Chrysanthemum Flowers Research Articles

Insights into the importance of dietary chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hangju)-wolfberry (Lycium barbarum fruit) combination in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties

Dietary chrysanthemum flower and wolfberry alone or together are widely consumed as a health beverage on a daily basis for centuries. The study aims to evaluate combinative effects of flower heads of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hangju (C) and Lycium barbarum fruit (wolfberry, W) served as tea on chemical compounds, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Eight phenolics were mainly detected in chrysanthemum flowers, whereas polysaccharides were dominant in wolfberry. The infusion of five combinations showed significantly antioxidant activities positively associated with the chrysanthemum flower content in chemical methods (ORAC and FRAP). However, the cellular-based CAA assay exhibited the highest antioxidant activities of the infusion at C:W = 1:1, indicating a synergistic interaction (CI = 0.11, P < .01). Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effect of infusion, specifically at a combination of C:W = 1:1, was observed by reducing the LPS-induced nitric oxide production, and inhibiting the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA (P < .05). The infusion prepared at a C:W = 1:1 was found to inactivate MAPKs (ERK and JNK) and NF-κB. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms might be attributed to acacetin-7-O-rutinoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and chlorogenic acid from chrysanthemum flower, and wolfberry polysaccharide via multiple inflammatory pathways.

Genetic analysis of the corolla tube merged degree and the relative number of ray florets in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.)

Abstract Flower type is an important quality trait of ornamental plants. Mastering genetic variation in flower types is of practical significance for breeding improved flower types. Chrysanthemum (non-anemone type) flowers consist of several elements; both ray floret shape and the relative number of ray florets (RNRF) on the capitulum are very important factors. However, until recently, few reports have standardized chrysanthemum flower type evaluations, hindering the development of genetic studies of chrysanthemum flower types. In this study, as an important index of ray floret shape, the corolla tube merged degree (CTMD) was defined as the corolla tube length/ray floret length (CTL/RFL). In addition, the number of ray florets/number of florets (NRF/NF) was used to describe the RNRF on the capitulum. Major gene and polygene mixed inheritance analyses were conducted based on 2 F1 populations from 2 pairs of parents that strongly differed in the CTMD and RNRF. ANOVA revealed that all traits strongly significantly differed among the different hybrids, and correlation analysis revealed that the CTMD and RNRF might have evolved independently. Additionally, according to the Q-mode cluster analysis results, we divided the RNRF into 4 levels: single, semi-double I, semi-double II and double. Genetic analysis revealed that both the CTMD and RNRF could be described by a B-2 genetic model via two additive-dominance major genes. In addition, the heritability of the major genes for these traits was greater than 50%, indicating that the CTMD and RNRF were controlled mainly by genetic factors. These results will provide a new theoretical basis for further improvement and breeding of chrysanthemum flower types.

Feasibility of Chrysanthemum Farming in Tomohon City

This research entitled “Feasibility of Chrysanthemum Farming in Tomohon City”. Chrysanthemum is one of floriculture commodities that people are interested and popular due to its many species and its beautiful shape and colour. Tomohon is a town in North Sulawesi Province that having potential to develop cut flower chrysanthemum. This research was intended to identify cost and income of chrysanthemum farming in Tomohon and its farming feasibility. Cost and income approach was used to identify costs and income of chrysanthemum farming in Tomohon, while feasibility of chrysanthemum farming was analyzed using R/C ratio, π/C ratio and break even point analysis. Sample was taken using simple random sampling in 4 Villages on North Tomohon Sub-district that is centre of chrysanthemum farming in Tomohon. Results of the research indicated that cost for the chrysanthemum farming is Rp 128,330,475.42 per farming per year, while its income reaches Rp 169,750,054.50 per farming per year. Result of feasibility study indicated that chrysanthemum farming in Tomohon has R/C ratio of 2.63 (R/C &gt;1), p/C ratio of 113.58% (p/C&gt;9%), and feasible BEP, where BEP of revenue of Rp 27,472,521.11 (farming revenue Rp 274,086,000 per year), BEP of production of 9,156 stems (production 91,362 stems per year) and BEP of price of Rp 1,142.01 per stem (price Rp 3,000 per stem). Therefore, chrysanthemum farming in Tomohon is profitable and feasibly to develop.

