Flow State Scale Research Articles

HOW TEMPERAMENT, CHARACTER, FLOW STATE & MOTIVATION PLAY ROLE IN ADVENTURE & NON-ADVENTURE SPORTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Adventure Sports (AS) is mostly associated with high risk-taking behaviors, unlike Non-adventure sports (NAS). Still, the AS persons can be highly functional while risking their lives for their passion for adventure sports. Therefore, we assumed for this study that the psychological processes involved in participation in Adventure sports might be different. The study intended to identify the difference in dispositional factors, the experience of flow state and motivational factors of Adventure Sports persons as compared to Non-adventure Sportspersons. The sample consisted of trained persons/professionals of Adventure Sports (viz. mountaineering, kayaking, river rafting, etc.) (n = 21) and participants of Non-adventure outdoor sports (viz. cricketers, footballers, etc.) (n = 21). We used the Temperament and Character Inventory, Flow State Scale, and Motivational Factors Scale. The findings revealed that low harm avoidance could be a dispositional factor for choosing adventure sports whereas; to gain status could be a factor to select non-adventure games.
 
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The effects of exergaming on pain, postural control, technology acceptance and flow experience in older people with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundOlder people with chronic musculoskeletal pain are at risk of falls. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exergaming on pain and postural control in older people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Secondary outcomes were technology acceptance, flow experience, perceived physical exertion, expended mental effort and heart rate.MethodsFifty four older adults (age: 71 ± 5 years) with chronic musculoskeletal pain were randomised into 2 groups. Group 1 received exergaming training using the Interactive Rehabilitation and Exercise System (IREX®). Group 2 undertook traditional gym-based exercise (TGB). Both groups completed twice weekly 40-min exercise sessions for 6 weeks. Perceived pain was measured using a numeric pain rating scale and the Multidimensional Affect and Pain Survey questionnaire. Postural control was measured as sway using a Kistler™ force platform. Technology acceptance was measured with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology questionnaire and flow experience with the Flow State Scale. Physiological measures of perceived physical exertion, expended mental effort and heart rate were recorded during all sessions.ResultsThe exergaming group demonstrated significant reductions in pain intensity and thermal pain including a near significant approach in physical engagement in comparison to TGB group. Although no intervention effects on postural control were found, the exergaming group showed significant improvements in three sway measures (AP SD, ML SD and AP range) over time whereas significant improvements in ML range were found in the TGB group. Relating to technology acceptance, significant intervention effects on social influence and behavioural intention were found in the TGB group instead, although both groups demonstrated increases of acceptance over time. Regarding flow experience, concentration at task was significantly influenced in the TGB group and significant increases in flow variables over time were observed in both groups. Significant increases over time in perceived physical exertion and expended mental effort were found in both groups.ConclusionOur findings support the potential of exergaming to alleviate pain and improve balance in older people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Both forms of exercise are acceptable, intrinsically motivating and show evidence of benefit to older people with chronic musculoskeletal pain.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04029285 (retrospectively registered, July 23, 2019)

Short Versions of Turkish Flow Scales: Reliability and Validity Study

The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of “Short Flow State Scale-2 (SFSS-2)” and “Short Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (SDFS-2)” for Turkish athletes in two separate studies. One hundred ninety-seven (Mage = 22.05, SD = 3.60) athletes voluntarily participated in the first study to test the psychometric properties of SDFS-2 and completed SDFS-2, Long Dispositional Flow Scale-2 and Sport Motivation Scale. In the second study, 423 (Mage = 20.00, SD = 3.46) athletes constituted the sample group and completed SFSS-2, Flow State Scale2 and Situational Motivation Scale for testing the psychometric properties of SFSS-2. Factor structures of both scales were examined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Concurrent validity of the scales was examined Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. The reliability evidence was obtained by Cronbach’s alpha values. The results of CFA analyses revealed that the both scales have nine items with one factor. All the correlation coefficients calculated for concurrent and convergent validity were significant (between 0.45-0.92 for SDFS-2 and 0.33-0.79 for SFSS-2). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients calculated for internal consistency were.77 for SDFS-2 and 0.82 for SFSS-2. The results indicated that Turkish versions of SDFS-2 and SFSS-2 are valid and reliable instruments for sports contexts.

