revenue. The export of cut flowers of chrysanthemum from Indonesia tends to increase year by year. However, Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) which is major insect pest of chrysanthemum often attacks this flower in the field until postharvest causing the decrease of quality of flowers. The poor quality of cut flowers of chrysanthemum including the presence of T. parvispinus will be rejected by foreign businesses. Therefore, control measures of this insect pest by quarantine officers are important. Treatment can be done using liquified formulation phosphine fumigant. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of liquified formulation phosphine and exposure time which will were effectively kill T. parvispinus and to evaluate the quality of cut flowers of chrysanthemums treated with phosphine fumigant. T. parvispinus was exposed to liquied formulation phosphine at 9 concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 ppm) with 3 exposure times (1, 3, and 6 hours). Moreover, validation test of concentration nd exposure time of liquified formulation phosphine on cut flowers of chrysanthemum was conducted to evaluate the quality of chrysanthemum cut flowers of treated with phosphine fumigant. Results showed that liquified formulation of phosphine at concentration of 200 ppm and on 1 hour of exposure time completely killed T. parvispinus by 100% mortality. At 200 ppm and exposure time until 6 hours did not affect the quality of cut flowers of chrysanthemum.

Electron-beam irradiation as a quarantine treatment against red mite on exported cut flower of Chrysanthemum

Utilization of phytosanitary irradiation as a potential treatment to disinfest agricultural commodities in trade has expanded rapidly in the recent years. In this study, red mites (Tetranychus sp) isolated from cut Chrysanthemums were treated by electron beam irradiation at doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy. After irradiation, they were kept at room temperature to determine the effects of electron beam irradiation on red mite at different developmental stages (eggs, nymphs and adults) and the reproduction of female adults. The results showed that the pattern of tolerance to irradiation in red mite was eggs &lt; 2nd instars &lt; adults, in which the adults were the most tolerance stage. The number of eggs laid by the irradiated female mites and the hatching rate significantly decreased when the irradiation dose increased. The hatching rate of eggs at 300 Gy was 4.25% and no larvae F1 survived during observation time. It could be concluded that 300 Gy is the effective quarantine dose for red mite infesting on cut chrysanthemums.

Effect of different nitrogen-potassium concentrations on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum in a drip hydroponic system

ABSTRACTDifferent concentrations of Nitrogen (N) and Potassium (K) at vegetative and flowering stages were evaluated to optimizing their levels for high quality performance of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. ‘Mother Teresa’ grown in soilless media mixture (cocopeat:perlite:vermiculite = 3:1:1) in a non-recovery drip hydroponic system. The treatments consisted of five nutrient solution concentrations (NSC), having N (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm) and K levels (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 ppm) during vegetative stage, whereas during reproductive stage, the N and K levels were 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 ppm, and 60, 110, 160, 210 and 260 ppm, respectively. The performance of chrysanthemum improved with increasing levels of N-K concentration. The nutrient concentration (NSC-V) of N250 + K200 during vegetative and N200 + K260 during reproductive stage produced highest (153) number of flowers, plant height (31.5 cm), plant canopy (35 cm) and flower sprays (21) per plant proved to be the best treatment.

ANALISIS NILAI TAMBAH BUNGA POTONG KRISAN PADA NINGSIH FLORIST DI KOTA TOMOHON

The objective of this research is to analyze the value added of chrysanthemum flowers on Ningsih Florist. The research was conducted for 4 months in Kakaskasen II, Tomohon City. The data were obtained by direct interviews with business owners and then analyzed by descriptive quantitatively. The research results showed that acceptance ningsih florist business where the average monthly spending ± 5.148 stalk of chrysanthemum flowers with the acceptance of all the flower arrangements, namely IDR. 66,040,000.00. Enterprises chrysanthemum flower arrangements by Ningsih Florist as a whole can benefit and deserves to be developed. It is based on the analysis of the value added that gross value added amounted to IDR. 16,729,984.20, net value added IDR. 16,683,734.20, value added every feedstock IDR. 3249.80 / stalk. The calculated value added that each item is flower corsage flower arrangement has the value added IDR. 4,424 / item, bouquets IDR. 212 249 / item, flower table IDR. 914 / item, floral wreaths IDR. 8,615 / item, and flower board IDR. 115 140 / item.

Technology Transfer of Chrysanthemum Cultivation in Disaster Area of Mount Merapi To Improve People Revenue

Chrysanthemum flowers are a main income source of surrounding communities of Hargobinangun. Hargobinangun became the main cut flower's supplier to the province of Yogyakarta before the Merapi’s eruption. However, due to the shortage of cut flower production, currently those have to be imported from other areas such as Cipanas, Pasuruan and Malang. One of the production’s obstacles is the environmental damage. Soil in planting area was covered by thick sand and volcanic ash from Mount Merapi eruption. Research and transfer of technology has been carried out by R &amp; D team of Universities Pembangunan National “Veteran” Yogyakarta (UPNVY). The technologies of amelioran's addition to the soil in the disaster areas was using simple techniques, inexpensive and available materials from surrounding farmers site, such as manure, bamboo leaf litter and garden’s compost. The materials were initially fermented by using PGPR that were produced by R &amp; D UPNVY. In addition, application of horticultural mineral oil (HMO) was performed to avoid white rust infection. The results showed the increase of soil fertility and plant growth significantly which is expressed by the increase of plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area after application of ameliorant. The quality of cut flowers also increased in the form of the increase of flower diameter, and numbers of ribbon flower. The application at the farm level showed that farmers have no difficulty in using Enkas, although it is still necessary to conduct further training and mentoring to increase the success rate.

