Five-Year Plan Period Research Articles

The Grey Correlation Analysis of the Three Major Industries and Shanghai's GDP

The 14th Five-Year Plan period is the first five years that my country has fully embarked on a new journey of building a modern socialist country. It is also a crucial period for Shanghai to deepen the functions of the "five centers". As the central city of China's economy, finance, and trade, Shanghai's GDP growth rate is basically the same as that of the whole country. This paper selects Shanghai’s total GDP data from 2010 to 2019 and the GDP data of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries as samples to establish a grey correlation analysis model to analyze the relationship between Shanghai’s three major industries and Shanghai’s economic growth. Grey correlation degree. The empirical results show that the tertiary industry has the greatest impact on the economic development of Shanghai, followed by the secondary industry and the primary industry. Finally, this article proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for Shanghai's future economic development in terms of strengthening scientific and technological innovation and improving the quality and efficiency of opening to the outside world.

共享社会经济路径下中国2020—2100年碳排放预测研究

碳排放和减碳经济代价研究日益受到学术界和决策者的关注，中国政府做出的关于争取在2060年前实现碳中和的表态引起了国际社会的热议。在此背景下，开展中国未来长时间序列碳排放的情景预测具有切实意义。基于可拓展的随机性环境影响评估模型（STIRPAT）评估了人口、经济和受教育程度对碳排放的影响，对比历史数据并验证了碳排放预测模型的准确性，结合共享社会经济路径（SSPs）情景的设定和模型参数，预测了5种情景下中国2020年至2100年的碳排放轨迹及经济代价。结果表明：（1）考虑碳排放达峰目标的实现，SSP3情景是中国未来发展的最佳情景，在此情景下，中国有望提前三年实现碳排放达峰目标；（2） SSP3情景可使中国年度总碳排放量和人均碳排放量处于相对其他四种情景的最低值，但需要付出累积GDP下降5.49%至8.80%的代价；（3）为完成在2060年前实现碳中和的承诺，中国政府在未来的40年需面对409.36-467.42 Gt的碳中和量；（4）2020年中国的碳排放强度将会较2005年水平下降40.52%至41.39%，2030年碳排放强度将会较2005年水平下降59.64%至60.75%。5种情境中，SSP5情景是降低碳排放强度的最佳情景，可最大程度地超额实现碳排放强度目标。未来，受经济发展、人口增长等重要因素影响，中国政府减碳压力将进一步加大。后疫情时代，考虑到能源供应的减少和高科技产业的发展，碳排放社会成本的上升将为中国创造一个使能源系统脱碳的机遇。中国应在"十四五"期间继续提升能源利用效率、升级产业结构、提倡低碳消费、实施隐含碳战略，以尽快实现碳减排目标。;Research on CO₂ emissions and the economic cost of carbon reduction has received increasing attention from academics and policy makers. The Chinese government's statement on striving to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 has aroused the heated discussions in the international community. In this context, it is of practical significance to predict China's future long-term CO₂ emissions scenarios. Based on the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model, this paper evaluates the impacts of population, economy, and education on CO₂ emissions and verifies the accuracy of the CO₂ emission prediction model by comparing with historical data. Combined with the settings and model parameters of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, this paper predicts China's CO₂ emission trajectory and economic costs from 2020 to 2100 under five scenarios. The results show that:(1) considering the realization of the goal of reaching the peak of CO₂ emissions, the SSP3 scenario is the best scenario for China's future development. Under this scenario, China is expected to achieve the goal of reaching the peak of CO₂ emissions three years ahead of schedule. (2) The SSP3 scenario can keep China's annual total CO₂ emissions and per capita CO₂ emissions at the lowest levels relative to the other four scenarios, but at the cost of a cumulative GDP reduction of 5.49% to 8.80%. (3) To fulfill the commitment to achieve CO₂ emission neutrality by 2060, the Chinese government will need to face a CO₂ neutralization amount of 409.36 to 467.42 Gt over the next 40 years. (4) China's CO₂ emission intensity in 2020 will be 40.52% to 41.39% lower than the 2005 level, and the CO₂ emission intensity in 2030 will be 59.64% to 60.75% lower than the 2005 level. Among the five scenarios, the SSP5 scenario is the best scenario for reducing the CO₂ emission intensity, which can exceed the CO₂ emission intensity target to the maximum extent. In the future, the pressure of the Chinese government to reduce CO₂ emission will further increase which is affected by important factors such as economic development and population growth. In the post-epidemic era, considering the reduction of energy supply and the development of high-tech industry, the rising social cost of CO₂ emissions will create an opportunity for China to decarbonize the energy system. China should continue to improve energy efficiency, upgrade industrial structure, promote low-carbon consumption and implement implied carbon strategy during the 14th five-year Plan period, so as to achieve the CO₂ reduction target as soon as possible.