The Effectiveness of Dance Therapy as an Adjunct to Rehabilitation of Adults With a Physical Disability.

Background/Objective: To determine the added benefit on participants’ mobility and participation of a 12-week dance therapy (DT) intervention combined with usual physical rehabilitation for adults with varied physical disabilities. Their appreciation of DT was also explored.Methods: We conducted a quasi-experimental study pre–post test with a nonequivalent control group and repeated measurements pre, post, and at a 3-month follow-up.Results: Although participants in both groups significantly improved over time (at 12 weeks and at follow-up) compared to baseline on mobility (timed up and go, TUG) and participation (e.g., Life-H scores and number of leisure activities), treatment effect analysis using propensity score matching showed no significant treatment effect of DT. The TUG scores showed the best promise of a treatment effect. DT participants’ Flow State Scale scores significantly improved (p < 0.01) for 5/9 dimensions of flow (being in control, loss of self-consciousness), and they all recommended DT.Conclusion: This study failed to demonstrate an added benefit of the DT intervention in improving participants’ mobility and participation. Overwhelmingly, favorable participants’ opinions about the intervention support its potential impact.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND SURFING: PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS, LIFE SATISFACTION AND FLOW EXPERIENCE IN CZECH AND SLOVAK SURFERS

The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between surfing and flow experience, life satisfaction and personality characteristics of Czech and Slovak surfers. We worked with two samples: Surf group (N = 69; F: 34, M: 35; age: 20 - 47) and Non-surf group (N = 70; F: 39, M: 31; age: 18 – 50). The data was collected online by the Flow State Scale-2 (Řezáč, 2007), the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (Fahrenberg et al., 2001) and the NEO 5-factor Personality Inventory (Hřebíčková &amp; Urbánek, 2001). The Flow Questionnaire (Han, 1988) was administrated for the Non-surf group to identify a flow activity. In relation to the flow experience, surfers described dimensions of an autotelic experience and experienced a time transformation more often than nonsurfers and non-surfers described the flow dimensions of unambiguous feedback and a sense of control more often than surfers. The group of surfers had higher rates in all the dimensions of life satisfaction as well as in the overall life satisfaction. However, statistical significance was not reached. The results also suggest that surfers are more emotionally stable, more extraverted, more open to new experiences and more conscientious. This study can serve as a launching pad for further research in inland surfing.

Creative Flow and Physiologic States in Dancers During Performance.

Pre-professional and professional dancers (n = 60) participated in this ambulatory psychophysiology study that investigated performance flow and heart rate and autonomic nervous system (ANS) function during three time periods: baseline rest, performance, and post-performance rest. To gather these results, the psychophysiology laboratory traveled to the concert hall to collect data on dancers. The self-report Flow State Scale (FSS) measured global flow, challenge–skill balance, sense of control, and autotelic experiences; it addresses important features of the creative experience of performing artists. These data were collected immediately following the performance. The flow measures were compared with physiologic responses to performance [heart rate, pre-ejection period (PEP), root mean square differences of successive R-R (heartbeat) intervals (RMSSD), cardiac autonomic balance, and cardiac autonomic regulation]. The regression analyses indicated that greater sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation with performance (PEP change from base to performance) explained 8.8% of the variance in sense of control, whereas less cardiac autonomic regulation explained 13.8% of the variance in autotelic experiences. The sample was then divided into high and low flow groupings and four autonomic groups. During performance, the high autotelic group and high sense of control group had a higher distribution of dancers with co-inhibition of both ANS branches than had the low autotelic and sense of control groups who employed more co-activation of both ANS branches (chi-square analyses). These novel findings add to the growing information about the interaction of both branches of the ANS during creative performance flow states.

Adaptation to Spanish and psychometric study of the Flow State Scale-2 in the field of musical performers.

