First Step Research Articles

A Functional Model of Team Leadership for Sport

The purpose of this study was to propose and examine a new leadership framework, the Team Leadership Model for Sport. Specifi cally, the aim was to examine a functional leadership paradigm in sport where full range of leadership behaviors by the coach and by the collective athletes infl uence team cohesion, and thereby increase the likelihood of team goal achievement. Data were utilized from 518 NCAA Division I-III athletes from 36 softball teams and 13 baseball teams. The participants completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Avolio & Bass, 2004), the Team Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Avolio & Bass, 1996), the Group Environment Questionnaire (Carron, Brawley, & Widmeyer, 1985), and the Team Outcome Questionnaire that was developed for this study. Structural equation modeling indicated that the original hypothesized model did not fi t the data, but an acceptable alternative model was established, which included transformational leadership and two transactional leadership variables infl uencing perceptions of cohesion. Transformational leadership had a signifi cant positive path to cohesion, which in turn had a signifi cant positive path to goal achievement. We discuss a potentially fruitful direction in the examination of team leadership, within which the fi rst step involves a closer examination of measurement of coach leadership, shared athlete leadership, and cohesion. Keywords: transformational, cohesion, shared leadership, baseball, softball

Transition to Kindergarten: Negative Associations between the Emotional Availability in Mother-Child Relationships and Elevated Cortisol Levels in Children with an Immigrant Background.

Background: The transition to child care is a challenging time in a child’s life and leads to elevated levels of cortisol. These elevations may be influenced by the quality of the mother–child relationship. However, remarkably little is known about cortisol production in response to the beginning of child care among children-at-risk such as children with an immigrant background. However, attending kindergarten or any other child day-care institution can for example have a compensating effect on potential language deficits thus improving the educational opportunities of these children.Method: Data of a subsample of N = 24 “hard-to-reach” mother–child dyads was collected in the context of the psychoanalytic early prevention project FIRST STEPS. The project focuses on the earliest integration of children with an immigrant background by supporting parenting capacities in the critical phase of migration and early parenthood. Children’s hair cortisol concentration (HCC) was assessed 1 week before (mean age = 38.77 months) and 3 months after kindergarten entry (mean age = 42.26 months). Hair analysis was conducted for both times of measurement, reflecting the first 3 months after kindergarten entry and 3 months prior. Furthermore, the emotional quality of the mother–child relationship was assessed with the help of the Emotional Availability Scales (EAS; Biringen, 2008) shortly before kindergarten entry when the children were about 3 years old (mean age = 37.2).Results and Conclusion: Children’s mean cumulated HCC was higher after kindergarten entry than before. The increase correlated negatively with several dimensions of the EAS. Repeated measures ANCOVA revealed that particularly responsive children and children who had experienced less intrusive mother–child relationships demonstrated lower elevations in HCC after kindergarten entry. Furthermore, a decreased EA score was found in all EA dimensions, besides the dimension “mother’s non-hostility,” indicating problematic EA within the mother–child relationships of the sample. The results suggest that children with an immigrant background who experience more emotional available mother–child relationships seem to regulate stress induced by kindergarten entry more effectively, indicated by lower cortisol elevations after entry. This implicates that supporting early mother–child relationships by intervention may have a positive effect on the children’s ability to regulate stress induced by kindergarten entry thus promoting child development.

Bird consumption of sweet and tart cherries

Identifying species responsible for crop damage is an important fi rst step in developing management strategies. Previous studies have surveyed bird species fl ying through cherry orchards but have not documented which species were consuming cherries. We conducted traditional surveys and behavioral observations in orchards of sweet cherries (Prunus avium) and tart cherries (Prunus cerasus) in Michigan during 2010 to compare results from the 2 techniques. American robins (Turdus migratorius) were detected most frequently during sweet cherry surveys, while behavioral observations showed that cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) consumed more sweet cherries than did robins. Chipping sparrows (Spizella passerina) were the most commonly detected species during tart cherry surveys, while observations showed that American robins and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) consumed the most tart cherries. Although observational work is more labor-intensive than surveys, observations are more likely to provide accurate information on the relative importance of fruit-consuming species.

Kobayashi Engineering Works, Ltd.

