Flexible Tariff Research Articles

Breaking the Anti-Globalization Deadlock: How E-Commerce Negotiations Drive the Reshaping of WTO Multilateral Cooperation

Amid rising anti-globalization sentiment, the global trading system faces increasing fragmentation and weakened multilateral cooperation. The World Trade Organization (WTO)’s e-commerce negotiations offer a crucial pathway to address these challenges by establishing digital trade rules and fostering market integration and inclusive development. This paper examines key breakthroughs in the e-commerce negotiations, including progress in data flow governance, tariff policies, and the regulation of emerging technologies, highlighting their role in reshaping multilateral cooperation. Drawing on regional agreements and international collaboration, the study proposes strategies for harmonizing data governance, implementing flexible tariff mechanisms, and improving dispute settlement systems. The findings demonstrate that e-commerce negotiations are a vital tool for the WTO to reform the multilateral cooperation framework, tackle pressing global challenges, and promote re-globalization.

THE IMPACT OF DIGITALISATION ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF PASSENGER RAIL TRANSPORT

Objective. To analyse the impact of digitalisation on passenger rail transport and assess its role in increasing the competitiveness of this sector. Methods. The following methods were used to achieve the goal and solve these tasks: literature and research analysis - the authors conducted a thorough analysis of scientific papers, studies and publications covering the topic of digitalisation in the field of public transport; comparative analysis - comparing different approaches and technologies in the field of digitalisation allowed to identify the most effective methods and strategies that can be implemented in public transport; forecasting and modelling - using models and forecasts to assess future development Results. It has been determined that the introduction of digital technologies will automate a number of processes in railway traffic management, increase efficiency and reduce operating costs, increase passenger satisfaction and loyalty, reduce the risk of accidents and incidents, increase revenues by improving the quality of services and reduce costs by optimising resources. In general, it is proved that digitalisation contributes to the creation of new and more flexible tariff offers that are focused on the individual needs of users. Scientific novelty. The authors propose directions for the digitalisation of passenger rail transport and identify key aspects related to the competitiveness of passenger rail transport. A methodological approach to assessing the effect of reducing travel time is proposed, the basis of which can be the economic value of time, and an alternative approach to assessing the effect of reducing travel time involves using the value of the gross regional product per capita generated in the region per unit of time as a cost equivalent of the saved time. Practical significance. The results of our study can be used by railway passenger companies to modernise existing systems and introduce new technologies, create new products and solutions that support the digitalisation and optimisation of public transport, develop new business models, optimise supply chains, improve transport efficiency and public transport safety, and improve the system of monitoring and responding to emergencies..

Development of the Theory and Practice of Calculating the Cost of Logistics Services As an Element of Customs and Logistics Risk Management in International Supply Chains for Goods Containing Intellectual Property

In conditions of geopolitical instability, the introduction of a huge number of sanctions against our country, conducting foreign economic activity is becoming more and more difficult and expensive. One of the important stages in the international supply chain is customs logistics in terms of customs control, the passage of which is mostly assigned to the logistics operator (customs representative). Every second product today contains intellectual property, and customs authorities have a number of mechanisms to control this complex category of goods. The application by customs authorities of the customs control mechanisms provided for by the customs legislation of the EAEU affects the timing of the release of goods (suspension of the release of goods for 20 working days), as well as the final cost (accounting for license fees in the structure of the customs value of goods). The paper analyzes emerging customs and logistics risks in international supply chains of goods containing intellectual property. The key figure in the declaration of goods is, as a rule, the logistics operator, acting on behalf of and on behalf of the foreign trade participant. However, today the risks of a logistics operator are not taken into account when determining the cost of services for performing operations related to the customs declaration of goods containing intellectual property. The article structures emerging customs and logistics factors in international supply chains of goods containing intellectual property. For this purpose, based on the customs and logistics risks that arise for the logistics operator during the customs declaration of goods containing intellectual property, the consequences of the occurrence of the considered risks for him are determined. A methodology for calculating flexible tariffs for a logistics operator has been developed, including criteria for differentiating tariffs depending on external and internal factors, and correction factors have been proposed.