Study on the Effect of Standardization on Energy Demand and Economic Growth

The 14th Five-Year Plan is the first five-year period in which China begins a new journey to build a modern socialist country in an all-round way, and also the first five-year period after China set a goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. In this important historical context, the energy development of China during the 14th Five-Year Plan period will be of great historical transformation significance. As a crucial factor, the trend of energy development during the 14th Five-Year will have a direct impact on the medium and long-term economic and social development, as well as on our confidence in achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. The improvement of standardization is conducive to promoting China’s energy demand and economic growth, and it plays an important role in peaking carbon dioxide emissions and reaching the goal of carbon neutrality in the future.

Spatiotemporal variations of water quality of lakes in Wuhan from 2015 to 2019<sup>*</sup>

为探究“十三五”期间武汉市湖泊水质变化特征及规律，分析当前武汉市湖泊水环境的主要问题及成因，为武汉市水生态环境保护“十四五”规划提供科学支撑，以武汉市166个湖泊为研究对象，根据武汉市环境监测中心2015-2019年对各个湖泊的监测数据，采用水质综合污染指数、富营养化状态评价、动态度分析等方法，对武汉市湖泊水环境进行综合评价.结果表明：1）2015-2019年武汉市湖泊水质总体好转，2019年全市湖泊综合污染指数较2015年下降7.74%，多数湖泊营养状态呈现稳中向好趋势，但湖泊水质较难实现持续改善.2）武汉市湖泊主要超标污染物总磷、氨氮、化学需氧量和高锰酸盐指数平均质量浓度在2015-2019年间均呈下降趋势，但2019年有47%湖泊总磷浓度劣于Ⅳ类评价标准，磷元素是制约湖泊水质的主要因素.3）2015-2019年武汉市中心城区湖泊综合污染指数下降，湖泊富营养化状态好转，但青山北湖、南湖等湖泊综合污染指数较高，排口排污、底泥内源污染是影响中心城区湖泊水质的主要因素.新城区湖泊水质改善仍面临一定压力，东西湖水系重度富营养化湖泊数量增多，后湖水系湖泊综合污染指数上升，农业面源、工业生产对新城区湖泊水质影响较大，湖泊破碎化导致的自净能力降低也是影响湖泊水质的重要因素.;To explore the variation trend of water quality of lakes in Wuhan during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, analyze the main problems and causes of the water environment of lakes in Wuhan, and provide scientific support for the 14th Five-Year Plan of water environment protection in Wuhan, 166 lakes were selected as the research objects. Based on the monitoring data of each lake from 2015 to 2019 derived from the Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Center, the comprehensive pollution index, eutrophication analysis, dynamic degree analysis and other methods were used to evaluate the water environment of lakes in Wuhan. The results showed that: 1) The water quality of lakes in Wuhan was generally improved. The comprehensive pollution index of lakes decreased by 7.74% compared with that in 2015, and the eutrophication status of most lakes showed a trend of improvement. However, it was difficult to achieve continuous improvement of the water quality of those lakes. 2) The average concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen, COD_Cr and COD_Mn showed a downward trend from 2015 to 2019, but the average concentrations of TP of 47% of the lakes were inferior to the class IV evaluation standard. The phosphorus was the main factor restricting the water quality of the lakes. 3) From 2015 to 2019, the comprehensive pollution index of lakes in the central districts of Wuhan decreased, and the eutrophication status was improved. Nevertheless, the comprehensive pollution index of Qingshanbei Lake and South Lake was relatively high, and the main factors affecting the water quality of lakes in the central districts were the discharge from the outlet and internal pollution of sediment. The improvement of water quality of lakes in the suburban area was still under stress, which resulted from agricultural non-point source pollution and industrial production. More lakes entered a serious eutrophication status in the Dongxihu Lake system, and the comprehensive pollution index of lakes in the Houhu Lake system increased. The decrease of self-purification ability caused by lake fragmentation was also an important factor affecting water quality.