Kobayashi Engineering Works, Ltd. was established on July 14, 1947, 70 years ago. The founder, Mr. Tadashi Kobayashi made the fi rst step of iron works in a rent warehouse of paper mill and installed some machine tools. After that, company becomes as present as a result of technical cooperation with overseas machine suppliers, developing own technologies and business transfer.

The American YMCA and its physical education program – first steps to world expansion

This paper looks at the fi rst steps taken by the American YMCA to expand its physical education program across various countries in South and Central America, Asia and Europe. The YMCA was established in 1844 in London. However, it particularly fl ourished in the United States of America, building large physical education facilities, setting up its fi rst physical education institute and developing new sports. Their schools were attended by people from all over the world, who went on to promote the organisation’s physical education program. Due to cooperation with the US army, the organisation saw further expansion and its secretaries began to operate in other countries. They were instrumental in establishing the fi rst local YMCA groups, often provided with material and fi nancial support by the United States. Local groups began to build their own physical education facilities and adopt new “American” sports. Elwood S. Brown was a pioneer in the promotion of the American YMCA’s physical education program. He worked for the organisation on several continents, signifi cantly assisting the organisation of big sporting events which were always attended by sportsmen from several countries. Unfortunately,many of the national YMCA groups were later paralysed by the Second World War. Despite that, theYMCA has become the largest voluntary youth organisation in the world.

COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF CROATIAN AND INDIAN AIR POLLUTION STUDIES WITH EMPHASIS ON POLLUTANTS DERIVED BY COAL COMBUSTION

Human health, the environment, and climate are being profoundly aff ected by complex pollutant interactions in the atmosphere. Almost all human activities cause the emissions of air pollutants. Their understanding and quantifi cation is the fi rst step towards the control and mitigation of air pollution. The general aim of this paper is to summarise the fi ndings of selected Croatian and Indian papers addressing air pollution, particularly those focusing on sulphur and aerosols associated with coal-fi red power plants. The two countries are essentially diff erent regarding their size, geography, history, economy, industrial potential, to name but a few. However, they both have had certain relations to the fossil fuel extraction and its usage in power stations and industry for decades. Various research approaches are presented, together with a brief outline of national air pollution policies.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: A FORGOTTEN AREA?

Development of new methods of visualization of the lymphatic system and in the treatment of several pathologies associated with impaired lymph fl ow. The lymphatic system is an integral part of the circulation. One of the main functions of the lymphatic system is to transport residual interstitial fl uid from the tissue back to the venous system. Despite growing recognition of the role of the lymphatic system in many disease processes, the techniques for imaging and interventions on the lymphatic system have lagged behind the well-developed methods for imaging and interventions on the cardiovascular systems. This is primarily due to small size and variability in anatomy of the lymphatic vessels, and diffi culty of introducing contrast into lymphatic ducts. Due to lack of imaging and intervention options, the fl ow function of the lymphatic system was relatively ignored over the last few decades. Recently, there has been resurgence in the interest in the fl ow function of the interventions on the lymphatic system with the development of percutaneous minimally invasive techniques, such as thoracic duct embolization, to treat life threatening lymphatic leaks. Our group recently introduced two new methods of lymphatic imaging: intranodal lymphangiography and dynamic contrast MR lymphangiography. These methods have allowed further understanding of lymphatic anatomy, pathophysiology, lymphodynamics, as well as provi???ded guidance for novel minimally invasive lymphatic interventions. Using new techniques, the group discovered the causes and then developed treatments for several fatal conditions effecting single ventricle patients including plastic bronchitis and protein loosing enteropathy. Treatment for other conditions has evolved as well including congenital lymphodysplasia, chylothorax, and chylous ascites. The study of the liver lymphatic system has been little explored despite its signifi cant relevance as exampled in ascites formation in association with cirrhosis, one of the most recognized clinical manifestations of lymphatic vascular system disorders. Liver lymphangiogram is an additional minimally invasive technique that allows visualization of the liver lymphatics. Embolization of the liver lymphatic system has been proven to be curative for liver lymphorrea. Due to the lack of the imaging ability of the lymphatic system the understanding of these relationships lacked. Intranodal lymphangiogram, and liver lymphangiograms are one of the fi rst steps in attempt to understand these relationships. Embolization of the lymphatic system provides the opportunity to treat the abnormal lymphatic fl ows in conditions such as pulmonary lymphatic perfusion syndrome, liver cirrhosis, cardiac failure.