Estimation of demand effects of new flexible tariff products in electronic fare management systems for public transport by combining survey and passive observation data

The paper provides an overview of the research project "FlexiTarife". The main objectives were the development of new flexible tariff products for electronic fare management systems (EFM systems) and the determination of their demand effects. The three new tariff products led to an increase in demand, which could not be found in the regarding survey data alone. Only the combination of survey and sales data from the EFM systems made it possible to determine this effect. Therefore, the recommendation can be derived to combine survey data with booking data or similar passive data to enrich the outcome substantially.

Formation of motivation HR-engineering on the base of flexible tariff normation of payment for labor

The theoretical and methodological principles of further development and improvement of the tariff system of labor remuneration were studied. The existing tariff systems for workers' wages have proven highly imperfect. They contain certain rudiments of tariff systems of directive and planned economy. Scientific and theoretical approaches were determined, and the optimal algorithm for the formation of motivational HR engineering based on a flexible tariff was developed. Methodical and practical recommendations for choosing the absolute value of the tariff rate of the first category using reduction on a flexible basis are proposed. Two methods have been developed: calculation-analytical and market, which show the socio-economic vector of the further development of the tariff system and provide a wide choice of the most optimal size of the tariff rate, which, on the one hand, ensures the necessary and sufficient level of wages, and on the other - causes high motivation workers to perform the assigned operation, work or set of results in certain organizational and technical conditions of production. In the first case, it is recommended to take either the average level of wages formed at the enterprise, economic sphere, industry, region of Ukraine or the officially established size of the consumer budget - subsistence, rational, elitist, etc. In the second case, the tariff rate is determined based on the market price of the labor force formed on the local, regional, or national labor markets. A wide selection of indicators enables any enterprise to conduct a balanced tariff policy, considering its financial condition and the need to ensure the appropriate level of wages and motivate workers to work both as a basis for calculating the first-tier tariff rate and as a certain socio-economic reference point for the further development of the tariff system. Keywords: tariff rate, salary, tariff system, HR engineering, motivation, tariff category.

Review on Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles via Market-Based Incentives, Grid-Friendly and Grid-Compatible Measures

Smart charging of electric vehicles is a promising concept for solving the current challenges faced by connecting mobility and electricity within the context of the ongoing sustainable energy transition. It allows cost savings for the expansion and operation of the power grid and a more efficient use of renewable energies. However, wide implementation of smart charging requires further work on technical and regulatory issues and further development of standards, especially an end-to-end consistency of the control signals. A fully automated process, as well as customisable services and flexible tariffs, would also facilitate wider market penetration. The novelty of this paper is the consensus of German pilot projects funded within the German programme “Elektro-Mobil” on the communication channel between all stakeholders for the use cases of smart charging based on market price incentives. Within this consensus, the projects have illustrated how specific standards can facilitate the communication between smart charging stakeholders, become a reality in the pilot projects and should be applied to further use cases in the low-voltage network. This consensus results in a white paper. On this basis, the adjustment of the standards can be made to ensure the consistency of the control signals from the beginning of the control process up to the end. In an advanced Edition, solutions for the prioritisation and orchestration of the different control signals could be designed.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF MOTOR TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES

The article considers the key aspects of the formation of competitive advantages by motor transport enterprises. In particular, the features that determine the success and sustainability of motor transport companies on the market of transport services are investigated. The purpose of the article is to reveal the key factors that, taking into account the specifics of the industry, ensure the formation of competitive advantages by motor transport enterprises. The authors substantiated the basis of the properties of competitive advantages of enterprises (relative efficiency, uniqueness, sustainability) and summarized the system of factors that influence them. The factors are presented with a division into external and internal, as well as depending on the result of the impact - the formation of permanent or temporary advantages. The modern trends in the formation of competitive advantages by road transport enterprises are defined and characterized, which include: an efficient fleet of vehicles, professional staff, efficient logistics, modern information technologies, flexible tariffs and services, the development of partnership relations, marketing and branding, high quality of service, environmental sustainability, innovative activity. The important role of infrastructure, technologies, management efficiency and development strategies in the context of the formation of competitive advantages is indicated. The article provides practical advice for motor transport enterprises on optimizing business processes, adapting to changes in regulation and implementing innovations that contribute to increasing efficiency and strengthening their competitiveness.