Toxicological Effects of Pyrethroids Insecticide on the Spleen and Bone Marrow of Adult Albino Rats

Pyrethroids are synthetic compounds chemically derived from the natural pyrethrins which are the insecticidal components of the pyrethrum extracts of chrysanthemum flower. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicological effects of pyrethroid insecticide “Mortein” (M) on the bone marrow and spleen of adult Wistar rats. Twenty five adult rats (150-200g) were purchased from the animal facility of the College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka and assigned into five groups (n = 5). Groups I, II and III were treated orally with 2250mg/kg of Mortein insecticide suspended in olive oil once daily for 7, 21 and 40 days respectively. Groups IV and V were administered tap water and olive oil respectively, once daily throughout the duration of experiment. At the end of each respective durational treatment, the rats were euthanized. The spleen and bones were harvested and processed for histological analysis using standard techniques. The resultant sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E) and analyzed with the aid of a light microscope for histological changes. Histological examination of the bone marrow of the treated rats revealed extensive congestion that was time dependent as well as hypo cellularity when compared to the oil and normal control groups. The rats‟ spleens were markedly congested and there were intra-parenchyma hemorrhages of varying degrees compared to the rats of control groups. M insecticide at the dosage considered, was highly toxic to both spleen and bone marrows of rats for the different durations considered and the effects observed were time-dependent.Key words: Toxicology, Mortein, Pyrethroids, Spleen, Bone Marrow, Insecticide, Rats

Cloning, sequence, and expression analyses of the Chrysanthemum morifolium flowering-related gene CmCOL (CONSTANS-like)

We cloned the CmCOL gene (GenBank accession: KC589293) from Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Jinba’. The complete cDNA sequence is 1439 bp in length; the open reading frame is 1161 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 387 amino acids. Analysis of the amino acid sequence shows homology to the protein encoded by the plant flowering gene CO (CONSTANS). CmCOL contains a typical, functional CO domain at the N-terminus, two B box-type zinc finger domains, eight predicted zinc ion binding sites, one CCT(CO, CO-Like, TOC1) domain near the C-terminus and a specific six amino acid consensus sequence (G-I/V-V-P-S/T-F) at the C-terminus, and belongs to CONSTANS family Group I. A protein phylogenetic tree revealed 99% identity between CmCOL and Chrysanthemum seticuspe f. boreale CONSTANS-like1. We predict that CmCOL localizes to the nucleus, is not secreted and lacks a signal peptide. Relative fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that CmCOL mRNA is most highly expressed in the leaves and follows a diurnal expression pattern, with a maximum at 04:00, its lowest point at 16:00 and maintaining this low expression until 20:00. Short-day conditions elevated CmCOL mRNA expression in the leaves but did not significantly affect expression in the buds. The CmCOL mRNA level in the leaves varied significantly based on the flower bud differentiation stage. Further detailed study of this gene will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which the photoperiod pathway regulates chrysanthemum flower formation. Further, this gene may represent a potential, future target for molecular breeding.

Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with natural dyes extracted from Jatropha leaves and purple Chrysanthemum flowers as sensitizer

DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell) prototype has been investigated using Jatropha leaves and purple Chrysanthemum flowers as natural dyes. DSSC consists of working electrode and counter electrode. A working electrode composed of semiconductor nanoparticles TiO2 that has been coated with dye molecules. Dye molecules serve as light photon catchers, while semiconductor nanoparticles TiO2 function to absorb and forward photons into electrons. In the electrode counter given catalyst carbon, serves to accelerate the reaction kinetics of triiodide reduction process on transparent conductive oxide (TCO). DSSC using TiO2 as a semiconductor material and natural dyes as sensitizer from Jatropha leaves and purple Chrysanthemum flowers are successful produced. The physical properties of the working electrode have been determined by using XRD and the chemical properties of the TiO2 powder and dye powder using FTIR and dye solution using UV-Vis. The resulted fabrications are also examined its I-V characteristics. The best performance is generated by mixed dye 1.91 x 10−3 % compared than those DSSC for dye extracted from Jatropha leaves or purple Chrysanthemum. The characterization results show that the higher of the absorption wavelength of the DSSC efficiency is high.

