Flash Point Temperature Research Articles

Lubricant Oils as a Certified Reference Material for Cleveland Open Cup Flash Point Testers

The flash point is an important indicator for the flammability of the liquid materials and also in the development of safe practices for handling and storage of these materials. The production of certified reference materials is essential to guarantee the performance of the flash point measurement apparatus so that it can be trusted and acceptable for its intended use. In this work lubricant oils of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (HM1, and HM2) were tested as certified reference materials in accordance with ISO guide 34 and 35 by using the high flash point temperature detector Cleveland-open cup as per ASTM D-92. The selected oils were tested for uncertified properties like pour point, viscosity, cloud point, density, and total acid number. The thermal analysis techniques DSC, and TGA were used to ensure the thermal stability of the lubricant oils and its ability to be used as high temperature flash point reference material. The certified value of the flash point temperature was assigned upon evaluation of the data acquired in an inter-laboratory comparison involving expert laboratories using the same measurement method. The certified values of the candidate reference materials with expanded uncertainty (coverage factor K = 2, approximate 95% confidence level) calculated using the results of the characterization, calibration (organizer lab), homogeneity, and stability assessment were 232 ± 9 °C for HM1, and 242 ± 10 °C for HM2.

Pengaruh Persentase Biodiesel Minyak Nyamplung – Solar terhadap Karakteristik Pembakaran Droplet

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of biodiesel percentage on the droplet combustion characteristic of calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel-diesel fuel blended. The combustion characteristic included ignition delay time, flame visualization, burning rate, and flame temperature. Testing was conducted using fuel blended with biodiesel percentage of 0%, 10%, 30%, 50% and 100%. The fuel was dripped and shaped a droplet that placed on the tip of thermocouple junction and ignited using a heater. The result shown that the ignition delay time increase with increasing biodiesel percentage due to its high flash point temperature and low volatility. Furthermore, burning rate and flame temperature increase with the increasing biodiesel percentage in the blended. These phenomena related to more microexplosion occurrence in the droplet combustion of fuel blended with higher biodiesel content. The last result shown that combustion of diesel fuel droplet has the highest flame dimension, related to its low burning rate and faster vapor diffusion rate.

Mobile compact 1H NMR spectrometer promises fast quality control of diesel fuel

To address the need for fast quality control of diesel fuel, this study introduces a compact 1H NMR spectrometer to develop Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression models for rapidly determining several quality parameters of diesel fuel such as specific gravity, cetane number, flash point, and distillation temperatures to 10% and 50% of recovery. For all these quality parameters, the developed models showed margins of error better or comparable than reference analytical techniques. The compact NMR spectrometer was also applied for determining biodiesel content (methyl- and ethyl esters) in diesel fuel by using a univariate calibration curve. For all tested commercial diesel fuel samples, this new tool generated comparable results, within the tolerable margin of error, to those obtained with Mid-IR as a reference technique. Operation of the compact low-field NMR spectrometer is simple and fast: no sample pre-treatment or dilution in deuterated solvents is required, and the single-scan measurements take only 15s per spectrum.

Модификация аддитивно-группового метода для описания показателей пожарной опасности предельных углеводородов: температур вспышки и самовоспламенения, энтальпии испарения

Модификация аддитивно-группового метода для описания показателей пожарной опасности предельных углеводородов: температур вспышки и самовоспламенения, энтальпии испарения

The Measurement of the Combustible Properties of tert-Butylbenzene for the Improvement of MSDS(Material Safety Data Sheet)