China's retrofitting measures in coal-fired power plants bring significant mercury-related health benefits

Summary China has implemented retrofitting measures in coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) to reduce air pollution through small unit shutdown, the installation of air pollution control devices (APCDs), and power generation efficiency improvement. The reductions in highly toxic Hg emissions and their related health impacts by these measures remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the health benefits of reduced Hg emissions via retrofitting measures during China's 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) by combining plant-level Hg emission inventories with the China Hg Risk-Source-Tracking Model. We found that the measures reduced Hg emissions by 23.5 tons (approximately 1/5 of that from CFPPs in 2010), preventing 30,484.77 total points of intelligence quotient decrement and 114 deaths between 2011 and 2015. These benefits were dominated by CFPP shutdowns and APCD installations, and nearly 50% of provincial health benefits were attributable to Hg reductions in other regions. We suggest that Hg control strategies should consider various factors, such as CFPP location, population density, and trade-offs between reductions in total Hg and in Hg2+.

Investment economy of pumped storage power plant in East China

The economic development of East China is in a leading position in China, the demand for electricity is growing rapidly, and the load peak-to-valley ratio continues to increase. During the 14th five-year Plan period, as the amount of new energy access continues to increase, the pressure on peak shaving in the region will continue to rise. Based on peak-regulating demand, this paper calculates the investment economic level of pumped storage power stations in east China under different utilization hours and different capacity electricity prices, so as to provide reference for investment and cost control of pumped storage power stations at various stages, and puts forward suggestions on the coordinated development of pumped storage power stations and new energy installations.

Clinical practice guideline for migraine with traditional Chinese medicine(draft version for comments)

The present clinical practice guideline was written by experts organized by the special group of key projects in the 13 th five-year plan period of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences based on the standards and procedures of World Health Orga-nization Handbook for Guideline Development, with "evidence-based, consensus-based, and experience-based principle" as a guide. On the basis of practice in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and clinical research for migraine, following the idea and method of evidence-based medicine, as well as the expert experience, the current best evidence and patients' values, the internationally recognized evidence quality evaluation methods and recommendation grading system were combined with the prescription record of classical TCM, TCM expert experience, and modern clinical research evidences. The acupuncture therapy, classic prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines used in the treatment of migraine in acute stage and preventive treatment were summarized to obtain five classic prescriptions(Chuanxiong Chatiao Powder, Chuanxiong Dingtong Yin, Sanpian Decoction, Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction, and Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction), and four Chinese patent medicines(Zhengtian Pills, Toutongning Capsules, Tongtian Oral Liquid, and Yangxue Qingnao Granules/Pills), and the common problems in their clinical application were analyzed. The purpose of this guideline is to standardize the treatment of migraine with TCM, reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks, and improve the patients' quality of life. It provides the clinical basis for the TCM treatment of migraine, and ensures the safety, effectiveness, practicability and scientificity of the treatment, so as to promote the TCM treatment of migraine. Due to the influence of region, nationality, race and other factors of the users, the detailed implementation of the guideline should be determined according to the actual situation.