DOES COIMBRA NEED A 3D CADASTRE? PROTOTYPING A CROWDSOURCING APP AS A FIRST STEP TO FINDING OUT

Abstract. The Municipality of Coimbra in Portugal, and indeed the country as a whole, is currently undergoing a long-term land registration (cadastre creation) exercise, with approximately 50 % of the country having been surveyed, amounting to 1/3 of the total properties, by the end of 2013. The survey process is currently generating two-dimensional (2D) maps. However, as with many other countries, these maps have limitations when representing the real three-dimensional (3D) complexities of land and property ownership. Capturing 2D cadastre is an expensive process, and does not provide the required insight into the number of properties where the ownership situation is inadequately represented, as the survey does not include the internal building structure. Having information about the extent of the 2D/3D issue is, however, fundamental to making a decision as to whether to invest resources in even more expensive 3D survey. Given that the 3D complexity inside buildings is only known to residents/occupants - thus making crowd sourcing perhaps the only economically feasible approach for its capture - this paper describes the development of a web-based App envisaged for use by the general public to flag different land and property ownership situations. The paper focuses on two aspects of the problem - firstly, identifying an appropriate, clear, set of diagrams depicting the various different ownership situations from which the user can then pick one, and secondly prototyping and user testing an App for multi-platform VGI data capture in absence of direct feedback from the final end users - i.e. the general public.

INFLASI DI ERA GLOBAL DENGAN PENDEKATANPHILLIPS-CURVE

This study aims to analyze infl ation in Indonesia by using the New Keynesian Phillips Curve. The study used Vector Autoregressive (VAR) with the type of VECM (Vector Error Correction Model). VECM is one of restrictive VAR. The fi rst step of VAR is determining endogenous and exogeneous variables based on the theory. Estimation results indicate that the Error Correction Term (ECT) is signifi cantly negative (-0.675167). It means that there was the existence of the error term, and the negative sign indicates that an error capable of leading to equilibrium. Based on the results obtained of VECM calculation, expected infl ation had negative effect on inflation in Indonesia (-0.913099). Indonesia output gap had positive effect (62.98311) while world output gap did not affect infl ation in Indonesia. It means that domestic factors more determine infl ation in Indonesia than the foreign factors. Thus, Bank Indonesia as price stabilizer will be easier to create a policy to tackle infl ation because domestic factors are easier to control than the foreign factors.

Evaluation of different promoters driving the GFP reporter gene in seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii

Promoter regulates expression level of foreign gene in transgenic organism. This study was performed to select asuitable promoter as the fi rst step towards production of valuable trait-enhanced seaweed by transgenic technology. Greenfl uorescent protein (GFP) gene was used as a reporter to determine the activity of promoter in seaweed Kappaphycusalvarezii. GFP gene constructs driven by cytomegalovirus (pCMV-GFP), caulifl ower mosaic virus (pCaMV-GFP),medaka β-actin (pmBA-GFP) and Japanese fl ounder keratin (pJfKer-GFP) promoters were introduced by electroporationmethod. Electroporation was performed using a gene pulser (BIORAD) with voltage of 300 V, pulse length of 0.5 ms,pulse numbers of 4, and pulse interval of 0.1 s. Promoter activity was determined by analyzing GFP gene expressionlevel using a fl uorescent microscope. The results showed that CMV regulated highest number of fi lament callus(34.10%±1.49) expressing GFP at medium to strong fl uorescence levels. CaMV promoter had relatively similar activitywith CMV, but lower number of fi lament callus expressing GFP (10.48%±0.25). mBA promoter drove GFP expressionat medium level and similar number of fi lament callus (8.85%±2.31) expressing GFP with CaMV, while JfKer promoterhad lowest activity by means in number of fi lament callus expressing GFP (4.79%±0.26) and GFP expression level. PCRanalysis for transgenic confi rmation showed a DNA band of PCR product from pCMV-GFP and pCaMV-GFP expressingfi lament callus in the same size (about 0.6 kb) with positive control of plasmid. Thus, CMV and CaMV promoters wasan appropriate promoter and foreign gene could be transferred to fi lament callus by electroporation method. Combiningthis achievement with developing a culture method of fi lament callus to be thallus, stable transgenic breeding in K.alvarezii can be feasible.

