Flexural Deformation Research Articles

Feasibility Study of Experimental Protocol for the Time-Dependent Mechanical Response of Synthetic Tibia.

In this research, an experimental biomechanics construct was developed to reveal the mechanics of distal tibial fracture by submitting synthetic tibiae to cyclic loading, resulting in a combined stress state due to axial compression and bending loads. The synthetic tibia was fixed at the knee but allowed to rotate in the coronal and sagittal planes at the ankle. The first three loading regimes lasted for 4000 cycles/each, and the final until ultimate failure. After 12k±80 cycles, the observed failure patterns closely resembled distal tibial fractures. The collected data during cyclic loading were fitted into a phenomenological model to deduce the time-dependent response of the synthetic tibiae. Images were also collected and analyzed using digital image correlation to deduce the full-field state of strain. The latter revealed that longitudinal strain contours extended in the proximal-distal direction. The transverse strain contours exemplified a medial-to-lateral distribution, attributed to the combined contributions of the Poisson's effect and the flexural deformation from axial and bending components of the applied load, respectively. The experimental construct, full-field characterization, and data analysis approaches can be extended to elucidate the effect of different fixation devices on the overall mechanical behavior of the bone and validate computational models in future research.

Seismic behavior of Q620 high-strength steel welded Box-section columns: Experimental tests, analysis, and model

This study experimentally and numerically investigates the seismic behavior of high-strength steel (HSS) welded Box-section columns. The HSS structures have made rapid development in various types of building structures. However, the high yield-to-tensile ratio of HSS limits its application in seismic design. To address this gap, a new type of HSS called Q620 has been developed by Hebei Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. (HISCO). A total of three specimens were designed by this seismic-resistant Q620 HSS material and tested under cyclic load. The main failure modes included local buckling of the bottom section of the column, and obvious flexural deformation led to fracture of the specimen. Additionally, the nonlinear kinematic hardening model was utilized to accurately establish the finite element (FE) model for the HSS welded Box-section columns. Based on the validated FE model, an extensive parametric analysis (e.g., width-to-thickness ratio, axial compression ratio, and slenderness ratio) was conducted to evaluate the seismic behavior of the Q620 HSS welded Box-section columns. The results indicated that the Box-section columns exhibited favorable hysteretic behavior and notable plastic deformation capacity. A higher width-to-thickness ratio resulted in a faster decline in stiffness and a more pronounced advancement of damage. The ductility and energy dissipation capacity of Box-section columns were generally decreased with increasing axial compression ratio or slenderness ratio. A newly simplified hysteretic model was proposed, which was in good agreement with the experimental results.

Calculation Method for Structural Dynamics of Material Ropeway under Startup and Shutdown Conditions with Single Concentrated Loads and Distributed Multiple Loads

In light of the unique structural features of material ropeway of transmission line, this paper presents a calculation method for the structural dynamics of material ropeway when subjected to single concentrated loads and distributed multiple loads. Taking into account the geometric nonlinearity and significant flexible deformation features of carrying rope and pulling rope in material ropeways, a finite mass point method is utilized for theoretical derivation to investigate the effects of varying load weights and speeds on tension fluctuations in carrying rope and pulling rope during the startup and shutdown processes. The results indicate that the proposed method can accurately calculate the tension and structural variations in carrying rope and pulling rope of multi-span material ropeway when subjected to single concentrated loads and distributed multiple loads. This method not only satisfies the requirements for transmission line engineering applications but also offers insights into the safe utilization of material ropeway of transmission line.

On the Polygonal Wear Evolution of Heavy-Haul Locomotive Wheels due to Wheel/Rail Flexibility and Its Mitigation Measures

Wheel polygonal wear can immensely worsen wheel/rail interactions and vibration performances of the train and track, and ultimately, lead to the shortening of service life of railway components. At present, wheel/rail medium- or high-frequency frictional interactions are perceived as an essential reason of the high-order polygonal wear of railway wheels, which are potentially resulted by the flexible deformations of the train/track system or other external excitations. In this work, the effect of wheel/rail flexibility on polygonal wear evolution of heavy-haul locomotive wheels is explored with aid of the long-term wheel polygonal wear evolution simulations, in which different flexible modeling of the heavy-haul wheel/rail coupled system is implemented. Further, the mitigation measures for the polygonal wear of heavy-haul locomotive wheels are discussed. The results point out that the evolution of polygonal wear of heavy-haul locomotive wheels can be veritably simulated with consideration of the flexible effect of both wheelset and rails. Execution of mixed-line operation of heavy-haul trains and application of multi-cut wheel re-profiling can effectively reduce the development of wheel polygonal wear. This research can provide a deep-going understanding of polygonal wear evolution mechanism of heavy-haul locomotive wheels and its mitigation measures.