Human health and environment: Spatiotemporal variation of chinese cancer villages and its contributing factors

Cancer, as well as the phenomena of cancer villagers, has attracted great concern from national and internal publics because of the high morality for population. Reference to long latency periods and multiple causalities for several cancers, cancer villages have usually used as circumstantial evidence for an association with cancers and environmental determinants relevant to economic-agricultural and demographic development even though there was no official definition and unified discrimination rule. On the assumption that all reported cancer villages are real and credible, this study primarily aimed to test the hypothesis that the water quality has caused concentration of cancer villages. The temporal and spatial pattern of Chinese cancer villages reported by media and literatures were firstly explored by means of spatial mapping and regression analysis. Considering the insignificant Moran'I coefficient, stepwise regression model combined with principal component regression model were performed to identify the association between cumulative number of cancer villages and water quality and other social-economic-environmental factors. The findings showed that there are at least 462 cancer villages across 226 counties in 29 out of 31 provincial administrative units were reported in China by the end of 2017, with an average of 7 new cancer villages per year, since the initial cancer village appeared in 1954. The number of cancer villages increased slowly before 2000 and dramatically accelerated during 10th and 11th Five-Year Plan period. The cumulative number of cancer villages increased gradient from West to East with regionally clustered and uneven spatial distribution. Cancer villages tend to cluster along the middle and lower reaches of major rivers and their branches, especially in Yangtze River Delta, the Bohai economic rim, the borders of Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces, as well as the borders of Yunnan and Guizhou province. Cumulative occurrence of cancer villages might be affected by domestic economic development, urbanization, as well as discharge of heavy metals in waste industrial water.

Research frontier of heavy-ion-beam-driven inertial confinement fusion at HIAF

The rapid development of a heavy-ion accelerator technology avails a new approach of producing high-energy-density (HED) matter in the laboratory, and an beneficial experimental platform for the inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) that is driven by ion beams. The Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is responsible for the construction of the recently developed heavy ion accelerator facility (HIAF) in the 12th five-year plan period. The layout and building plan of the accelerator comlex regardinging HED and ICF inclusds the shooting of single-ion beams in phase-1, the shooting of double-ion beams in the optimization of phase-1 and the shooting of multi-ion beams in the phase-upgrade. A brief introduction of the state of matter driven by different beams-shooting methods and the new diagnostic development by IMP are presented. This paper will provide essential references of the experimental route and technical support for the research on ICF in China.

Decomposition of driving factors of industry-related CO2 emissions and its decoupling with economic growth in Fujian Province, China

The emission of CO2 from major sectors and key industries are the predominant sources of regional CO2 emissions. It is the prerequisite to promote sectoral carbon emissions reduction, to cla-rify their influencing factors and investigate their relationship with regional economic growth. It is also of great significance for the implementation of regional total carbon emissions control. Using the Logarithmic mean Divisia index method (LMDI) and the Tapio decoupling model, we analyzed the driving factors, and decoupling status with economic growth of 13 major carbon emissions industries in Fujian Province from 1997 to 2017. The results showed that the electricity and heat production and supply industry was the major source of CO2 emissions in Fujian Province, with an increase of 101.74 Mt (from 18.89 Mt to 120.63 Mt) during the period 1997 to 2017. The top three industries with the fastest annual growth rate in CO2 emissions were non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry (18.1%), textile industry (12.1%), and ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry (12.1%). Among the influence factors for the changes in carbon emissions in 13 major industries, economic growth effect and population scale effect were the main positive driving factors, while the restraining effects of energy structure, energy intensity, and industrial structure were continuously increasing. In terms of decoupling relationship, the decoupling index between economic growth and industry-related CO2 emissions showed a downward trend on the whole. Since the 11th Five-Year-Plan period, some industries had begun to show strong decoupling to some extent. The farming, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and water conservancy industry exhibited expansive negative decoupling, whereas the electricity and heat production and supply industry exhibited weak negative decoupling during 13th Five-Year Plan period. The effects of energy structure and energy intensity had substantial impacts on the decoupling with economic growth for various industries. The industrial structure effect had a smaller impact on the decoupling with economic growth, while the population scale effect had almost no impact.