Renewable energy based dynamic tariff system for domestic load management

To deal with the present power-scenario, this paper proposes a model of an advanced energy management system, which tries to achieve peak clipping, peak to average ratio reduction and cost reduction based on effective utilization of distributed generations. This helps to manage conventional loads based on flexible tariff system. The main contribution of this work is the development of three-part dynamic tariff system on the basis of time of utilizing power, available renewable energy sources (RES) and consumers’ load profile. This incorporates consumers’ choice to suitably select for either consuming power from conventional energy sources and/or renewable energy sources during peak or off-peak hours. To validate the efficiency of the proposed model we have comparatively evaluated the model performance with existing optimization techniques using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. A new optimization technique, hybrid greedy particle swarm optimization has been proposed which is based on the two aforementioned techniques. It is found that the proposed model is superior with the improved tariff scheme when subjected to load management and consumers’ financial benefit. This work leads to maintain a healthy relationship between the utility sectors and the consumers, thereby making the existing grid more reliable, robust, flexible yet cost effective.

Frequent Flyer Cost Estimation

The marketing activity of a modern airline is quite diverse. Under the conditions of an oligopoly, airlines develop their business in competition for a passenger.In modern conditions in Russia, the use of dumping methods of the early 1990s is very ineffective. There are no weak airlines left on the long-distance air transportation market, and in regional markets large companies lose to small regional carriers due to the high cost of performing flights on large-capacity aircrafts of the airline’s fleet.Generally, non-price methods of competition come out on top. Flexible tariff policy, advertising, and high service in servicing passengers remain leading traditional methods of competing for a passenger.This article is devoted to the study of another marketing method for attracting passengers, or rather retaining passengers on the airline’s flights, which is development of bonus programs, frequent flyer programs. PJSC Russian Airlines (Aeroflot) was chosen as the object for the study. The subject of the research is the «Aeroflot Bonus» program.The objective of the study is to study the cost of the program. For research purposes, this is the value of the frequent flyer program point. The problem proposed to be solved is to determine the amount of expenses for implementation of the bonus program of frequent flyers. When solving the problem in its staging part, the assessment is not limited to direct costs associated with the costs of marketing efforts in the form of costs for organising a special advertising department, issuing bonus cards, software, and wages. The estimation refers also to indirect costs in the form of unreceived proceeds from free bonus tickets. Besides, a rough estimate has been made of the airline’s hidden costs due to an unpaid seat on the plane. The study conclusions indicate that hidden costs will be taken into account in calculating the cost of a flight and the bonus program has a right to exist.

Planning level sizing of heat pumps and hot water tanks incorporating model predictive control and future electricity tariffs

Heat pumps and hot water tanks in local energy systems require sizing to increase on-site renewables self-consumption; decrease costs through variable electricity pricing; and utilise low-cost wind power. While detailed tools can capture these mechanisms, planning-level tools lack functionality and miss these benefits. In this paper an open-source planning-level modelling tool, PyLESA, is presented and applied to a sizing study to demonstrate the capturing of these benefits at the planning-level. Specific aims of the study were to investigate: (i) model predictive control vs. fixed order control, (ii) existing and future wind-influenced electricity tariffs, and (iii) optimal cost size combinations of heat pump and hot water tank. The lowest levelized cost of heat for the existing tariffs was for a time-of-use tariff, 750 kW heat pump and 500 m3 hot water tank combination. For the future wind-influenced tariff a 1000 kW heat pump and 2000 m3 hot water tank was cost optimal and showed model predictive control benefits over fixed order control with levelized heat costs reducing 41 %, and heat demand met by renewables increasing 18 %. These results demonstrate PyLESA as capable of capturing flexibility benefits at the planning stage of design and quantify the advantage of combining flexible tariffs with model predictive control.