가연성 물질의 다양한 연소 특성 때문에 이들 물질의 안전한 사용, 취급 및 운송을 위해서는 정확한 물질 안전정보가 필수적이다. 인화점, 연소점, 폭발한계 및 최소자연발화온도(AIT)는 위험한 물질을 취급하는 화학산업과 실험실 등에서 특별한 관심을 필요로 하는 중요한 안전 매개변수이다. 본 연구에서는 화학산업에 중간제로 널리 사용되고 있는 tert-butylbenzene을 선정하였다. tert-Butylbenzene 연소특성치의 신뢰도를 고찰하기 위해서 인화점, 연소점, 최소발화온도를 측정하였고, 폭발한계는 측정된 인화점을 이용하여 계산하였다. Setaflash와 Pensky-Martens 밀폐식 장치에 의한 tert-butylbenzene의 하부인화점은 39 ℃와 44 ℃로 측정되었으며, Tag와 Cleveland 개방식에서는 51 ℃와54 ℃로 측정되었다. 그리고 Tag와 Cleveland에 의한 연소점은 54 ℃와 58 ℃로 측정되었다. ASTM E659 장치를 사용하여 tert-butylbenzene의 자연발화온도와 발화지연시간을 측정하였고, 그 결과 tert-butylbenzene의 최소자연발화온도(AIT)는 450 ℃로 측정되었다. 또한 Setaflash에 의해 측정된 하부인화점 39 ℃를 이용한 결과 폭발하한계는 0.68 vol%로 계산되었다.Because of the vertical combustion characteristics of combustible substances, accurate substance safety information for theirsafe use, handling and transportation is essential. The flash point, fire point, explosion limits and autoignition temperature(AIT) are important safety parameters which need special attention in chemical plants and laboratories that handle dangerousmaterials. In this study, tert-butylbenzene which is widely used as an intermediate material in the chemical industry wasselected. For the reliability of the flammable properties of tert-butylbenzene, this study was investigated the explosion limitsof tert-butylbenzene in the reference data. The flash points, fire points and AITs by the ignition delay time fortert-butylbenzene were experimented. The lower flash points of tert-butylbenzene by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martensclosed-cup testers measured 39 ℃ and 44 ℃, respectively. The flash points of tert-butylbenzene by using the Tag andCleveland open cup testers are measured 51 ℃and 54 ℃. And the fire points of tert-butylbenzene by the Tag and Clevelandopen cup testers were 54 ℃ and 58 ℃ respectively. The AIT of tert-butylbenzene measured by the ASTM 659E tester wasmeasured as 450 ℃. The lower explosion limit of 39 ℃ which measured by the Setaflash flash point tester was calculatedto be 0.68 vol%.

Using thermal analysis techniques for identifying the flash point temperatures of some lubricant and base oils

The flash point (FP) temperatures of some lubricant and base oils were measured according to ASTM D92 and ASTM D93. In addition, the thermal stability of the oils was studied using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under nitrogen atmosphere. The DSC results showed that the FP temperatures, for each oil, were found during the first decomposition step and the temperature at the peak of the first decomposition step was usually higher than FP temperatures. The TGA results indicated that the temperature at which 17.5% weigh loss take placed (T17.5%) was nearly identical with the FP temperature (±10°C) that was measured according to ASTM D92. The deviation percentage between FP and T17.5% was in the range from −0.8% to 3.6%.

Certain investigation in a compression ignition engine using rice bran methyl ester fuel blends with ethanol additive

In this study and analysis, the physical properties such as calorific value, viscosity, flash, and fire point temperatures of rice bran oil methyl ester were found. The rice bran oil biodiesel has been prepared by transesterification process from pure rice bran oil in the presence of methanol and NaOH. Moreover, property enhancement of rice bran oil methyl ester was also made by adding different additives such as ethanol in various proportions. Rice bran oil methyl ester with 1, 3, and 5% ethanol were analyzed for its fuel properties. The effects of diesel-B20ROME blends with ethanol additive of 1, 3, and 5% on a compression ignition engine were examined considering its emissions. It is found that the increase in biodiesel concentration in the fuel blend influences CO2 and NOx emissions. On the other hand CO and HC emissions are reduced. It is interesting to observe the emission as ethanol-B20ROME blends, reduces CO2 and NOx which are the major contributors to global warming. As the NOx and CO2 can be reduced drastically by the proposed blends, the global warming can be reduced considerably.

Isolated n-decane droplet combustion – Dual stage and single stage transition to “Cool Flame” droplet burning