Flow is a positive and optimal state of mind, during which people are highly motivated and absorbed in the activity they are doing. It is an experience that can occur in any area of life. One of the measurement instruments which is most commonly used to evaluate this construct is the Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2). This instrument has been used in different languages, mainly in the field of sport. In this research work, the FSS-2 has been translated into Spanish and administered to 486 musicians from different regions of Spain in order to examine the psychometric properties. A version which uses six dimensions from the original questionnaire has been used-those that constitute the experience of flow-and four alternative models have been analysed (Six related factors model, two second order factor models and a bifactor model).The results revealed that the dimension time could be controversial and more research could be needed. In general terms, the six-factor model (RMSEA = .04; GFI = .99; AGFI = .99) and a second-factor one (RMSEA = .033; GFI = .99; AGFI = .99) are solutions consistent with previous studies and show that the questionnaire can be considered a reliable (Alphas of the dimensions range from .81 to .94; Omegas from .86 to .97; and mean discrimination of the dimensions from .64 to .88) and useful tool, both in clinical and educational contexts, as well as an instrument for the evaluation of this construct in future research. However, the results of this study also suggest that flow can be explored in greater depth in musicians, taking into account that the writing of the original items was based on the experience of athletes and that the role of time in flow needs to be investigated.

Networked Flow in Creative Collaboration: A Mixed Method Study

ABSTRACTThe recent model of Networked flow (NF) mapped out factors underlying optimal creative collaboration in blended spaces (physical and digital). NF conceives creativity as an evolving network bridging material and symbolic resources of the creative collaboration process at both inter and the intra-group levels. First, this model posits that optimal group creativity is characterized by highest levels of the experiences of flow and social presence. Secondly, these experiences should stem from a peculiar group communicative structure. Therefore, group creativity should be studied through a mixed-method approach focusing on experiential and structural features of group collaboration, on their evolution, and on group artifacts. Here, we measured the evolution of 10 groups’ structural dynamics by means of Social Network Analysis (SNA), and we assessed group experience through group flow experience (Flow State Scale) and social presence (NMSPI). Moreover, four independent raters evaluated the creative products through a domain-based approach, that is the Consensual Assessment Technique. Finally, we deepened the analysis of the highest creative group’ micro-interaction through the qualitative approach of Interlocutory Logic. Group flow and social presence were positively related. Both experiential dimensions and creative outcomes were predicted by specific SNA indexes. Qualitative approach of Interlocutory Logic and an analysis of most and least creative groups’ sociograms, suggested two structural patterns underlying optimal group creativity instances. Specifically, even a few but well-aimed interactions could facilitate the emergence of higher creativity levels, which could emerge silently, with few but effective interactions, or explicitly, with several (mostly) democratic exchanges among members.

Between text and platforms: A case study on the real-time emotions &amp; psychophysiological indicators of video gaming and academic engagement

Literature indicates that both academic tasks (Deater-Deckard et al. 2013; Skinner et al. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69(3): 493–525, 2009) and video gaming (Irwin The Journal of Psychology, 133, 157–164, 1999; Laffan et al. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 544–549, 2016; Whitton Simulation & Gaming, 42(5), 596–609, 2011) have qualities that engage and captivate individuals. This case study reports the findings of a new method for simultaneously capturing the emotional, psychophysiological response and personal experiences of one expert videogamer and one expert writer (N = 2). This method used a combination of 1) participant pre- and post- task activities/objectives questionnaires, 2) measurement of an engaged task using Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), Electroencephalogram (EEG), and facio-muscular emotional recognition Emotient software, and 3) a Flow State Scale (FSS-2) to understand the participant’s depth of engagement. After completing a thematic analysis of each expert’s activity, findings indicated both experienced a flow-like state that coincided with increased facio-emotional values of confusion (D’Mello et al. Learning and Instruction, 29, 153–170, 2014), decreased GSR, and increased EEG brain activity (Beta and Gamma), providing indicators of engagement. This combination of emotional and psychophysiological indicators that coincide with goal attainment suggests the possibility of shared states that quantify engagement across different tasks. The findings provide an outlet to explore the characteristics of complex learning tasks and suggest the possibility of universal indicators of individualized engagement across learning domains.

Metacognitions and Mindfulness in Athletes: An Investigation on the Determinants of Flow

This study investigated triathletes’ metacognitions and mindfulness traits (N = 232) measured prior to competition, and flow (N = 63), post competition. The primary aim was to investigate whether metacognitions (measured by the Metacognitions Questionnaire) would associate with mindfulness facets (measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire – Short Form), and metacognitions would also predict flow scores (measured by the Short Flow State Scale), over and above mindfulness facets. Regression analyses showed that metacognitions individually predicted mindfulness facets. A hierarchical regression showed that positive beliefs about worry negatively predicted flow, while a lack of cognitive confidence, beliefs about the need for thought control and acting with awareness positively predicted flow. These findings indicate that a) metacognitive beliefs are influential to cognitive predispositions, b) typically dysfunctional metacognitions may play a different role in competitive environments, and c) metacognitions may play a more important role in the occurrence of flow, than mindfulness.