Correlation analysis of newly diagnosed coal worker's pneumoconiosis and GDP in Hubei Province from 2006 to 2015

Objective: To analysis the distribution characteristics of coal worker's pneumoconiosis in Hubei Province during 2006-2010 (the 11th Five-Year Plan period) and 2011-2015 (the 12th Five-Year Plan period) , and its correlation with the gross domestic product (GDP) of Hubei Province from 1986 to 2015. Methods: In September 2019, the data of newly diagnosed coal worker's pneumoconiosis reported in Occupational Disease and Occupational Health Information Monitoring System from 2006 to 2015 and the GDP data from 1986 to 2015 in Hubei Province were collected. The distribution characteristics of time, region, enterprise size, industry and economic type of coal-worker's pneumoconiosis and its correlation with GDP were analyzed. Results: In 2006-2015, 3807 new cases of coal worker's pneumoconiosis were reported in Hubei Province. The time distribution generally ascended as a wave trend. The number of new cases reached its peak in 2013 (722 cases) . GDP growth continued between 1986-1995, 1996-2005 and 2006-2015, especially in 2006-2015. New cases of coal worker's pneumoconiosis were mainly distributed in Huangshi city, Yichang city and Enshi prefecture, accounting for 82.40% (3137/3807) of the total cases. The proportion of new cases in Huangshi city was higher than that in Yichang city and Enshi prefecture (χ(2)=272.66, 243.19, P<0.05) . New cases were mainly distributed in coal mining industry (3103 cases, 81.51%) , small-sized and medium (1675 cases, 44.00%) , and private enterprises (1621 cases, 42.58%) . The rank correlation (r(s)) of coal worker's pneumoconiosis in 2006-2015 with GDP in1986-1995, 1996-2005 and 2006-2015 were 0.157, 0.144, 0.200, respectively, and there were no significant differences (P>0.05) . Conclusion: The coalworker's pneumoconiosis in Hubei Province are mostly distributed in small and medium-sized private enterprises, and the regional distribution is concentrated in Huangshi city, Yichang city and Enshi prefecture. The concentration of cases is closely related to the number and energy production of local coal mines. There is no correlation between the growth of GDP and the distribution of cases.

Study on the Calculation Method of VOCs Emission Index per Unit Coating Area of Automobile

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the important factors causing complex air pollution. Strengthening the prevention and control of VOCs pollution is the key work of energy saving and emission reduction in the 13th Five-Year Plan period in China. Automobile industry is a typical VOCs emission industry. A series of VOCs emission standards for automobile manufacturing links have been formulated at home and abroad. However, due to the complex production and emission links of automobile products, the VOCs accounting methods are various. In this paper, the method of VOCs emission accounting based on material balance is introduced in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of this method and its application scope are described. The parameters needed in the method are collected and summarized, which can provide reference for total VOCs control in automobile industry.

Design of control algorithm for accelerator magnet power supply with large time constant load

High Energy Photon Source-Test Facility (HEPS-TF) is a pre-research project for the construction of high energy synchrotron radiation source in the 12th five-year plan period. The purpose is to research the key technology and develop the key equipment of high energy synchrotron radiation source. Superconducting 3W1 magnet is the first self-developed superconducting wiggler magnet in China, and it is also one of the key research topics of HEPS. The author has completed a new digital closed-loop control algorithm for the superconducting 3W1 magnet with large load time constant and the nonlinear characteristics of inductance increasing with current, namely three-branch structure algorithm. In the face of the rapid development of high energy accelerator technology, the application of intelligent technology has become an inevitable development trend in the field of accelerator magnet power supply technology. Although the digital control of accelerator magnet power supply has been widely used, it is the first time to apply the new closed-loop control algorithm to realize fast adjustment and precision tracking in accelerator superconducting magnet power supply in China. According to the nonlinear characteristics of inductance and output current of superconducting magnet, a new digital closed-loop control algorithm for the load of superconducting magnet power supply with large time constant is proposed. This algorithm is quite different from the traditional algorithm and can attain the independent tracking and adjustment of the control target. Finally, by testing the ripple, error and stability of superconducting 3W1 magnet power supply, the correctness, practicability and reliability of power supply system as well as the digital control algorithm are verified. The results provide a new idea for the control of accelerator magnet power supply.