Preparation of a Highly Water-dispersible Powder Containing Hydrophobic Polyphenols Derived from Chrysanthemum Flower with Xanthine Oxidase-inhibitory Activity

Preparation of a Highly Water-dispersible Powder Containing Hydrophobic Polyphenols Derived from Chrysanthemum Flower with Xanthine Oxidase-inhibitory Activity

Study of Appropriate Solvent System for Separation of Pyrethroids Using Thin Layer Chromatography

Pyrethroids are synthetic organic compounds synthesized from chrysanthemum flowers, that are used extensively as household and commercial insecticides. Thin layer chromatography is widely used as a method of choice in separation and identification of various compounds. Here, we used different mobile phases for separation of deltamethrin, cypermethrin and transfluthrin and found that hexane: chloroform and chloroform: acetone were ideal for separation, amongst other mobile phases.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the diverse array of petal colors in chrysanthemum flowers.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is one of the most important floricultural crops in the world. Although the origin of modern chrysanthemum cultivars is uncertain, several species belonging to the family Asteraceae are considered to have been integrated during the long history of breeding. The flower color of ancestral species is limited to yellow, pink, and white, and is derived from carotenoids, anthocyanins, and the absence of both pigments, respectively. A wide range of flower colors, including purplish-red, orange, red, and dark red, has been developed by increasing the range of pigment content or the combination of both pigments. Recently, green-flowered cultivars containing chlorophylls in their ray petals have been produced, and have gained popularity. In addition, blue/violet flowers have been developed using a transgenic approach. Flower color is an important trait that influences the commercial value of chrysanthemum cultivars. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate flower pigmentation may provide important implications for the rationale manipulation of flower color. This review describes the pigment composition, genetics, and molecular basis of ray petal color formation in chrysanthemum cultivars.

Postharvest life of cut chrysanthemum flowers as affected by citric acid, boric acid and salicylic acid

Postharvest life of cut chrysanthemum flowers as affected by citric acid, boric acid and salicylic acid

Chrysanthemum Flower Extract as a Green Inhibitor for Aluminium Corrosion in Alkaline Medium

Chrysanthemum Flower Extract as a Green Inhibitor for Aluminium Corrosion in Alkaline Medium

Studies on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in large flower chrysanthemum

Sixty cultivars of large flower chrysanthemum were evaluated for variability, heritability and genetic advance. A wide range of variability were observed in NRFFH−1 (56.00–381.33) followed by LN (40.33–12.67), PH (31.52–90.95), FH (7.77–20.83) and WRFFH−1 (6.37–66.77). The highest CV value was noticed by WRFFH−1 (24.64%). The σ2g and σ2p was varied from 0.01 (SD) to 5836.92 (WRFFH−1) while σ2e ranged from 0.00 (SD) to 5834.22 (NRFFH−1). The maximum PCV and GCV was recorded for RFW (PCV=60.50, GCV=55.26) and CARITO (PCV=87.21, GCV=85.13) respectively. The high h2 was recorded for NRFFH−1 and WRFFH−1 (100%) followed by DFB and PH (99.00%) while 100.00 percent h2 was exhibited for ANTHO. High h2 coupled with high GA % was recorded for CARITO (171.18), ANTHO (161.89) and WRFFH−1 (110.23). It was concluded that the traits like CARITO, ANTHO and WRFFH−1, RFW and NRFFH−1 could be exploited for the improvement of large flower chrysanthemum through breeding programme.

English

English

Plant-Soil Feedback Effects on Growth, Defense and Susceptibility to a Soil-Borne Disease in a Cut Flower Crop: Species and Functional Group Effects.

Plants can influence the soil they grow in, and via these changes in the soil they can positively or negatively influence other plants that grow later in this soil, a phenomenon called plant–soil feedback. A fascinating possibility is then to apply positive plant–soil feedback effects in sustainable agriculture to promote plant growth and resistance to pathogens. We grew the cut flower chrysanthemum (Dendranthema X grandiflora) in sterile soil inoculated with soil collected from a grassland that was subsequently conditioned by 37 plant species of three functional groups (grass, forb, legume), and compared it to growth in 100% sterile soil (control). We tested the performance of chrysanthemum by measuring plant growth, and defense (leaf chlorogenic acid concentration) and susceptibility to the oomycete pathogen Pythium ultimum. In presence of Pythium, belowground biomass of chrysanthemum declined but aboveground biomass was not affected compared to non-Pythium inoculated plants. We observed strong differences among species and among functional groups in their plant–soil feedback effects on chrysanthemum. Soil inocula that were conditioned by grasses produced higher chrysanthemum above- and belowground biomass and less leaf yellowness than inocula conditioned by legumes or forbs. Chrysanthemum had lower root/shoot ratios in response to Pythium in soil conditioned by forbs than by grasses. Leaf chlorogenic acid concentrations increased in presence of Pythium and correlated positively with chrysanthemum aboveground biomass. Although chlorogenic acid differed between soil inocula, it did not differ between functional groups. There was no relationship between the phylogenetic distance of the conditioning plant species to chrysanthemum and their plant–soil feedback effects on chrysanthemum. Our study provides novel evidence that plant–soil feedback effects can influence crop health, and shows that plant–soil feedbacks, plant disease susceptibility, and plant aboveground defense compounds are tightly linked. Moreover, we highlight the relevance of considering plant–soil feedbacks in sustainable horticulture, and the larger role of grasses compared to legumes or forbs in this.