"Agora é minha vez de jogar"? Percepção de estudantes sobre a utilização dos Exergames na educação física escolar

Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a percepção de estudantes sobre a utilização dos Exergames nas aulas de Educação Física, verificando nível de interesse e motivação, bem como discutir as implicações desse uso na prática docente. Metodologia: Participaram deste estudo 20 alunos dos anos finais do ensino fundamental em uma escola municipal da rede básica de ensino da cidade do Rio Grande. O questionário Long Flow State Scale Physical (FSS-2) foi utilizado para avaliar as questões relativas à percepção dos alunos a respeito dos Exergames. Além do questionário, foram produzidos diários de campo para registrar as potencialidades e dificuldades do uso de Exergames em sala de aula. Resultados e Discussão: Os alunos relataram um aumento no estímulo durante as aulas, mesmo que em algumas oportunidades a dinâmica possa ter comprometido a participação. Uma percepção positiva associada aos fatores motivacionais foi encontrada. Conclusão: A maioria dos itens das dimensões do fluxo demonstrou valores iguais ou acima de quatro, indicando que os indivíduos entraram em estado de fluxo.

The effect on subjective quality of life of occupational therapy based on adjusting the challenge–skill balance: a randomized controlled trial

Objective: To verify the effect of adjusting the challenge–skill balance with respect to rehabilitation process. Design: A single-blind, two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Setting: Recovery rehabilitation unit of Harue Hospital, Japan. Subjects: The trial included 72 clients (mean (SD): age, 74.64 (9.51) years; Functional Independence Measure score, 98.26 (15.27)) with cerebral or spinal disease or musculoskeletal disease. Interventions: Clients were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group, who received occupational therapy with adjustment of the challenge–skill balance, and the control group who received conventional occupational therapy. Time from admission to discharge was considered the implementation period; the final evaluation was conducted at three months after discharge. Main measures: The primary outcome was subjective quality of life (Ikigai-9). Secondary outcomes were the health-related quality of life (EuroQol–5 Dimensions, Five Levels (EQ-5D-5L)), the Flow State Scale for Occupational Tasks, and the Functional Independence Measure. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using total cost and quality-adjusted life-year based on the EQ-5D-5L. Results: Significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups with respect to the Ikigai-9 score (P = 0.008) and EQ-5D-5L (P = 0.038), and the effect sizes were 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27–1.24) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.14–1.10), respectively. No significant between-group differences in other outcomes were observed, for example, the Functional Independence Measure score improved in both experimental and control groups (119.80 (5.50) and 118.84 (6.97), respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US$5518.38. Conclusions: Adjusting the challenge–skill balance may be a useful approach to improve the participant’s subjective quality of life in the rehabilitation process.

Parents’ Promotion of Challenges scale in adolescent elite athletes

Background: Parents’ promotion of challenges is a resource for adolescents’ positive development and, specifically, it can constitute a resource for adolescents who engage in a high- commitment activity such as elite sports. Objectives: The aim of this work is to present the psychometric properties of the Parents’ Promotion of Challenges Scale in elite athletes and to evaluate the contribution of this variable in the optimal experience, or flow, of these adolescents. Method: A total of 276 adolescents aged between 11 and 19 years (M = 15.71; SD = 1.49) representing Argentinean national teams of different sports participated in the study. Fifty four percent (54%) were males (n = 149) and 46% were females (n = 127). The participants answered a socio- demographic questionnaire, the Parents’ Promotion of Challenges Scale (EPDP), and the Flow State Scale for Adolescents. Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Component of Variance Analysis and Generalizability Analysis showed adequate indicators of validity and reliability for the EPDP (GFI = .99; AGFI = .98; CFI = 1; RMSEA = 0.0; RMR = .06; SRMR = .06; relative G = .82; absolute G = .81). Parents’ promotion of challenges contributes to the flow through the support dimension and it is only significant for women. Conclusions: This work provides an instrument for professionals working with adolescents and allows to contribute to promote positive experiences in elite sport.