Observations of “Cool Flame” burning for large diameter isolated droplets on board the International Space Station have stimulated interest in combustion initiation/generation of non-premixed combustion modes. For a number of n-alkane fuels at large initial droplet diameters, the initiation process was observed to first establish a hot flame condition that radiatively extinguished, followed by a quasi-steady, “Cool Flame” droplet burning mode. However, recent large diameter n-decane experiments show that depending on the ignition energy supplied, the first stage hot flame condition was absent, with an apparent, direct establishment of a “Cool Flame” burning mode that continued to diffusive extinction. Here we report these experimental observations and elucidate the underlying parameters resulting in dual and single stage “Cool Flame” burning. Detailed, transient sphero-symmetric droplet combustion modeling is applied to interpret the experiments. The simulations indicate that the balance and duration of the ignition energy applied, the energy release associated with reaction of partially premixed fuel vapor surrounding the droplet, heat flux to the drop surface, and far field diffusive heat loss all play key roles as to whether a dual stage, radiatively extinguished hot-flame-to-Cool-Flame-transition for only large droplets or direct establishment of “Cool Flame” burning for all droplet sizes occurs. The rate at which the reactive partially premixed vapor layer surrounding the droplet is formed, its volume, and its subsequent reaction significantly influence the observed transition to “Cool Flame” burning. The initial droplet temperature relative to saturation and flash point temperatures of the fuel and the liquid phase heat capacity contribute to the thermal transport requirement at the droplet surface for establishing the partially premixed reactive layer surrounding the droplet, which through its reaction history defines whether a transition to “Cool Flame” burning can be initiated without a requirement for radiative extinction of a hot flame burning mode.

Group-contribution based property estimation and uncertainty analysis for flammability-related properties

This study presents new group contribution (GC) models for the prediction of Lower and Upper Flammability Limits (LFL and UFL), Flash Point (FP) and Auto Ignition Temperature (AIT) of organic chemicals applying the Marrero/Gani (MG) method. Advanced methods for parameter estimation using robust regression and outlier treatment have been applied to achieve high accuracy. Furthermore, linear error propagation based on covariance matrix of estimated parameters was performed. Therefore, every estimated property value of the flammability-related properties is reported together with its corresponding 95%-confidence interval of the prediction. Compared to existing models the developed ones have a higher accuracy, are simple to apply and provide uncertainty information on the calculated prediction. The average relative error and correlation coefficient are 11.5% and 0.99 for LFL, 15.9% and 0.91 for UFL, 2.0% and 0.99 for FP as well as 6.4% and 0.76 for AIT. Moreover, the temperature-dependence of LFL property was studied. A compound specific proportionality constant (KLFL) between LFL and temperature is introduced and an MG GC model to estimate KLFL is developed. Overall the ability to predict flammability-related properties including the corresponding uncertainty of the prediction can provide important information for a qualitative and quantitative safety-related risk assessment studies.

Investigation on the dependence of flash point of diesel on the reduced pressure at high altitudes

The high altitudes of the plateau areas lead to a decreasing flash point temperature of liquid fuels due to the reduced ambient pressure. It indicates that liquid fuels suffer greater fire and explosion hazards at high altitudes. To reveal the dependence of flash point on reduced pressure at high altitudes, a series of field flash point determinations are performed at six different altitudes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The results show that flash point decreases nonlinearly with the reduced pressure, which is inconsistent with the current standards of flash point determination, where adopt a linear correction for the pressure effect on flash point. Taking diesel as an example, two methods, the Clausius–Clapeyron relation method and the LCR method, are proposed to predict the flash point of diesel under different pressures. The results show that the predictive accuracy of the two methods is similar, and both of the two methods give more accurate predictive flash point than the linear relationship. The Clausius–Clapeyron relation is validated to be able to expound the dependence of flash point of liquid fuels on reduced pressure. These two methods can complement each other. The Clausius–Clapeyron relation method is recommended when the accurate the phase-transition enthalpy is known, the LCR model is an available method when the phase-transition enthalpy is unknown or uncertain, especially for the complicated fuel mixtures.

Clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite material: Structural characterization and performance evaluation on its dehydration properties of hydrocarbon-based fuels

Water removal from diesel, jet fuel and diesel/biodiesel blends was investigated using a highly crystalline natural zeolite, from the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece, as dehydration agent. For the evaluation of the zeolite performance an amount of 0.5% w/v of the material was mixed with the fuel for 2 h and then removed. Afterwards the water concentration was measured and compared with the initial value. Other than water concentration, properties such as fuel density, kinematic viscosity, conductivity, flash point temperature and heat of combustion were measured before and after the dehydration process. By using this methodology the physicochemical properties of the studied fuels were improved. Specifically, in diesel fuel the water concentration and conductivity were reduced up to ∼32% and up to 14% respectively, while the heat of combustion found not to be affected. Furthermore, a complete physicochemical characterization of the raw clinoptilolite material performed. In particular various techniques such as Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X–ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and water adsorption isotherms were used in order to evaluate the surface and structural characteristics.