Appraisal's genotypes on water absorption, transpiration loss at senescence stage and genetic correlation of Chrysanthemum morifolium

A field experiment entitled “Appraisal's genotypes on water absorption, transpiration loss at senescence stage and genetic correlation of Chrysanthemum morifolium” was conducted at experimental orchard, department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) during the 2016-17 in winter season to identify the suitable variety for successful cultivation as well as vase life of Chrysanthemum flower. Fifteen Genotypes namely, Aparajita, Anastasia, Braca Splendid, Charlia, Celtic, Cologne, Fortune, HF-164, Paladov Sunny, Paiwer-W, Paladov Dark, Papaya, Tocovar- 6, Vanilla Sorbet and White Double were selected for the evaluation. The significant responses in water absorption, transpiration loss at senescence stage and flower vase life were observed in White Double, Cologne, Charlia and Celtic. The maximum water absorption and transpiration loss were recorded in genotype White Double (116.83g and 72.20 ml. respectively) whereas maximum fresh weight was recorded with the genotype Cologne (120.00 g) while genotype White Double had longest vase life (20.66 days). The maximum per cent of opened flowers were noticed in the genotype Charlia (92.45 %) while maximum unopened flowers were noticed in genotype Celtic (21.86%) and the significant genetic correlation between different parameters and vase life of flowers were noted during experimentation.

STRATEGIC ROLE OF WOMEN IN CHRYSANTHEMUM-BASED ENGINEERING DESIGN ON DISASTER AFFECTED AREAS

Strategic role of women makes a positive contribution in chrysanthemum-based engineering design on disaster affected areas. The Merapi eruption in 2010 in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), Indonesia, especially in the village of Hargobinangun, brought tremendous impact in the field of environmental damage, social economy, and agriculture. Post-Merapi eruption, chrysanthemum flower cultivation in the Hargobinangun village became stagnant. Some farmers have started to despair and lost determination. But thanks to the encouragement and the strategic role of women as husbands’ companions, farmers began to rise up to build sustainable and competitive green areas. This is a primary research and the data obtained was from questionnaires and interviews with some respondents. This research also used a secondary data obtained from publications of related institutions. The statistical technique used is Partial Least Square. This research concludes that the strategic role of women (as strategic partners, fighters, administrative experts, agents of change) was able to provide a significant contribution to labor productivity, family welfare, and green environmental performance.Keywords: Strategic Role of Women; Affected Areas; Chrysanthemum.

Potent Odorants of Characteristic Floral/Sweet Odor in Chinese Chrysanthemum Flower Tea Infusion.

An investigation using the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) technique applied to the aroma concentrates prepared from the tea infusions of two different types of Chinese chrysanthemum flowers (flower buds, blooming flowers) revealed that 29 aroma peaks were detected in the aroma concentrates, and 17 compounds were newly identified or tentatively identified in the chrysanthemum flower tea. AEDA also revealed that the aroma peaks having high flavor dilution factors mainly consisted of a floral/sweet note in addition to metallic and phenol-like/spicy notes. Among them, four aroma peaks having a floral/sweet were identified as verbenone, ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate, propyl 3-phenylpropanoate, and ethyl cinnamate, and a semiquantitative analysis revealed that the flower buds were rich in these compounds. Furthermore, a chiral analysis revealed that (-)-verbenone existed in both flowers at a 3 times higher concentration than (+)-verbenone. Additionally, because the detection threshold of (-)-verbenone was lower than that of the (+)-verbenone, it is concluded that the (-)-isomer was a main contributor of the aroma peak of verbenone in the chrysanthemum flower tea.