Self-esteem of people who practice sport in relation to their experiencing the flow state and their style of coping with stress

The purpose of this work was to ascertain the association of the level of athletes’ self-esteem with their stress management and experiencing the flow state. The study included 56 men and 18 women, aged 19 to 25, who practiced sport and lived in Gorzow Wielkopolski and its vicinity. The following tools were employed: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, N.S. Endler and J.D. Parker’s Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), and S. Jackson and D. Eklund’s Flow State Scale – 2. For the analysis of variables descriptive statistics, correlation measures (Pearson’s r) and regression analysis were used. It was found that there is a positive correlation at the level of 0.05 between high self-esteem and the task-oriented style of coping with stressful situations, and a significant negative correlation at the level of 0.01 between self-esteem and the emotion-oriented style of stress management. The level of self-esteem also correlates with experiencing the flow state. Self-esteem is an important predictor of the method of coping with stressful situations and experiencing the flow state. People with higher self-esteem achieve the state of a kind of felicity, an autotelic experience. They are aware of their own abilities, have the feeling that they effortlessly control their situation and themselves, and can distance themselves from the surrounding environment. In a stressful situation, they focus on the problem.

The Relationship between Motivation and Flow States in Sports Faculty Students

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motivation and flow states in sports faculty students. A total of 289 athletes who were studying at Ondokuz Mayis University Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sports Sciences participated in the study. Sport Motivation Scale and The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 were used. T-test was used for comparisons. While there was no significant difference between the subscale scores of motivational orientation by gender (p> 0.05), a significant difference was found between the amotivation subscale (p 0.05). No significant difference was found between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation states of student athletes according to gender differences (p> 0.05). No significant difference was found between all sub-dimensions of flow state according to gender, team and individual sports (p> 0.05). T Conclusion: It can be said that motivation levels of sports educated students have an effect on flow states or flow states have an influence on motivation states. The studies that increase the flow states of the sports educated students can increase the motivation levels of the students, as well as studies that increase the motivation levels of the students can increase the flow states. Studies should be conducted in different age groups and different groups to find out in which sub-dimensions flow states and motivation states differ or are similar.

Validity Evidence for the Flow State Scale-2 with University Athletes

Abstract Flow is an optimal psychological state, a very positive experience associated with high levels of performance in various areas of human activity such as sports. This study sought evidence for the construct validity of the Brazilian version of FSS-2 and, in this way, contribute with theoretical and empirical resources for the research and professional practice of Brazilian psychologists in the field of sports and physical exercise. This instrument provides a global measure and specifically measures nine dimensions of the flow experience. The participants were 366 athletes, men and women, 16-41 years of age, who played futsal, handball, volleyball and rugby and disputed the University Games Gaúchos 2015. The scores of the subjects were subjected to Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Indices of content, factorial, convergent and discriminant validities and internal consistency were found, discussed according to theoretical and empirical data from this line of research. We conclude that the general adjustments of the model were close to those obtained in the original studies.

A study of psychological flow and related variables

The concept of psychological flow remains difficult to define, despite progress in the body of research surrounding it. This study’s objective is to examine the relationships among the flow phenomenon and other relevant psychological variables, such as: positive affect, psychological well-being, self-efficacy, intrinsic interest, and self-concordance. We also explore the links between the aforementioned constructs and enjoyment and absorption, which are essential components of psychological flow. To do so, simple and multiple linear regression analyses were carried out using data from a convenience sample of participants. As instruments, we employed our version of the Flow Sub-scales (Rodríguez, Schaufeli, Salanova, &amp; Cifre, 2008), the Self-concordance and Self-efficacy Index (Sansinenea, Gil de Montes, Agirrezabal, Larrañaga, Ortiz, Valencia, &amp; Fuster, 2008), and the Spanish versions of the: Flow State Scale (Jackson &amp; Marsh, 1996), Psychological Well-being Scales (Ryff, 1989), and the PANAS scales (Watson, Clark, &amp; Tellegen, 1988). The results show that general and weekly positive affect, psychological well-being, self-efficacy, intrinsic interest, and self-concordance can predict portions of variance in psychological flow, enjoyment, and absorption. The implications of these results are important to defining this construct.