The Post-Buckling Behavior of a Beam Constrained by Nonlinear Springy Walls

Abstract The post-buckling behavior of a beam that is subjected to lateral constraints is of relevance to a range of medical and engineering applications, such as endoscopic examination of internal organs, the insertion of a guidewire into an artery in-stent procedures, root growth, deep-drilling, and more. In this paper, we address a disconnect between the existing literature and the reality of these systems, in which the lateral constraints are flexible and experience nonlinear deformations. As a step towards bridging this gap, we consider a beam undergoing planar deformations that is laterally constrained by a nonlinear springy wall, i.e., a wall that is laterally pushed by the beam against a nonlinear spring. Based on a simplified mathematical model, we obtain closed-form analytical solutions, which provide valuable insights and intuition. For example, we show that important features of the behavior, such as the transition from point contact to line contact and switching to the next mode, are dictated solely by a non-dimensional force, regardless of all other parameters of the system, and that the full description of the behavior is possible by means of two non-dimensional quantities that describe the relative stiffness of the nonlinear spring compared to that of the beam. The results also highlight the fundamental differences between the behavior with a stiffening spring or with a softening spring, such as the number of attainable modes and the monotonicity of the overall force–displacement relation. These results are then validated by experiments.

ASYMMETRIC FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF GLULAM BEAMS BASED ON BAMBOO-INSPIRED FUNCTIONALLY GRADED STRUCTURE FOR HIGH BENDING LOAD APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT Natural materials are being further processed into functionally engineered products to reduce their natural variability and enhance their performance for use in construction, given their noteworthy recyclability, availability and sustainability traits. To date, the mechanical strengths of natural and engineered wood products are limited by their inherent micromechanical characteristics which are outclassed by homogeneous materials like steel and concrete. This study proposes a less process-intensive technique to improve the strength of engineered wood products by considering glulam based on a bio-inspired functionally graded structure. The finite element method was considered to investigate the effects of the functionally graded arrangement on the asymmetric flexural deformation and on the underlying fracture mechanisms in glulam beams. The numerical results showed that the functionally graded arrangements across the cross-section led to an improvement in the bending strength and consequently enhanced the resistance to transverse crack propagation. In the functionally graded glulam beam, the stiffer layers at the bottom were found to promote the onset for longitudinal crack initiation. Moreover, transverse cracks tended to propagate sideways in an orthogonal direction in the beam layers with a high longitudinal to transverse stiffness ratio whereby the tangential normal stress was a maximum. The improvement in performance, which resulted from a shift of the neutral axis and redistribution of stress within the glulam beams, was attributed to the degree of graded arrangement across their cross-section besides the orthotropic characteristics of their individual layers. Key findings of this study could be useful to further develop high-strength engineered wood products based on bio-inspired solutions to replace conventional materials in the construction industry for improved sustainability.

Analytical modeling of stress concentration in composite box girders

In several structures/structural forms, including box beams, T-beams, U-beams, box girders, and tubular buildings, the stress concentration caused by the shear lag effect reduces their load-resisting capacity. The energy method has been proven to be more effective in analyzing the shear lag effect in these structures. Utilizing the minimum potential energy principle, this study illustrates a simplified approach to assessing stress concentration in composite box girders. Based on boundary conditions and shear loading conditions, closed form solutions are obtained for normal stresses and deflection. The present research results are verified with finite element analysis results and literature, demonstrating the robustness of the methodology. A composite box girder can be analyzed using the present approach under any support and loading conditions, taking material properties into account. To increase composite box girders’ load carrying capacity, additional layers of material are generally added to the flange. When retrofitting a box girder in this way, cross-sectional flexural rigidity is trivially improved. The additional layer of material on the flange of the box girder may reduce stress concentrations caused by the shear lag effect when it improves the shear flow capacity (SFC) of the flange. Shear flow parameter (Γ) measures flange shear flow capacity. The flange SFC increases significantly for a core/layer with a ratio of elastic modulus to shear modulus (E c /G c ) up to 1.26. When E c /G c rises even further, the flange SFC decreases. A composite box beam may have enhanced flange stiffness, with cores/layers having E c /G c ratios up to 2.86 and stress concentrations similar to that of a box beam without a core/layer. In composite box beams with a low aspect ratio, considering only flexural deformation in the core/layer augments the stress concentrations significantly. Deflection and negative shear lag are reduced significantly when the composite box beam flange has a high SFC.