Effect of blending on physiochemical properties of jojoba–diesel fuels

ABSTRACTThe properties of several jojoba oil biodiesel–diesel fuel blends (B10, B20, B30, B50 and pure fuels B0 and B100) were measured according to the corresponding ASTM standards. It was found that the calculated Cetane index of jojoba oil biodiesel and its blends with diesel obtained by using both ASTM D4737 and ASTM D976 is lower than that for pure diesel fuel. The jojoba biodiesel and its blends have many advantageous properties compared to diesel fuel such as higher flash point temperature, lower ash and sulfur contents, and lower initial and final boiling temperature. The current work provides the lacking data for the jojoba biodiesel and its blend with diesel. These data are required for further experimentation of the fuel, or for simulation and modeling purposes.

Characteristics of the Biodiesel Palm Oil Methyl Ester Pool Fire

The characteristics of biodiesel pool fires with palm oil methyl ester concentrations of 7% by volume in various pan diameter sizes (0.05 m, 0.10 m and 0.15 m) were studied. Initially, biodiesel was heated on a hot plate to increase the temperature close to the flash point temperature. Later fuel was ignited and stable pool fire formed. Flame temperature along the centerline pool fire from flame base to flame tip were measured. Flame temperature shows that the temperature at flame base is higher than that the flames tip. This is due to the complete burning occurs near flame base and at flame tip incomplete burning exists. Incomplete burning produces yellow flame appearance. Moreover, the mass burn rate varies linearly with pan size. Small diameter pan produces low mass burn rate compared to the large diameter pan. Low and high mass burn rate contributes to the flame height. Flame with higher mass burn rate is longer than that the low mass burn rate. Thus, the characteristic of the biodiesel palm oil methyl ester is successfully studied in the present study.

Tag 개방식 장치를 활용한 n-Decane + n-Octanol계 및 Acetic Acid + n-Butanol계의 인화점 측정과 계산

인화점은 액체 용액의 폭발과 화재의 위험성을 특징짓는 가장 중요한 성질 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 두개의 가연성 이성분계 혼합물인 n-decane + n-octanol계 및 acetic acid + n-butanol계의 인화점을 Tag 개방식 장치를 활용하여 측정하였다. 인화점은 그룹기여모델인 UNIFAC 식과, 최적화기법에 의해 계산되었다. 그리고 측정값과 비교하였다. 두 방법 모두 측정값을 잘 모사하였다. The flash point is one of the most important properties for characterizing the fire and explosion hazard of liquid solutions. In this study, a Tag open-cup apparatus was used to measure the flash points of two flammable binary mixtures, n-decane + n-octanol and acetic acid + n-butanol. The flash point temperature was estimated using the UNIFAC (Universal Functional Activity Coefficient) group contribution model and optimization method. The experimentally derived flash point was also compared with the predicted flash point. The two methods can estimate the flash point fairly well for the n-decane + n-octanol and acetic acid + n-butanol systems.

개방식 장치를 이용한 난연성-가연성 이성분계 혼합물(CCl4+o-Xylene and CCl4+p-Xylene)의 인화점 측정

The flash point is used to categorize inflammable liquids according to their relative flammability. The flash point is important for the safe handling, storage, and transportation of inflammable liquids. The flash point temperature of two binary liquid mixtures( and ) has been measured for the entire concentration range using Tag open cup tester. The flash point temperature was estimated using Raoult`s law, UNIQUAC model and empirical equation. The experimentally derived flash point was also compared with the predicted flash point. The empirical equation is able to estimate the flash point fairly well for and mixture.

UNIFAC 그룹 기여 모델에 의한 n-Octnae+n-Decane 계와 n-Octane+n-Dodecane 계의 인화점 계산

The flash point is used to categorize inflammable liquids according to their relative flammability. Such a categorization is important for the safe handling, storage, and transportation of inflammable liquids. The flash point temperature of two binary liquid mixtures(n-octane+n-decane and n-octane+n-dodecane) has been measured for the entire concentration range using Seta-flash closed cup tester based on the ASTM D3278 method. The closed cup flash point temperature was estimated using the UNIFAC(Universal Functional Activity Coefficient) group contribution model. The experimentally derived flash point was also compared with the predicted flash point from the UNIFAC model. The UNIFAC model is able to estimate the flash point fairly well for n-octane+n-decane mixture and n-octane+n-dodecane mixture.