Adapting water tariffs to climate change: Linking resource availability, costs, demand, and tariff design flexibility

Abstract Utilities face challenges that may cause net damage costs able to defy our society and environment. An ever more frequent impact is water resource scarcity due to an increasingly uncertain climate, overexploitation and contamination of resources, as well as lack of infrastructure. Thus, in the water supply sector, the robustness and resilience of systems depends on ‘preparedness’ measures able to establish a link between resources availability, utility costs, water tariffs (or other sources of revenue) and demand. In this study, the interplay regarding the instability of environmental phenomena, water supply and demand management is established to model tariffs in a novel flexible framework. The social, economic and environmental impacts are assessed related to costs, demand, and water resources availability. The Sao Paulo metropolitan area (Brazil) case-study is assessed, particularly the Cantareira reservoir system. Water supply tariffs and operational adjustments are proposed on an ‘ex-ante time frame’. By providing a rationale to price changes related to resource variability (e.g., scarcity-related) the often reliance on heuristics or simplified decision-making models is avoided. The results achieved highlight that water supply tariffs can be planned according to climatic and hydrologic information, utility costs, water demand, rational and flexible tariff design, to avoid unnecessary constraints on utilities, allowing to defer investment requirements. Benefits accrued to customers are: reductions from 10% to 44% in lower consumption levels (usually connected to high-value uses) and, when in resource scarcity situations, increases in higher consumption blocks from 3% to 106%.

АНАЛІЗ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ТА ШЛЯХИ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА «УКРЗАЛІЗНИЦЯ» В КОНТЕКСТІ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The article analyzes the activities of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia". With the help of indicators the condition of this enterprise was assessed and their non-compliance with the norms was revealed. Analyzing the results, we can assume that the company is not able to timely and fully cover its short-term liabilities. It is proposed to build an algorithm for solving economic problems in the system of "passenger traffic" on the basis of the "target tree", using the criteria for evaluating options at different levels. Goal Tree "allows you to graphically represent the subordination and relationship of goals, showing the division of the overall (general) goal or mission into sub-goals, objectives and individual actions. This will ensure the development of brand competencies and help increase the competitiveness of rail transport in the negative impact of environmental factors. Based on the analysis of the data of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia», it was established that its development lags behind the growing needs of the economy and the population. The deterioration of the complex is primarily due to the imperfection of the management of the effectiveness of its activities (results) against the background of the general decline in all sectors of the economy. This is due to the fact that the behavior of certain elements of management of the complex and surrounding systems (staff and its various social groups, suppliers, customers, investors) is determined by their own interests. Under such conditions, accurate forecasts, plans, decisions are impossible. Studies of passenger traffic provide a systematic analysis of the market of transport services of the population and the environment to address tactical and strategic challenges of passenger traffic management on the railways of Ukraine. This is achieved through constant marketing and, based on its data – improving technology and increasing the productivity of workers involved in transportation. The result of passenger transportation marketing is the adoption of effective management decisions that allow to ensure the involvement in rail transportation of the required passenger traffic through a flexible tariff policy.

Analysis of the prospects for the development of alternative energy sources in Kazakhstan

The article analyzes the problems of the development of alternative energy sources in the energy system of Kazakhstan and substantiates the prospects for their introduction in small settlements located in the desert zone. The principles of operation of wind and solar installations used in the territory of Kazakhstan, including in rural settlements, are described. A comparison of the current statistical data of the Republic of Kazakhstan and foreign countries for 2019-2020 is carried out. in the field of the introduction of renewable energy. The possibilities of introducing alternative energy sources in Kazakhstan are considered, subject to the application of flexible tariff mechanisms, state priority when reserving territories for the construction of renewable energy facilities.

Optimal design of retailer-prosumer electricity tariffs using bilevel optimization

We compare various flexible tariffs that have been proposed to cost-effectively govern a prosumer’s electricity management—in particular time-of-use (TOU), critical-peak-pricing (CPP), and a real-time-pricing tariff (RTP). As the outside option, we consider a fixed-price tariff (FP) that restricts the specific characteristics of TOU, CPP, and RTP, so that the flexible tariffs are at least as profitable for the prosumer as the FP tariff. We propose bilevel models to determine the optimal interplay between the retailer’s tariff design and the prosumer’s decisions on using the storage, on consumption, and on electricity purchases from as well as electricity sales to the grid. The single-level reformulations of the considered bilevel models are computationally highly challenging optimization problems since they combine bilinearities and mixed-integer aspects for modeling certain tariff structures. Based on a computational study using real-world data, we find that RTP increases retailer profits, however, leads to the largest price volatility for the prosumer. TOU and CPP only yield mild additional retailer profits and, due to the multiplicity of optimal plans on the part of the prosumer, imply uncertain revenues for the retailer.