Shape embedding and retrieval in multi-flow deformation

We propose a unified 3D flow framework for joint learning of shape embedding and deformation for different categories. Our goal is to recover shapes from imperfect point clouds by fitting the best shape template in a shape repository after deformation. Accordingly, we learn a shape embedding for template retrieval and a flow-based network for robust deformation. We note that the deformation flow can be quite different for different shape categories. Therefore, we introduce a novel multi-hub module to learn multiple modes of deformation to incorporate such variation, providing a network which can handle a wide range of objects from different categories. The shape embedding is designed to retrieve the best-fit template as the nearest neighbor in a latent space. We replace the standard fully connected layer with a tiny structure in the embedding that significantly reduces network complexity and further improves deformation quality. Experiments show the superiority of our method to existing state-of-the-art methods via qualitative and quantitative comparisons. Finally, our method provides efficient and flexible deformation that can further be used for novel shape design.

Uncertainty Assessment of the Remaining Volume of an Offshore Gravity Fish Cage

The volume of a gravity cage is greatly reduced under a current due to the flexible structure, which affects the growth and health of the fish. Thus, an accurate assessment of cage volume is essential to determine the number of fishes in the cage. In this study, firstly, a numerical model was built to study the cage volume reduction of gravity cages due to the flexible net deformation when subjected to uniform flow. The remaining volume was calculated and compared with earlier experiments. Even though the flow velocity reductions were considered according to the data from previous experiments, the differences between the results from the numerical calculation and the towing tests are still significant. The physical model tests were treated as the reference value to investigate the uncertainty of the model results. Both the velocity-independent model error and velocity-dependent model error were calculated. With the help of the error models, the uncertainty of the remaining volume can be predicted. In addition, the velocity-dependent model error performs better in evaluating the uncertainty of the numerical calculation of the remaining culturing volume. Overall, the results show that the numerical model assisted by the model errors can calculate the cage volume accurately.

Experimental and numerical study of different wing number and flapping-rotation decomposition of a flapping wing rotor unmanned aerial vehicle

The flapping wing rotor (FWR) is a novel aerial vehicle that combines the aerodynamic benefits of both a flapping wing and a rotary wing. By utilizing the passive rotation effect resulting from the flexible deformation of the center symmetric flapping wing, the FWR can enhance its lift force. However, previous research has neglected to explore the mechanism behind the flapping-rotation motion of a flyable FWR, which elucidates its lift advantage compared to conventional flapping motion. Additionally, the impact of varying wing number on the flapping-rotation motion and performance of the FWR has not been taken into consideration. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct an experimental analysis to ascertain the impact of flapping-rotation decomposition and varying wing quantities on FWR. In this study, our prior vehicle design, which exhibited consistent stable hovering and maneuvering capabilities, is employed to construct the flapping wing rotor experiment system. Through this unique experimental system, the effects of flapping-rotation decomposition and different wing quantities on FWR are individually investigated. Additionally, computational fluid dynamics simulation is utilized as an auxiliary and supplementary approach to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics of the flapping-rotation motion. The result proves that the stable flapping-rotation motion does produce a more significant lift increase than the normal flapping motions. Under the premise of stable flapping-rotation motion, more wings will not only produce more lift but also require more driving power. The interactions between the wings also affect the flapping-rotation motion.