Influence of Ethanol and Di-Ethyl Ether Addition on Fuel Properties of Sunflower Oil Methyl Ester

Ever increasing cost of petroleum products demands more research in the area of new and alternate energy including solar, wind, biofuel and hybrid energy systems. Vegetable oil methyl ester is one of the promising alternate fuels that can be used as a substitute for diesel in the countries that are cultivating more agricultural products. In the present work, the analysis of physical properties such as calorific value, viscosity, flash and fire point temperatures of Sunflower oil methyl Ester have been made. The sunflower methyl ester has been prepared by transesterification process from pure sunflower oil in the presence of methanol and NaOH. Further, property enhancement of sunflower oil methyl ester has also been made by adding different additives such as ethanol and Di-Ethyl Ether in various proportions. Sunflower oil Methyl Ester (SME) with 1%, 3%, 5% ethanol or Di-Ethyl Ether and mixture of (Ethanol and DI-Ethyl Ether) has been analysed for the fuel properties. The investigation shows that the flash and fire point temperatures and viscosity of sunflower methyl ester decrease with increasing the additives. The calorific value of 20 percent biodiesel blend (B20) of SME with 5% Ethanol additive is very close to that of diesel.

Density, flash point and heating value variations of corn oil biodiesel–diesel fuel blends

In this study, densities of produced corn oil biodiesel and its blends with commercially available petro-diesel fuel have been investigated. The effects of temperature (T) and biodiesel percentage in blend (X) on the densities of blends were examined. The blends (B5, B10, B15, B20, B50 and B75) were prepared on a volume basis and their densities were measured by following ISO test method at temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40°C. New one- and two-dimensional equations were fitted to the measurements for identifying of variations of densities with respect to X and T; and these equations were compared with other equations published in literature. Moreover, the qualities of the corn oil biodiesel and its blends were evaluated by determining the other important properties such as flash point temperature and higher heating value. In order to predict these properties, some equations were also evaluated as a function of biodiesel percentage in blend.

PARAMETER'S ESTIMATE IN WILSON EQUATION

The reliable solution of nonlinear parameter estimation problems is an important computation problem in chemical engineering. The present paper is devoted to an application of a nonlinear solving process to a system of transcendent equations. In such systems we may define the values of the parameters �12 and �21 to the Wilson equation on the base of the activity coefficientsat infinite dilution. The Wilson equation was used in the mathematical model for prediction of mixture flash point temperature.

Comparing the Thermal Stability and Oxidative State of Mineral and Biphenyl Diphenyl Oxide Based Heat Transfer Fluids

Many industrial processes (i.e., concentrated solar power [CSP] plants) require indirect heating of the product to temperature above ambient temperature. A heat transfer fluid (HTF), such as a mineral-based fluid like GlobalthermTM M (Global Heat Transfer; Staffordshire, UK), is used in such plants and flows from the heater to source requiring the heat. Not all HTFs are the same, however, and so understanding the difference between fluids is important to ensure that end-users use the correct fluid for the correct operation. This is especially true in CSP plants where HTFs operate at high temperatures for long periods of time and therefore need to be stable under such conditions. Indeed, biphenyl diphenyl oxide (BDO) mixtures are commonly used in CSP plants as they can be heated to 400 degrees Celsius, which is higher than the upper operating temperature for a mineral-based HTF (i.e., ~400 degrees Celsius). It is a fact that all HTFs will thermally degrade over time and so it is important to monitor this to ensure that an early intervention can be taken if a problem starts to appear. The objective of HTF monitoring being to keep the HTF and plant operational for as long as is possible. Routine sampling and chemical analysis is used to assess the physiochemical properties of a HTF. For this to be done effectively, it is important to understand the properties of a virgin HTF and then to assess the rate of thermal degradation over time. Carbon residue, total acid number and closed flash point temperature are routinely measured in the laboratory and the current study proposes their use to assess the extent of thermal cracking and oxidation, two common pathways through which a HTF thermally degrades. This was done for mineral and BDObased HTFs to emphasize the background as to why BDO-based HTFs are used in CSP plants. The findings of this assessment are presented herein. Future work should consider using a similar approach to assess the condition of other HTFs commonly used in industrial applications.