Characterization of the chemical composition of white chrysanthemum flowers of Hangzhou by using high-performance ion trap mass spectrometry.

In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with amaZon SL high-performance ion trap mass spectrometry was used to analyze the target components in white chrysanthemum flowers of Hangzhou. Twenty-one components were detected and identified in both white chrysanthemum flowers of Hangzhou samples by using target compound analysis. Furthermore, seven new compounds in white chrysanthemum flowers of Hangzhou were found and identified by analyzing the fragment ion behavior in the mass spectra. The established method can be expedient for the global quality investigation of complex components in herbal medicines and food.

Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the nutritional and active ingredient contents during the floral development of medicinal chrysanthemum

The paper mainly studied the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the nutritional and active ingredient contents during the floral development of medicinal chrysanthemum. The experiment included two levels of UV-B radiation (0 and 400μWcm−2). The contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), anthocyanin, UV-B absorbing compounds, total chlorophyll and carotenoids, and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme (PAL) and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase enzyme (C4H) in flowers significantly decreased with the floral development. However, the contents of soluble sugar, amino acid and total vitamin C in flowers significantly increased with the floral development. The contents of flavonoid and chlorogenic acid were significantly different in the four stages of floral development, and their highest contents were found in the bud stage (stage 2). In the four stages of floral development, enhanced UV-B radiation significantly increased the contents of H2O2, UV-B absorbing compounds, chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugar, amino acid, vitamin C, flavonoid and chlorogenic acid, and the activities of PLA and C4H in flowers. The results indicated that the highest contents of active and nutrient ingredients in flowers were found not to be in the same developmental stages of flowers. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the best harvest stage of chrysanthemum flowers was between the bud stage and the young flower stage (stage 2 and stage 3), which could simultaneously gain the higher contents of active and nutritional ingredients in flowers.

Genetic diversity, population structure and association analysis in cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.).

Characterizing the genetic diversity present in a working set of plant germplasm can contribute to its effective management and genetic improvement. The cut flower chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifoliumRamat.) is an economically important ornamental species. With the repeated germplasm exchange and intensive breeding activities, it remains a major task in genetic research. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the genetic diversity and the population structure of a worldwide collection of 159 varieties, and to apply an association mapping approach to identify DNA-based markers linked to five plant architecture traits and six inflorescence traits. The genotyping demonstrated that there was no lack of genetic diversity in the collection and that pair-wise kinship values were relatively low. The clustering based on a Bayesian model of population structure did not reflect known variation in either provenance or inflorescence type. A principal coordinate analysis was, however, able to discriminate most of the varieties according to both of these criteria. About 1 in 100 marker pairs exhibited a degree of linkage disequilibrium. The association analysis identified a number of markers putatively linked to one or more of the traits. Some of these associations were robust over two seasons. The findings provide an in-depth understanding of genetic diversity and population structure present in cut flower chrysanthemum varieties, and an insight into the genetic control of plant architecture and inflorescence-related traits.

Effect of nitrogen application on growth and flowering in chrysanthemum

The effect of nitrogen doses on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) cv. Anmol was evaluated in a pot study conducted in 2014–16 at Ludhiana. The nitrogen (@ 0,100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg Urea/pot) to Chrysanthemum plants was applied in two splits in mid-September and mid-October. The application of all nitrogen levels had significant effect on the vegetative and floral parameters like plant height, number of primary branches, leaves, root suckers, flowers per plant, size of flower and delayed days taken to full bloom, however doses beyond 300 mg Urea/pot deteriorated the flower quality with respect to duration of flowering. Therefore, it was concluded that optimum nitrogen application for quality flower pot production was 300 mg Urea/pot.

夏秋小ギクの開花斉一性向上における親株系統選抜の重要性

夏秋小ギクの開花斉一性向上における親株系統選抜の重要性

Economics and Growth Performance of Chrysanthemum Flower in Tumkur district of Karnataka

Tumkur district is well known for flower production. It is the major flower-growing district in Karnataka. Tumkur district stands first in area and production of chrysanthemum flower cultivation. Hence, Tumkur district has been selected for the study purposively. The area under chrysanthemum is increasing at a higher rate (14.36 per cent per annum) in Tumkur but in case of Karnataka as a whole the growth in area was 5.86 percent per annum while productivity of chrysanthemum flower (−2.40 percent) in Tumkur district found to be negatively growing. Further it could be observed from the study that, per hectare cost of cultivation of chrysanthemum flower was 61767. And the average annual gross return realized per ha, by the respondents amounted to 190541. Thus, it could be summarised that cultivation of chrysanthemum flower provided assured return of 128773 per ha even after recovering the fixed costs and variable costs.

Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Chrysanthemum Flower Crop in Western Maharashtra

The per hectare cost of cultivation of was Chrysanthemum 86741.25 comprising family human labour (29.73 per cent), rental value of land (26.32 per cent) followed by hired human labour (10.33 per cent), seed cost (7.8 per cent), irrigation (3.89 per cent) and fertilizers (3.31 per cent), respectively. Per hectare gross return and net profit was 294986.16 and 08244.91 respectively. The benefit cost ration ratio was 1.57 and per quintal cost of cultivation was found to be 3224.38. The marketing cost on account of packing charges, commission and transport were the major. The Chrysanthemum cultivation is most profitable to the cultivators of Western Maharashtra.

Performance of cocopeat amended media mixtures on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum

Performance of cocopeat amended media mixtures on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum

Large-scale synthesis and electrochemical properties of hydrated tungsten trioxide-based hierarchical microstructures

Hierarchically self-assembled micro-/nanostructures of o-WO3.1/3H2O were successfully synthesized by surfactant-assisted hydrothermal reaction at 180 °C for 76 h in acidic medium (pH = 1). The effect of the surfactant n-alkyl chain length CnH(2n+1)SO4Na (with n = 10, 12 and 14) on the morphology and the crystallite sizes were investigated. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by different techniques. When sodium decylsulfate is used, agglomerates of irregular particles of orthorhombic WO3.1/3H2O (o-WO3.1/3H2O) are obtained. The sample obtained by the use of sodium dodecylsulfate, consists of o-WO3.1/3H2O microdisk-like structure formed by self-assembled nanosheets (with an average thickness of about 20 nm), resembling chrysanthemum flower. O-WO3.1/3H2O microsheres-like 3D architectures constructed from 2D sheets intervened out-of-order, resembling sand roses, are obtained with sodium tetradecylsulfate as surfactant. The prepared o-WO3.1/3H2O hierarchical assemblies are used as electrode materials to study the electrochemical properties in propylene carbonate containing 1 M LiClO4 solution, by cyclic voltammerty. It was found that o-WO3.1/3H2O microdisks and microspheres exhibit reversible redox behavior accompanied by reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Li+ cations into crystal matrix. It has been revealed also that higher currents were measured for microdisk-like structure and higher diffusion coefficient of Li+ (2.93 × 10−10 cm2/s) compared to microsphere-like structure (2.02 × 10−10 cm2/s).

Effects of drying methods on the phytochemicals contents and antioxidant properties of chrysanthemum flower heads harvested at two developmental stages

The dried flower head of chrysanthemum is a Chinese medicine, and also used as functional food material. The effects of different drying processes on the bioactive chemical contents and antioxidant activities of ‘Xiaobaiju’ and ‘Taiju’ were examined. Two kinds of harvest materials were handled with sun-dried, shade-dried or oven-dried at low, middle and high levels. An HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method was used to simultaneously quantify eight bioactive compounds. The antioxidant activities were assayed in vitro. The results showed that oven-drying had faster drying rate. The drying processes had significant effects on the contents of bioactive constituents and antioxidant properties. The appropriate drying process was suggested to be oven-dried at 60 °C for ‘Xiaobaiju’ and 70 °C for ‘Taiju’. The sufficient dried samples were capable of scavenging DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and O2•−, inhibiting linoleic acid oxidation. The results also implied that ‘Taiju’ possesses better functional effectiveness than ‘Xiaobaiju’.

Comparison of antioxidant activities of different parts from snow chrysanthemum (Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.) and identification of their natural antioxidants using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt-based assay

Snow chrysanthemum (Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.), a world-widely well-known flower tea material, has attracted more and more attention because of its beneficial health effects such as antioxidant activity and special flavor. In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt (ABTS) based assay was employed for comparison and identification of antioxidants in different samples of snow chrysanthemum. The results showed that snow chrysanthemum flowers possessed the highest while stems presented the lowest antioxidant capacities. Fourteen detected peaks with antioxidant activity were temporarily identified as 3,4′,5,6,7-pentahydroxyflavanone-O-hexoside, chlorogenic acid, 2R-3′,4′,8-trihydroxyflavanone-7-O-glucoside, flavanomarein, flavanocorepsin, flavanokanin, quercetagitin-7-O-glucoside, 3′,5,5′,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone-O-hexoside, marein, maritimein, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, coreopsin, okanin and acetyl-marein by comparing their UV spectra, retention times and MS data with standards or literature data. Antioxidants existed in snow chrysanthemum are quite different from those reported in Chrysanthemum morifolium, a well-known traditional beverage in China, which indicated that snow chrysanthemum may be a promising herbal tea material with obvious antioxidant activity.