The flexibility deployment of the service sector - A demand response modelling approach coupled with evidence from a market research survey

The flexible use of energy is seen as a key option to facilitate the integration of volatile renewable energy sources (RES) into the electricity sector. In this study, we focus on flexibility in the service sector, in terms of flexible technologies, experiences and willingness to participate in demand response (DR) actions. We analyse the technically possible future deployment of flexibility, the practically possible deployment of flexibility and also take the reduction of RES surplus electricity into account. Our results are based on survey data from over 1.500 service sector companies (offices, trade, hospitality) and modelling results with a time resolved DR model (eLOAD). The data show that service sector companies have few experiences in DR so far, which is among others caused by the unfavourable regulatory conditions to participate in flexibility markets. The currently most common forms of DR are load shedding and flexible tariffs and optimized purchase of electricity. Participation in DR varies between subsectors and company sizes, but on average all subsectors are interested in extending (automated) DR measures in the future. Our projections result in a possible technical deployment of flexible electricity of 7.74 TWh of which about 510 GWh can be used to reduce renewable surplus electricity (in case of a 50% RES share). In case of a 80% RES share, this can reach 1.63 TWh. Integrating the willingness of companies to participate in DR, the practical possible deployment results in 131 GWh reduction of renewable surplus electricity. This can be interpreted as a first-mover potential for DR. Future increased need for flexible demand could raise the profit for the companies and their willingness in participating in DR. Further analyses on most promising target groups of companies would help to tap the potentials and to create market offers as well as policies to incentivise participation.