Improved emissions inventory and VOCs speciation for industrial OFP estimation in China

Ozone (O3) pollution is becoming increasingly serious in China. Reactivity-based control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an efficient method of alleviating O3 pollution. In this study, an improved industrial VOCs emissions inventory for China from 2011 to 2018 and local source profiles for six specific industries were developed to improve estimation of ozone formation potential (OFP). The results indicated that average annual growth rate for industrial VOCs emissions during 2015–2018 was lower than 2011–2014, which could be related to China's industrial structural upgrade and implementation of VOCs source control during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. The industrial coating, printing, basic organic chemical, gasoline storage and transport, and oil refinery industries were the key sources of VOCs emissions. M/p-xylene, toluene, ethyl benzene, propene, o-xylene, ethene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, m-ethyl toluene, isopentane, and 1-butene were the top 10 species in terms of OFP. The top 20 species based on OFP accounted for an estimated 85% of total OFP and only 59% of emissions. The industrial coating, printing, basic organic chemical, oil refinery industries and other five sectors were the top 10 sources in terms of OFP, which together contributed 81% of total OFP. Priority should be given to the top 20 or more species with high reactivity and the top 10 sources based on OFP for future O3 reductions in China.

The impact of a national carbon price on China

As the world No.1 emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2), China has made up its mind to act on climate change. After trials in six pilot regions- Shenzhen, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong, Tianjin, Hubei, and Chongqing- a nationwide ETS has been established and implemented in line with the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020). This paper simulates the effect of a national ETS in China using GTAP 9.1 database and a revised GTAP-E model. The simulation results show that the ETS is very effective in emissions reduction but will cause a mild economic contraction. At the sectoral level, the energy and resource sectors and energy intensive sectors are to be hit hard while most other sectors are affected negatively but insignificantly.

China’s Strategies and Policies for Regional Development During the Period of the 14th Five-Year Plan

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China’s regional development strategies and policies have positively contributed to the economic transformation and upgrading in the eastern China, sound economic growth momentum in the central and western China, faster economic growth in old revolutionary areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas, and poor areas, and more coordinated development among regions. Despite its remarkable achievements, China’s coordinated regional development still faces problems such as unbalanced economic growth between the southern and northern China, great gaps in innovation capacity among regions, difficulties in ensuring equitable access to basic public services, and slow growth of Blue Economy. To pursue regional development in China, the most important task at present is to promote coordinated and high-quality regional development and create a new pattern that can help such development become better in terms of quality, efficiency, fairness, and sustainability. The shift from questing for coordinated regional development to high-quality coordinated regional development not only reflects the transformation of regional development concept but also adapts to the requirement for regional development transformation in today’s China. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, to promote high-quality coordinated regional development, China should continue to make overall planning for the four major regions and coordinate the development of belts and zones with the four major regions as the basis and the key belts and zones as the framework. It should continue to deepen and improve the “[Formula: see text]” master strategy for regional development and facilitate the formation of a national system for regional development strategies. It should further improve the governance system for China’s national space, with an emphasis on creating the main framework for the development of national space that consists of three horizontal axes and three vertical axes, stretches over the eastern, central and western regions, and connects the northern region with the southern region, setting up a network of growth poles mainly supported by city clusters and metropolitan areas, and putting in place a negative list system for national space development. Besides, China should continue to accelerate the development of C-shaped open economic belts in border areas, further strengthen the opening up of inland, and spare no effort to foster the three major marine economic zones, thus working toward all-around opening up that coordinates land and marine development as well as the development of China’s coastal, border and inland areas. On that basis, China should also actively steer the northeastern region out of difficulty and help it develop vigorously, redouble efforts to cultivate advanced manufacturing centers in the central and western regions, formulate and implement support policies for relatively poor areas, and expedite the integration of modern infrastructure.

Hazardous Waste Disposal Enterprise Selection in China Using Hesitant Fuzzy PROMETHEE.

Because of the urgent need to protect the environment, it has become vital to deal with the dangers and particularities associated with the growth in hazardous industrial waste. Governments have begun to expand their investments in the environmental protection industry and have tightened enterprise environmental management requirements. The 13th Five-Year Plan period in China, in particular, increased the focus on the environmental supervision and enterprise environmental management. Because of the specific qualities of many types of hazardous waste, most enterprises do not have the ability to process hazardous waste and therefore must outsource the disposal to third-party contractors. However, choosing suitable hazardous waste disposal enterprises (HWDE) can be difficult. Therefore, to assist in the selection of appropriate hazardous waste disposal enterprises, this paper developed a comprehensive evaluation index system for hazardous waste disposal enterprises (EISHWDE). As multi-criteria decision-making problems involve qualitative evaluations that have semantic ambiguity, hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTS) were introduced to increase the accuracy of the evaluation process, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) used to determine the objective indicator weights, and PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation) employed to determine the final order for the selected enterprises. This research developed a scientific evaluation model that industrial waste enterprises (IWE) and related organizations could use to objectively and systematically select suitable hazardous waste disposal enterprises. Then, the problems of uncertainty and fuzzy semantics in the evaluation process were solved, and the weight of each selection criteria and the ranking of alternative enterprises are given.