The Morphology of Bronze and Early Iron Age Celts from Siberia

Morphological characteristics of Siberian Bronze and Early Iron Age celts are described with special regard to typology. The fi rst steps in this direction were taken by V.A. Gorodtsov (1916), S.A. Teploukhov (1929), M.P. Gryaznov (1941), V.N. Chernetsov (1947), etc. On the basis of these and later studies, it has become possible to visualize and classify all major morphological features of celts with a view of arriving at their typology. The method is illustrated by the analysis of a Seima-Turbino celt. The trait battery includes over seventy traits of the socket, body, blade, lugs, socket-body interface, casting technique, decoration, and dimensions. Formalized trait codes will enable us to proceed to a statistical analysis of celts based on a maximal number of characters.

Conflito conjugal e estratégias de resolução: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

Marital confl icts and resolution strategies are studied in the literature for over two decades. Accordingly, the purpose of this article was to analyze the national and international literature on marital confl ict and resolution strategies employed by the spouses. This is a qualitative systematic review of the period between 2004/2013. The study was conducted in nine databases through descriptors marital confl ict AND marriage and problem resolution AND marriage subjected to content analysis procedures. In the fi rst step, 567 articles were selected. 30 of these are part of this systematic review compose since they obey the operational exclusion and inclusion criteria defi ned a priori. The studies point out that research

Revisão da dimensão isolamento do inventário dimensional clínico da personalidade

The present study aimed to review the Isolation dimension of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (DCPI). The method was divided in two steps, the fi rst focused on developing new items based on the literature, and the second for testing the psychometric properties of the new items dataset. The DCPI plus the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) were applied in a sample of 213 subjects aging between 18 and 69 years (M = 25.56; SD = 8.70), with predominance of women (74.3%) The fi rst step resulted in 39 items, of which 28 were new. The second stage results on a composite of 18 items, in four interpretable factors based on the internal structure analysis, Individualism, Social Isolation, Intimacy Avoidance and Emotional Apathy with internal consistency coeffi cients of .88 for total, and higher then .75 for each factor. The correlations of the scale with NEO-PI-R and PID-5 revealed consistent and expected effect sizes. The data reveal the adequacy of the new Isolation dimension of DCPI.

HOW TO WRITE ENGLISH WELL (THE ANALYSIS OF WRITING TEST AND ITS ALTERNATIVE GUIDELINE)

Writing seems to be the most diffi cult skill in acquiring Eng-<br />lish as a foreign language. In order tobe able to write correctly, the<br />students should have suffi cient knowledge for formulating an idea<br />towrite and of how to organize the language and the content of<br />their writing. On the other hand, writing assessment also became an<br />important aspect to evaluate a writing result. It is relevance to use<br />the good standard for doing assessment in students writing result.<br />Through break down the construction of the paragraphs will help<br />teachers or lecturers in investigating the content and variables in a<br />text.This research tries to investigate the writing test concepttaken<br />from STKIP Nusa Indonesia at the English Language Education<br />Program. Thepurpose is to evaluate the writing test concept and give<br />an alternative test guideline.The fi rst step is taking test document<br />for writing intermediate from STKIP Nusa Indonesia arranged by<br />the lecture. The second step is reading some kinds of test while<br />choosing the appropriate test for it. The third step is identifying the<br />writing test and its scoring guideline, concept and assessment. The<br />fourth step is analyzing the weaknesses and strengths from the test<br />concept. The fi fth step is reformulates the test guideline and make<br />some recommendations for better writing assessment. The results<br />of the paper show that test concept is not appropriate to imple-<br />ment, because of its weaknesses. The researcher reformulates the<br />test concept as the recommendation.

FIRST STEPS - a randomized controlled trial on the evaluation of the implementation and effectiveness of two early prevention programs for promoting the social integration and a healthy development of children with an immigrant background from 0-3.