Traditional-Chinese Dispositional Flow Scale-2 and Flow State Scale-2 in Taiwanese subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

IntroductionThe 36-item Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) and Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) were developed to assess flow experience in daily and specific activities. Although their validity and reliability had been examined in general populations and different cultures, little is known for schizophrenic subjects. Thus, this study aimed to validate Traditional-Chinese DFS-2 (TCDFS-2) and FSS-2 (TCFSS-2) in Taiwanese subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. MethodsWe recruited 229 adult participants from outpatient clinics, day care centers, and psychiatric rehabilitation centers in Taipei. They filled out 36-item TCDFS-2 and TCFSS-2 under guidance. The LISREL 9.30 software was used to conduct exploratory factor analysis for exploring measurement structures, and then confirmatory factor analysis for identifying factor models. ResultsThe six first-order factor and one second-order factor measurement models were obtained for both 36-item TCDFS-2 (Chi-square statistic = 999.1, df = 545, p < 0.0001, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.0603, and Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.9213) and TCFSS-2 (Chi-square statistic = 987.9, df = 539, p < 0.0001, RMSEA = 0.0603, and CFI = 0.9213). ConclusionOur factor models differed remarkably from those of 36-item DFS-2 and FSS-2. Yet, they were barely acceptable to be used to measure flow experiences in schizophrenic subjects in clinical applications. Since the factor scores, measurement structures, or even definitions of flow experiences could differ substantially between healthy people and patients with mental illness, disease-specific instruments of flow experiences should be considered in the future.

Evaluating the effect of a Participatory Music Program on the Quality of Life and Community Reintegration of Homeless Veterans in Indianapolis

Background: &#x0D; Among Veterans, homelessness is a well-recognized, major problem. Approximately 20% of homeless persons in Indianapolis are Veterans. The Domiciliary Care for Homeless Veterans Program provides residential care for housing insecure Veterans with multiple needs. However, difficulty in combating issues of isolation and lack of avocation for members of the Program remains. Our goal and belief is that providing veterans with a participatory arts will significantly improve their quality of life and reintegration into the community. &#x0D; Methods: &#x0D; This prospective study will use mixed methods to compare intervention participants with usual care controls. Veterans will complete standardized measures including the 20-Item Short Form Health Survey, for quality of life, and Flow State Scale-2, for level of program engagement. Veterans who transition to community housing will complete the Military to Civilian Questionnaire. Veterans will also participate in semi-structured interviews for qualitative data. &#x0D; Anticipated Results: &#x0D; We anticipate that quality of life will improve among homeless Veterans who participate in the study compared to usual care controls. Further, that we will observe a higher level of community reintegration for participants who leave the Domiciliary. &#x0D; Significance: &#x0D; Offering an intervention that looks to change how Veterans see themselves in specific social roles and change how they structure their lives is vital in tackling issues contributing to homelessness. &#x0D; Potential Impact: &#x0D; This project will provide preliminary data about a participatory music program regarding improvement in quality of life for Veterans with housing insecurity. Findings can be used to build a larger implementation trial across VA domiciliaries nation-wide.

Exergame Experience of Young and Old Individuals Under Different Difficulty Adjustment Methods

In this work, we compare the exergaming experience of young and old individuals under four difficulty adjustment methods. Physical inactivity is a leading cause of numerous health conditions including heart diseases, diabetes, cancer, and reduced life expectancy. Committing to regular physical exercise is a simple non-pharmaceutical preventive measure for maintaining good health and sustaining quality of life. Incorporating exercise into games, studies frequently used exergames as an intervention tool over the last decades to improve physical functions and to increase adherence to exercise. While task difficulty optimization is crucial to exergame design, researchers consistently overlooked age as an element which can significantly influence the nature of end results. We use the Flow State Scale to analyze the mental state of young and old individuals to compare constant difficulty with ramping, performance-based, and biofeedback-based difficulty adjustments. Our results indicate that old individuals are less likely to experience flow compared to young under the same difficulty adjustment methods. Further investigation revealed that old individuals are likely to experience flow under ramping and biofeedback-based difficulty adjustments whereas performance-based adjustments were only feasible for young.