The prospect of development of the hostel market in Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to develop measures to improve the performance of Ukrainian hostels in the hotel services market of Ukraine. The subject of study. Economic relations, processes of cooperation of economic entities in the hotel services market, as well as measures to improve the activity of Ukrainian hostels. Methodology of research. The research process uses general scientific (deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis), and special research methods (organizational and functional analysis, comparative analysis) and a systematic approach to the study of the specifics of development and management of hostels in the context of competition for the consumer. Findings. The tendencies of development of the market of hostels abroad are revealed and the main problems of development of the Ukrainian hostels are identified. The formed main tasks of improving the activity of Ukrainian hostels, which contribute to the replenishment of the budget of the country and the region, are formed in the work. The principles of a competitive hostel market in Ukraine have been developed and the strengths and weaknesses of their work have been identified. It is proved that further development of the hostel market is impossible without the use of modern technologies for attracting clients, which should include: availability of flexible tariffs depending on the season; expanding the range of additional services; forming long-term relationships between the hostel and its guests; creation of consumer loyalty programs. Practical value. results in the development of theoretical and methodological mechanisms and practical recommendations aimed at improving the work of Ukrainian hostels in the hotel services market of Ukraine. The main problems of the development of the hostel market in Ukraine have been identified: the lack of full control and regulation of the activity of the hostels by the state and municipal bodies; lack of real work of associations for the development of hostel traffic; the absence of quality standards for hostels. Measures to improve the efficiency of hostels and private sector accommodation facilities at national and regional levels have been proposed. In order to achieve positive changes in the hostel market, joint actions of public authorities are needed, which will allow to undertake measures to improve the work of Ukrainian hostels and bring them to a new level of development, secure their work and protect them from the influence of negative factors caused by the weaknesses of their activities. Keywords: hostel, hospitality industry, hotel, hotel services, hostel traffic, small accommodation facilities. REFERENCES 1. Bailyk, S. I. & Pysarevskyi, I. M. (2015). Orhanizatsiia hotelnoho hospodarstva [Organization of hotel management]. Kharkiv : KhNUMH imeni O. M. Beketova [in Ukrainian]. 2. Brajmer, R. A. (1995). Ocnovy upravlenija v industrii gostepriimstva [Management considerations in the hospitality industry]. Moskva : Aspekt Press [in Russian]. 3. Blyzko 230 kyivskykh khosteliv pratsiuiut nelehalno [About 230 Kiev hostels operate illegally]. Retrieved from https://news.finance.ua/ua/news/456268/blyzko-230-kyyivskyh-hosteliv-pratsyuyut- nelegalno (accessed 19 October 2019) [in Ukrainian]. 4. Davydenko, I. V., Yehupova, I. M. & Bortnyk, L.V. (2013). Mozhlyvosti rozvytku khosteliv v Ukraini [Mozhlyvosti rozvytku khosteliv in Ukraine] Materialy mizhnarodnoi nauk.-prakt. konf., prysviachenoi 45-richchiu fakultetu mizhnarodnoi ekonomiky “Aktualni problemy rozvytku ekonomiky v konteksti hlobalnykh vyklykiv” (19-20 veresnia 2013 r.). Retrieved from http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1836/1/%D0%9C%D0.pdf (аccessed 02 November 2019) [in Ukrainian]. 5. 9 sposobov uvelichit’ bronirovanija hostela [9 ways to increase your hostel reservation]. Retrieved from https://www.mambara.com/ RU/news/2019/344_9-sposobov-uvelichitjbronirovaniya- hostela.htm (accessed 25 November 2019) [in Russian]. 6. Kabushkin, N. І. & Bondarenko, G. A. (2001)/ Menedzhment gostinic i restoranov [Management of hotels and restaurants ]. Minsk : Novoe znanie [in Belarus]. 7. Mazaraki, А. А. (Eds.). (2017). HORECA [HORECA] Kyiv : Kyiv. nats. torh.-ekon. un-t T 1. Hoteli [in Ukrainian]. 8. Mishin, D. Bear Hostels & Privet Hostels: o prychynakh populiarnosty khostelov y trendakh hostynychnoho byznesa [Bear Hostels & Privet Hostels: about the reasons for the popularity of hostels and trends in the hotel busines] Retrieved from : http://hotelier.pro/hostels/item/73-mishin (accessed 20 October 2019) [in Russian]. 9. Trudnoshchi lehalizatsii: chomu v Ukraini strazhdaiut “bili” khostely [Legalization difficulties: why white hostels suffer in Ukraine]. Retrieved from: https://www.segodnya.ua/ua/economics/business/trudnosti-legalizacii-pochemu-stradayut-belye-hostely-1277930.html (accessed 25 November 2019) [in Ukrainian]. 10. Hostely i mini-oteli priobretajut vse bol’shuju populjarnost’ [Hostels and mini-hotels are gaining popularity] Retrieved from : https://rg.ru/2018/12/18/reg-cfo/pochemu-hostely-imini-oteli-nabiraiut-populiarnost.html (accessed 20 October 2019) [in Russian]. 11. Uoker, Dzh. R. (2015) Vvedenie v gostepriimstvo.Introduction to Hospitality [Introduction to Hospitality] 4-e izd. Moskva : JuNITI-DANA [in Russian]. Published: 2020-03-28

ДОМІНАНТИ ОБЛІКОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В УПРАВЛІННІ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНИМИ ВИТРАТАМИ АВІАКОМПАНІЇ

Unlike the world trends, Ukraine has seen a significant decline in demand for air travel, which, on the one hand, is due to a decline in the solvency of the population that is in need of this type of service, and, on the other hand, to a “price war”, in which more financially sustainable foreign airlines are dropping prices and luring the bulk of local passengers. Hence, there is a need for finding effective ways to manage operational expenses as the base of a flexible tariff policy for air transportation.It has been proven that one of the most effective ways to manage the operational expenses of airlines is strict compliance to the accounting policy, which requires defining its dominants in accordance with the communicatory needs of air carriers at the current stage of economic relations development in Ukraine. In particular, it is justified that the order-based accounting method should replace the boiler method of cost accounting in conjunction with elements of the standard-cost and ABC methods. Meanwhile individual cost of the flight should be the main object of calculation. It takes into account flight and technical characteristics of the aircrafts and the individual costs associated with the implementation of a separate flight. To overcome the problem of operating costs impersonal accounting, airlines have been offered to use ABC calculation elements, which will make it possible to directly relate production overhead costs to certain types of flights (aircraft). It is indicated that the improvement of the operational expenses accounting of air transport companies of Ukraine is connected not only with the improvement of the accounting policy elements but also with their accurate implementation. Thus, the article offers a model for assessing the quality of compliance with the standards of the Scientific Policy Order, which is based on an expert-oriented approach, and its practical application will help improve the accounting of operating costs in the context of increasing control over their use.