BackgroundThe social integration of children with an immigrant background has become one of the most urgent social responsibilities in Germany. They are more likely to live in high-risk environments and are disadvantaged with respect to health related variables as well as educationally. Quite a number of projects supporting their integration into the German society exist although many are hardly scientifically evaluated. Most of them focus on the acquisition of German language and therefore address older children (and adults). However, international experts agree that social integration is not only a matter of language but also of earlier developmental processes of children in their first months of life connected to adequate early parenting.Methods/DesignThe model project FIRST STEPS focuses on earliest prevention for children with an immigrant background, supporting their parents in the critical phase of migration and early parenthood. In a prospective randomized comparison group design the effectiveness of a psychoanalytically oriented early prevention program (intervention A) is compared to the outcomes of groups offered by paraprofessionals with an immigrant background (intervention B). Intervention A is a professional offer supporting immigrant families based on developmental psychological and on knowledge on early parenting. 180 families are randomly assigned to intervention A or B. They are supported during the first 3 years of the children’s lives. Social and family stressors, the quality of the parent–child-interaction, child attachment security, the affective, cognitive and social-emotional development of the children and the social integration of the families are assessed during and after the intervention.DiscussionThe project aims at evaluating the implementation as well as the short- and long-term effectiveness of psychoanalytically oriented intervention A compared to the outcomes of intervention B. It is expected that professionally supported early parenting (intervention A) improves the social-emotional, cognitive and language development of immigrant children as well as the social integration of their families to a greater extent than in the comparison groups. In case the model project proves to be effective, a rollout across Germany is possible. Due to the “difficult-to-reach” immigrant families challenges in recruitment, uptake and retention of participants are anticipated.Trial registrationDRKS-ID: DRKS00004632, trial registration date: 05.02.2013

BioEssays 7∕2015

BioEssaysVolume 37, Issue 7 Cover PictureFree Access BioEssays 7∕2015 First published: 22 June 2015 https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201570071AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Pack it tightly. On pages 755–766 Marc Kschonsak and Christian Haering review how chromosomes are condensed before cell division, and which proteins and molecular machines are involved in this process. The authors discuss a three-step model for the formation of these mitotic chromosomes. The fi rst step, linear chromatin looping, takes place early during prophase and involves condensin II complexes. This is followed by axial compression during late prophase. This second step is accompanied by the action of topoisomerase IIα and the release of cohesion from chromosomes. The third step is lateral compression and requires the action of condensin I complexes. (Background image from fotolia - nobeastsofi erce.) Volume37, Issue7July 2015 RelatedInformation

MP48-19 COGNITIVE MRI-ECHO FUSION BIOPSY OF THE PROSTATE IS A VALUABLE FIRST STEP IN DIAGNOSING PROSTATE CANCER

You have accessJournal of UrologyProstate Cancer: Detection and Screening I1 Apr 2015MP48-19 COGNITIVE MRI-ECHO FUSION BIOPSY OF THE PROSTATE IS A VALUABLE FIRST STEP IN DIAGNOSING PROSTATE CANCER Paul Westerveld, Jessica Vriesema, Huib van den Hout, Jeroen Veltman, and Erik Cornel Paul WesterveldPaul Westerveld More articles by this author , Jessica VriesemaJessica Vriesema More articles by this author , Huib van den HoutHuib van den Hout More articles by this author , Jeroen VeltmanJeroen Veltman More articles by this author , and Erik CornelErik Cornel More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.1693AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Multiparimetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate is increasingly used for detection and staging of prostate cancer. Significant lesions detected on prostate-MRI need to be evaluated by histological biopsy. MRI guided biopsies are limitedly available, time consuming, uncomfortable and costly. Trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided target biopsies based on MRI findings are a more logical first diagnostic step. Our purpose was to evaluate the performance of cognitive target MRI-TRUS fusion biopsies of MRI detected PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System) 4 and 5 lesions. The correlation between the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and Gleason outcome was also studied. METHODS 52 consecutive patients in the period from 12/2013-06/2014 with increased PSA and PI-RADS 4 or 5 lesions on MRI (3T Siemens-skyra, protocol and reporting according to ESUR guidelines) were included. All patients underwent target biopsies using TRUS (B&K, Falcon 2101) which were performed by the same urologist and radiologist with MRI images and structured report available. In patients with a negative biopsy, MRI-guided biopsy was advised. A bi-variate pearson correlation was performed for ADC and Gleason outcome in positive cases. RESULTS A total of 52 patients were included (16 PIRADS 4 and 36 PIRADS 5 lesions). Mean PSA and PSA-density value was respectively 9,88 (SD 6,1) and 0.20 (SD 0.11). Mean lesion size was 13.95 mm (SD 6.26 mm). 9 PIRADS 4 lesions (56%) and 26 PIRADS 5 lesions (72%) were found positive for prostate cancer. The correlation between the ADC value and histology outcome is showed in figure 1. Overall 67% of the biopsies were positive for prostate cancer using cognitive target MRI-TRUS fusion biopsies. The additional MRI-guided-biopsies that were performed from the negative cases proved in 50% to be malignant (0/2 for PI-RADS 4 and 3/4 for PI-RADS 5 lesions). A significant correlation between ADC and Gleason value was found (-0.363 P<0.01) CONCLUSIONS Cognitive target MRI-TRUS fusion biopsies are an effective first step in the evaluation of PIRADS 4 and 5 MRI detected lesions. Additional MRI-Guided-Biopsies of negative results for at least PIRADS 5 lesions are mandatory. © 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 193Issue 4SApril 2015Page: e601-e602 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Paul Westerveld More articles by this author Jessica Vriesema More articles by this author Huib van den Hout More articles by this author Jeroen Veltman More articles by this author Erik Cornel More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Early Motherhood in Migration: A First Report from FIRST STEPS - An Integration Project for Infants with an Immigrant Background