Fabrication and characterization of flexible natural cellulosic fiber composites through collaborative modification strategy of sodium hydroxide and γ-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane

The primary purpose of this work is to study the fabrication of a flexible natural cellulosic fiber composite. In this respect, natural cellulosic fiber was obtained by modified poplar wood fiber through sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and γ-Aminopropyl Triethoxysilan. Then, the composites were fabricated by hot-pressing the modified wood fibers and polyurethane following characterization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation results confirmed that some of the hemicellulose and lignin were removed from wood fibers after NaOH modification and successfully grafted with alkoxy structures after KH550 modification. NaOH&KH550 modification improved the interfacial compatibility between poplar wood fibers and polyurethane. The flexibility of the composites was improved (the slenderness value was reduced by 113 %), allowing flexible deformations such as bending, twisting, and knotting. In addition, thermal stability, tensile strength (increased by 105 %), elongation at the break (increased by 125 %), and water resistance were increased. This flexible natural cellulosic fiber composite is expected to be applied in the veneering of curved materials and special-shaped structure furniture, providing a theoretical basis for improving the added value of wood-based composites.

Shape detection of thin diameter flexible sensors with non-uniform gratings

Flexible intelligent medical device shape feedback has a very important application prospect in intelligent structure detection. Due to the error accumulation effect, the distribution of gratings is also an important factor affecting the reconstruction error of shape sensors. A grating positions optimization method based on the fusion of adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization algorithm and shape reconstruction algorithm is proposed in the paper. The curves with 10 measurement points arranged at a sensing length of 810 mm and 4 measurement points arranged at a sensing length of 200 mm are simulated and calculated. After multiple optimization training, the sparse optimal distribution of gratings with the smallest shape error is obtained. Package sensors with uniform and non-uniform distribution of grating points based on the obtained point positions, and conduct planar shape reconstruction experiments. After multiple shape reconstruction experiments, the shape errors of the sensor shape reconstruction endpoint for uniform gratings are 2.76% and 2.94%, respectively, and the reconstruction accuracy for non-uniform gratings is 1.94% and 2.71%. The optimized shape sensor has good performance, thus proving the effectiveness of the fiber grating sensing grid point optimization method in flexible medical device deformation monitoring.

Impact of debonding between layers of ballastless turnouts on the vibration characteristics of the wheel-rail system

The mortar layer of the slab ballastless turnout is the weakest connecting part compared to the rest of the structure, meaning debonding between the turnout slab and the mortar layer is prone to occur under the dynamic load of a train. In order to study the impact of debonding on the vibration response of the wheel-rail system in the turnout area, a rigid-flexible vehicle-turnout coupled dynamic model that takes debonding into account was established based on the theory of vehicle-track coupled dynamics; the flexible deformation of the multi-rail and turnout slab was also included in the model. The impact of debonding on the wheel load transition and the vibration acceleration of the turnout structure and axle box were then analysed. The results show that: There are significant differences in the impact of different types of debonding on the vibration response of the vehicle-track coupled system. When the debonding height is less than the voiding limit, the impact of the debonding height is significant, while the vibration acceleration of the vehicle-turnout system remains basically unchanged once debonding height reaches the void limit.

Shape Sensing in Plate Structures through Inverse Finite Element Method Enhanced by Multi-Objective Genetic Optimization of Sensor Placement and Strain Pre-Extrapolation.

The real-time reconstruction of the displacement field of a structure from a network of in situ strain sensors is commonly referred to as "shape sensing". The inverse finite element method (iFEM) stands out as a highly effective and promising approach to perform this task. In the current investigation, this technique is employed to monitor different plate structures experiencing flexural and torsional deformation fields. In order to reduce the number of installed sensors and obtain more accurate results, the iFEM is applied in synergy with smoothing element analysis (SEA), which allows the pre-extrapolation of the strain field over the entire structure from a limited number of measurement points. For the SEA extrapolation to be effective for a multitude of load cases, it is necessary to position the strain sensors appropriately. In this study, an innovative sensor placement strategy that relies on a multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is proposed. This approach aims to minimize the root mean square error of the pre-extrapolated strain field across a set of mode shapes for the examined plate structures. The optimized strain reconstruction is subsequently utilized as input for the iFEM technique. Comparisons are drawn between the displacement field reconstructions obtained using the proposed methodology and the conventional iFEM. In order to validate such methodology, two different numerical case studies, one involving a rectangular cantilevered plate and the other encompassing a square plate clamped at the edges, are investigated. For the considered case studies, the results obtained by the proposed approach reveal a significant improvement in the monitoring capabilities over the basic iFEM algorithm with the same number of sensors.