Decomposition analysis of patenting in renewable energy technologies: From an extended LMDI approach perspective based on three Five-Year Plan periods in China

Renewable energy technological innovation is greatly influenced by renewable energy markets and policies. In this regard, the paper decomposes nine influencing factors of patents of a specific renewable energy technology using the extended logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method from 2001 to 2015. The differences in a specific renewable energy technological innovation and development during the three Five-Year Plan periods is prioritized at the national level. The contribution of the increase in patents of renewable energy technologies mainly lies in the patents of solar energy technology and wind energy technology, but during the 12th Five-year Plan period, the increments of their patent counts significantly decline. Due to priority given to the development of innovation in a specific renewable energy technology, the improvement in the efficiency of R&D spending, the increases in the share of R&D spending and the share of renewable energy, low carbon economy concept advocacy and carbon scale expansion, the patent counts of a specific renewable energy technology will increase. Additionally, the factors affecting innovation in a specific renewable energy technology at the different economic development levels, as well as different resource distribution levels are investigated.

Revealing contributions to sulfur dioxide emissions in China: From the dimensions of final demand, driving effect and supply chain

More stringent air pollution control measures implemented during the 12th Five-Year Plan period contributed to some achievements on air quality improvement in China. Considering more focus on production-side emissions, it requires to identify what drove changes in pollutant emissions during this period from demand-side. This study is devoted to revealing the contributions to changes in SO2 emissions during 2010-2015 from three dimensions including final demand, driving effect and supply chain. Based on the harmonized input-output framework and emission datasets, demand-driven accounting, structural decomposition analysis and structural path decomposition analysis are conducted progressively. The results indicate that fixed capital formation and exports were the main drivers of demand-driven emissions during the study period, contributing more than 60% in the total. Changes in emission intensity and per capita final demand were the effects with most prohibiting and promoting impacts on emissions, decreasing 9.98 million tons (Mt) and increasing 5.99 Mt, respectively. The supply chain contributed most to increasing emissions was “Manufacture of nonmetallic mineral products → Construction → fixed capital formation” mainly affected by increased emission intensity; that contributed most to decreasing emissions was “Production and Supply of Power and Heat → urban residential consumption” mainly affected by decreased emission intensity. Some policy implications targeting the three dimensions are discussed accordingly. The quantified contributions and uncovered driving mechanism regarding SO2 emissions may assist in facilitating more complete air pollution control strategies from multiple dimensions in the future.

What drive the changes in China's energy consumption and intensity during 12th Five-Year Plan period?

During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period (2011–2015), the Chinese government has released a series of energy conservation plans to launch and deepen the transition in the energy use. Particularly, the dual control of the energy consumption and energy intensity was firstly emphasized. This paper intends to explore the targeted and effective energy policy implications through investigating the drivers of changes in energy consumption/intensity of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period. Under the input-output framework, the embodied energy consumptions/intensities by final demand category were estimated at aggregate/sector level and the total energy consumption/intensity was decomposed using the additive/multiplicative structural decomposition analysis. Among the final demand categories, China's energy consumption/intensity was mainly contributed by the investment, followed by the household consumption. According to the SDA results, China's total energy consumption increased by 28.8%, of which the energy intensity effect and the investment effect were the most retardant and accelerator, respectively. At the same time, China's total aggregate energy intensity decreased by 16.0%, of which the energy intensity effect and the household consumption effect were the most retardant and accelerator, respectively. In detail, the key sectors with respect to the critical effects were picked out. Above all, policy implications are discussed for achieving the energy goals during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period and launching the energy revolution during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period.