Effect of NPK on vegetative growth, flowering and yield of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Ramat)

A field experiment on chrysanthemum cv. Birbal Sahni was conducted for revealed the Effect of NPK on vegetative growth, flowering and yield of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Ramat) at Department of Horticulture, C. C. S. University, Meerut, U.P., India for the field investigation with optimum amount of inorganic fertilizers with three increasing levels of NPK i.e. N1 (100 kg N2 + 60 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O/ ha), N2 (150 kg N2 +120 kg P2O5 + 80 kg K2O/ ha) and N3 (200 kg N2 + 180 kg P2O5 + 120 kg K2O/ ha). Maximum plant height (cm), plant spread (cm), diameter of main stem (cm), number of leaves/ plant, number of branches/ plant, number of flowers/ plant, flower weight/ plant (g), Flower yield (q/ ha), shelf life (days) observed with amount of N3 (200 kg N2 + 180 kg P2O5 + 120 kg K2O/ ha) spread (cm). The minimum days recorded for days taken to appearance of first flower bud and days taken to flowering and also NPK level N3 significantly affected the flower stalk length (cm) and flower size (cm) in chrysanthemum cv. Birbal Sahni during the investigation.

The element composition of the raw material of perennial garden chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey)

Topicality. Macro- and microelements in living organisms carry out structural, regulatory, and catalytic functions. The imbalance of chemical elements in living organisms results in metabolic processes and numerous diseases. Naturalcomplexes of macro- and microelements with biologically active compounds of vegetable origin are widely used in medicine for corrective therapy. Nowadays representatives of the ganus Chrysanthemum have no data as for mineral composition of plant raw material, therefore, the study of the elemental composition of leaves and flowers of garden perennial chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey) Belgo and Pectoral variants are topical.Aim. To study the content of macro- and micronutrients in the raw material of Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey variants Belgo and Pectoral.Materials and methods. Flowers and leaves of different variants of garden perennial chrysanthemums were harvested during the mass flowering of plants in 2016. Sampling and preparation of objects for research were carried outaccording to generally accepted methods. Elemental analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrographic method with photographic registration on the DFS-8 device based on the ability of dissociated atomic elements (free ofchemical bonds) to absorb light in a very narrow spectral region.Results and discussion. In the plant raw material of garden perennial chrysanthemums of Belgo and Pectoral variants, the quantitative content of 11 macro- and microelements was determined and quantified. Among macroelements in leaves and flowers of both studied chrysanthemum variants, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium were identified, among microelements – manganese, iron, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt and cadmium. The quantitative content of macroelements in leaves of both studied varants of chrysanthemums is higher than in flowers, except for magnesium in flowers of Belgo variant and sodium in flowers of variant Pectoral. Quantitative content of microelements also prevails in leaves of garden perennial chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey) variants Belgo and Pectoral, exceptfor manganese content for Pectoral variant. Conclusions. The elemental composition of leaves and flowers of Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey variants of Belgo and Pectoral was studied by atomic absorption spectrographic method. The presence of 4 macro- (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium) and 7 microelements (manganese, iron, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, cadmium) in plant raw material of garden perennial chrysanthemums varieties Belgo and Pectoral have been established and their quantitative content was determined.

PENGARUH ORIENTASI PASAR TERHADAP PENANGANAN PASCA PANEN BUNGA POTONG KRISAN DI DESA KENTENG, KECAMATAN BANDUNGAN, KABUPATEN SEMARANG

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="fontstyle0"&gt;Chrysanthemum in Kenteng Village was conducted at Kenteng Village, Bandungan District, Semarang Regency on 12 February 2016-13 April 2016. This study aims to 1) determine the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fontstyle2"&gt;condition of the chrysanthemum farmers’ market orientation; 2) know the determinants of market &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fontstyle0"&gt;orientation of chrysanthemum businessman; and 3) the effect of market orientation on postharvest handling of chrysanthemum. In this study, 100 respondents were choosen to fill in questionnaire which is then analyzed using descriptive statistics and test SEM through IBM AMOS v.22 program. The results show that 1) the orientation on the customer to produce a quality cut flower chrysanthemum is the orientation of the most widely adopted by farmers. Farmers also take the positive things that other farmers do to repair the cut flower chrysanthemum produces, farmers give bonuses to regular customers who buy in large quantities and serve payment in cash receipt, and prioritize what the customer wants and needs and trying to fulfill compared to prioritize short-term profitability; 2) the three determining factors namely age, education and gender, gender can only be accepted as a determinant factor of market orientation. Ownership of market orientation by farmers comes from the demands of the market (brokers, traders and florist) and consumers (decorater); and 3) market orientation has positive influence on post-harvest handling of cut flower chrysanthemum, where the demands of customers on a good cut flower chrysanthemum, attractive, has a shelf life and optimum freshness make farmers give more attention to post harvest activities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;