Janus Zn3CdC2 and ZnCd3C2 monolayers in carbides: A first-principles study

In this work, two Janus carbides, Zn3CdC2 and ZnCd3C2 monolayers, are designed. The stability, electronic, mechanical, piezoelectric, and light absorption properties are investigated using the first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that both structures are chemically, dynamically, and thermodynamically stable. A direct bandgap semiconductor, the ZnCd3C2 monolayer has a bandgap of 1.82 eV, while the indirect bandgap semiconductor Zn3CdC2 monolayer has a slightly larger gap of 2.03 eV. However, Zn3CdC2 monolayer can be transformed into a direct bandgap semiconductor by applying biaxial compression at 2%. The mechanical properties indicate that both materials possess significant mechanical anisotropy, high flexibility, and distinctive deformation pattern. More strikingly, two Janus monolayers display out-of-plane piezoelectric properties due to their noninversion symmetry and out-of-plane asymmetry structures. At the same time, the different charge transfer amounts along the x and y directions give them unequal out-of-plane piezoelectric coefficients d31 and d32. For Zn3CdC2 monolayer, the value of d31 is −0.52 pm/V, and the value of d32 is 0.25 pm/V; The values of d31 and d32 for ZnCd3C2 monolayer reach −0.32 pm/V and 0.27 pm/V, respectively. In addition, Zn3CdC2 and ZnCd3C2 monolayers have strong light absorption coefficients as high as 105 cm−1 in visible and ultraviolet bands. Our works reveal that the two Janus monolayers have great potential in piezoelectric, photovoltaic, and other sustainable energy applications.

Controllable cone for horizontal landing on asteroids using a flexible probe

The recently proposed flexible probe for asteroids provides a novel scheme for landing on low-gravity surface. To understand the feasible initial condition of the flexible probe's horizontal landing trajectory under multiple constraints, a controllable cone is defined and investigated. The boundary of the controllable cone is calculated using a double-layer optimization method. In the inner-layer, the switching time of the thrust profile is fixed, and the boundary point is solved through a multi-constraint trajectory optimization problem that considers the influence caused by the flexible deformation. In the outer-layer, the switching time of the thrust profile is optimized to maximize the cone boundary. To improve the optimization efficiency, an adaptive interval is used to search the switching time. With the double-layer optimization method, the controllable cone boundaries can be generated for both a specific height and a three-dimensional space. The controllable cone of the flexible probe is simulated for the landing on asteroid 433 Eros, and the influence of the flexible deformation is also analyzed.

Toward Swimming Speed Optimization of a Multi-Flexible Robotic Fish With Low Cost of Transport

Due to the complex mechanism and fabrication process of flexible materials, it remains extremely challenging for a flexible robotic fish to achieve fast and efficient locomotion. In this article, taking advantage of the passive bending and energy storage properties of flexible materials, we propose an untethered robotic fish with multiple flexible joints to achieve high performance and low Cost of Transport (COT). First, combining rigid links and flexible materials, a compact flexible tail with a simple and efficient structure is proposed. Next, the pseudo-rigid body theory is applied to analyze the deformation of passive joints, and a full-state dynamic model is established. More importantly, an optimization method by adjusting the phase differences of the passive joints is used to obtain high aquatic performance. Finally, extensive simulations and experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the robotic fish can achieve a maximum speed of 1.63 body length (BL) per second and a minimum COT of 4.8 J/m (2.87 J/m <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cdot$</tex-math> </inline-formula> kg). Compared with the multi-joint robotic fish with a similar design, the COT is reduced by up to 81.05% with the basically same aquatic ability. Excitingly, the flexible robotic fish can achieve a COT of 7.36 J/m at 1.23 BL/s, which is 15.72%-36.34% lower than that of the bluefin tuna and is within the range of yellowfin tuna, offering valuable insight into high speed and long endurance applications for underwater robots. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> –This paper is motivated by the design and optimization of an efficient bionic flexible underwater robot with high aquatic abilities, which is conducive to aquatic tasks that require long-time and long-distance sailing, such as underwater topographic exploration, submarine archaeology, and underwater search and rescue. Existing studies of free-swimming bionic underwater robots usually focus on the improvement of swimming speed and rarely consider achieving both high swimming performance and low energy cost. Thus, this paper proposes a bionic underwater robot design with two joints made of flexible materials on the tail to address the problem. Based on detailed analyses of the hydrodynamic force and flexible joint deformation, we propose an effective optimization method for swimming performance. A series of simulations and experiments suggest that the mechatronic design and optimization method are practical and valid. Hopefully, our design and method can provide theoretical guidance for engineers to design and optimize robots with flexible joints.