Background: Children with an immigrant background tend to underachieve in German education with respect to their German peers. Furthermore they are more likely to live in high-risk environments. Quite a number of projects for the integration of these children exist. However most of them are hardly scientifically evaluated. The project FIRST STEPS focuses on the earliest integration of children with an immigrant background by supporting parenting capacities in the critical phase of migration and early parenthood. Furthermore it serves as a scientifically evaluated model project. Methods: By using a prospective randomized comparison group design the effectiveness of a psychoanalytically oriented early prevention program (intervention A) is compared to the outcomes of groups offered by paraprofessionals with an immigrant background (intervention B). Both interventions begin during pregnancy and last until the commencement of kindergarten when the children are about three years old. Over 270 families have already been recruited in Frankfurt am Main and Berlin. A variety of different instruments is applied during as well as after the intervention in order to assess social and family stressors, the quality of the parent-child-interaction, child attachment security, the affective, cognitive and social-emotional development as well as language development of the children, the children’s stress level and the social integration of the families. Results and Conclusion: The project is still on-going and aims at evaluating the implementation as well as the short- and long-term effectiveness of the psychoanalytically oriented intervention. A compared to the outcomes of intervention B (comparison group). First preliminary results show that FIRST STEPS is accepted by these “difficult to reach” immigrant families and indeed can support the early motherhood in migration.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF INCREASE OF PENSION AGE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The problem of increase of pension age in our country is discussed already from the fi rst steps of market transformations of provision of pensions, i. e. quarter of the century, and without some visible advancement to its decision. At the same time all civilised countries have already developed the accurate program of actions under its decision, though and with different social and economic consequences: one have raised pension age “shock” tools for one-two year, others have stretched this process for some decades, the third have refused an age regulator of * Статья подготовлена по результатам исследований, выполненных за счет бюджетных средств по государственному заданию Финансового университета 2015 г.

Mergers and Acquisitions of Joint Stock Companies in Russia and Corporations in the US (legal regulation experience)

The procedure of merger and consolidation of joint stock companies in Russia is legislatively fi xed in the Federal law «On joint stock companies». In the United States in each state the rules on mergers are adopted within the Corporation laws. The greatest interest represents the law of the state of Delaware. This procedure includes three steps. In Russia at the fi rst stage the companies sign an agreement on merger or consolidation, and in the state of Delaware, the fi rst step is the adoption by the Board of Directors of each participating corporation of a decision on approval of the agreement on merger or consolidation. At the second stage the boards of Directors of Russian joint stock companies bring to the decision of the General meeting of each participating company, the question of reorganization, on approval of the agreement on the merger. In the state of Delaware at the second stage of the General meeting of shareholders should approve or reject the transaction of merger or accession. The third stage both in Russia and in the state of Delaware, is registration of a new joint stock company, corporation, or registration of changes in society, corporation, in which another one has merged.