Community energy retail tariffs in Singapore: opportunities for peer-to-peer and time-of-use versus vertically integrated tariffs

The deregulation of Singapore’s retail electricity market in 2018 and the rapid adoption of solar rooftops have led to the emergence of a new type of energy transaction, wherein prosumers require flexible tariffs that reflect their willingness to respond to market price signals as well as new business models. The move toward community energy schemes, where prosumers can trade their surplus electricity locally, and the implications this has for tariff design motivates our study. We propose a portfolio of stylized retail tariffs for different market organizations. Among the proposed configurations are time-of-use (ToU), default vertical and peer-to-peer (P2P) tariffs, the last of which operates through a blockchain platform. In this study, each Singaporean district is balanced as a potential future microgrid. An iterative double-auction mechanism is designed to calculate a distributed P2P tariff, looking to maximize the benefit for stakeholders. This tariff is then cleared and compared with a bespoke retail ToU tariff as well as Singapore’s monopolistic regulated vertical tariff.

Capital investments in the context of sustainable development of railways

Ukraine, due to its geographical position and developed transport infrastructure, has significant potential as a transit country, primarily in the supply chain of trade between Asia and Europe. According to the estimates of the British Institute for Transport Rendell Ukraine, the transit coefficient of Ukraine is 3,75 (with a maximum of 5); This is the best indicator among the countries of Europe (for comparison, in Poland, which occupies the second place, this indicator is 2,92).Nowadays, Ukraine uses its transit potential extremely insufficiently and inefficiently; over the past 10 years, the volume of transit traffic through the territory of Ukraine has declined by more than 2,5 times, primarily due to the fall in transit traffic by rail. One of the reasons for this situation is, of course, the general political and economic situation in the country. However, there are a number of other negative factors that prevent Ukraine from fully and effectively using its transit potential. These problems lie both in the purely technical plane (deterioration of transport infrastructure and rolling stock, lack of capacity of the main transport routes, underdevelopment of logistics terminals in the country and at land borders, difference in width with the European railway system) and the legislato-thick (high level of port dues, bureaucratization and regulation of customs procedures, lack of flexible tariff policy for carriers, etc.).

A simulation framework for assessing the market and grid driven value of flexibility options in distribution grids

The increasing share of renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) entails a rising number of congestions in the German distribution grids, such as voltage band violations and overloading of network assets. Consequently the need for grid expansion increases [1]. A politically promoted alternative to grid expansion is managing congestions by the preventive use of flexibility options, such as flexible generation, load management and storage systems [2]. However, preventive congestion management is not yet established in distribution grids. Thus, various measures are under discussion to stimulate the provision of flexibility options by its owners for concerns of congestion management. Assessing the suitability of solutions among these congestion management measures (CMMs) requires a realistic modeling of grid operation, energy system structures and the behavior of the owners of DER and flexibility options.The intended application of the presented simulation framework is consequently the assessment of the macro- and micro-economic effects of preventative CMMs in distribution grids. Supporting that goal, the design of an agent-based simulation framework, which incorporates detailed optimization models for simulating the behavior of grid users (owners of DER and flexibility options) and Distribution System Operators (DSO) is presented. Exemplarily it is applied on a realistic distribution grid use case. The simulation framework enables analyzing the consequences of the grid users’ interaction with the DSO following defined CMMs. Within the framework, the grid users are modeled as individually or market driven oriented users, who both aim at improving their micro-economic situation. The DSO’s operational target is the minimization of congestion management costs under application of several CMMs.The exemplary application focuses on four congestion management concepts, such as flexible tariffs and a market-based flexibility provision. The chosen use case comprises a congested distribution grid with high PV penetration and grid users at the medium and low voltage level. In the use case, the alternatively necessary curtailment of renewable energy can be reduced from 15% to 35% depending on the considered CMM. The most promising CMM (a market-based flexibility provision) reduces the DSO’s congestion management costs by 33%, without degrading the grid users’ economic situation. Future work will advance the analyses based on a comprehensive database of realistic distribution grid scenarios.