Numerical and digital image correlation study of the flexural behavior of prestressed ultra-high-performance concrete beams made from locally available materials

This paper presents finite element simulations of the flexural behavior of three prestressed ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams based on the concrete damaged plasticity model (CDPM) available within Abaqus. A novel numerical model that applies the prestressing force through surface traction is proposed. The flexural deformation of the prestressed UHPC beams is simulated from the application of the prestressing force through failure under flexural loading. Material properties were measured and informed values for CDPM input parameters. The model was compared with four-point loading tests previously conducted to study the flexural behavior of large-scale prestressed UHPC beams. Digital image correlation (DIC), supplemented with traditional sensors, was used during the test to monitor behavior. The primary results based on the numerical modeling are as follows: • The model is validated to accurately simulate the flexural behavior of prestressed UHPC beams, both in global deflection and local strain. • The prestressing process, including camber deformations, is effectively simulated. • The new approach to apply prestressing force in the model can be applied in scenarios requiring large prestressing forces. • The numerical results are also validated through comparison with DIC results. The new numerical modeling approach will be effective for guiding experimental studies and design of prestressed UHPC beam elements.

Crustal response to water loads and expansion of triggered seismicity around the Xiluodu Reservoir, Southwest China

&lt;p&gt;The transition to low-carbon energy generation requires a diverse portfolio of energy sources. Large hydropower stations play a crucial role in providing eco-friendly energy but can lead to crustal deformation and seismic activity due to reservoir impoundment and discharge. The mechanism behind how impoundment-induced deformation influences reservoir-triggered seismicity remains unclear. We investigate this at the world��s 4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; largest hydropower station in Xiluodu, China, using interdisciplinary analyses of relocated earthquakes, geodetic data, and numerical simulations. Geodetic observations confirm both a linear elastic response to hydrologic loading and the transition towards a relaxed and flexural response. Notably, approximately 81% of the earthquakes since impoundment occurred within ~15 km of the subsidence center. These events temporally relate to rapid hydrologic loading/unloading periods, with their spatiotemporal outward migration potentially caused by viscous relaxation of load stresses in the lower crust and upper mantle. The reservoir-induced flexural deformation and subsequent viscous relaxation may control the distribution and expansion of triggered seismicity. This research highlights the urgent need to enhance geohazard monitoring efforts around the subsidence center and emphasizes the vital importance of carefully considering this factor during the construction of large reservoirs to mitigate potential seismic risks.&lt;/p&gt;

Isomorphic Mesh Generation from Point Clouds with Multilayer Perceptrons.

A novel neural network called the isomorphic mesh generator (iMG) is proposed to generate isomorphic meshes from point clouds containing noise and missing parts. Isomorphic meshes of arbitrary objects exhibit a unified mesh structure, despite objects belonging to different classes. This unified representation enables various modern deep neural networks (DNNs) to easily handle surface models without requiring additional pre-processing. Additionally, the unified mesh structure of isomorphic meshes enables the application of the same process to all isomorphic meshes, unlike general mesh models, where processes need to be tailored depending on their mesh structures. Therefore, the use of isomorphic meshes can ensure efficient memory usage and reduce calculation time. Apart from the point cloud of the target object used as input for the iMG, point clouds and mesh models need not be prepared in advance as training data because the iMG is a data-free method. Furthermore, the iMG outputs an isomorphic mesh obtained by mapping a reference mesh to a given input point cloud. To stably estimate the mapping function, a step-by-step mapping strategy is introduced. This strategy enables flexible deformation while simultaneously maintaining the structure of the reference mesh. Simulations and experiments conducted using a mobile phone have confirmed that the iMG reliably generates isomorphic meshes of given objects, even when the input point cloud includes noise and missing parts.