Fire Installations Research Articles

Construction materials and building techniques – Comparing anthropogenic sediments of three Middle Bronze Age sites from Hungary

This paper compares various ‘earthen’ construction materials and building techniques from three Middle Bronze Age tell (multi-layered settlement) sites in Hungary: Százhalombatta-Földvár, Kakucs-Turján (Vatya material culture) and Borsodivánka-Marhajárás-Nagyhalom (Otomani-Füzesabony Cultural Circle (OFCC)). It employs microscopic analyses – archaeological soil micromorphology and phytolith analysis within thin sections – to examine floor, wall and fire installation materials at a high resolution. The term ‘earthen construction materials’ is used in archaeology extensively to refer to anything from soils to sediments that sometimes lack proper classification or terminology. Through a closer look at the types of materials used at the three analysed sites, we describe more clearly what comprises ‘earthen’ construction materials. Using this data, we then employ a chaîne opératoire approach to think through various stages in the sourcing and preparation of building materials. In analysing this, the paper makes visible the decisions by Bronze Age builders and discusses their possible reasons, which include environmental conditions and socially learned practices. Further, by comparing three contemporary sites within a micro-landscape, our analysis highlights that even small variations in the environment and therefore the available raw materials impact building materials and techniques, and that different groups of people can make different decisions even when facing similar environments.

More than floors and domes – contexts around ovens in the late neolithic of the Central Balkans

Even though ovens are the most prominent feature in the Vinča culture houses, they have often been neglected in the archaeological publications. Usually, only the information about their location or number of floors is provided, but more detailed descriptions are missing. This is also influenced by their poor preservation in the archaeological record, as parts of their upper structure are often missing. But, although fully preserved ovens represent quite a rarity, contexts surrounding them are usually filled with different categories of artefacts and architectural features. These complex contexts that include ovens, offer plethora of information about different socio-economic phenomena in the Late Neolithic of the Central Balkans. Therefore, ovens should be perceived as more than just fire installations for food processing and house heating, as they can offer insight into household organization and symbolic aspects of the Neolithic life. Additionally, ovens located in the outdoor spaces can provide information about settlement organization and social dynamics on a larger scale. In this paper, different contexts around ovens are presented and interpreted – from functional, economic, social, and symbolic perspective.

The Development of Automatic Sprinkler System Concepts for Maritime Vehicle Carriers

Closed ro-ro spaces on maritime vehicle carriers are usually protected by a total-flooding carbon dioxide system. Such systems have many benefits, for example that there are no residues that can adversely affect the protected objects (in this case thousands of vehicles) and the agent is electrically non-conductive. However, there could be a considerable time delay from the start of a fire until the carbon dioxide system is discharged. Experience has shown that this delay time can cause significant fire damage and jeopardize the performance of the system. Within the EU funded LASH FIRE project, design and installation guidelines for supplementary automatic water-based fire sprinkler systems were developed. An important design feature is that the system automatically activates at an early stage of a fire. This would allow more time to fight the fire manually or to safely evacuate the space and discharge the CO2 system when the fire is controlled to one or a few vehicles instead of at a time when it has escalated in size. The work was partly based on a comprehensive literature review that identified relevant standards and information applicable to the design of automatic fire sprinkler and deluge water spray systems. Large-scale fire tests verified that the suggested system designs were able to provide control of realistic vehicle fires, including fires in passenger cars and a freight truck.

A Culinary Perspective on North-Central Anatolia: An Overview of Cooking Facilities across the Late Bronze and Iron Ages

This paper presents the evidence related to the spread of cooking methods in north-central Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early and Middle Iron Ages (1650-700 BC), with particular emphasis on fire installations and cooking tools collected during the last century of archaeological activities. Ovens, hearths, andirons, cooking pots, and baking plates are a constant presence within the various settlements of the Anatolian plateau. This essay will reconstruct the history of cuisine and eating customs across the Late Bronze and Iron Ages through archaeological evidence and complementing it with ethnographic research. This approach, indeed, offers extra information on foodways not available in written sources, especially when the latter are lacking or reticent. Finally, the data and information on daily life’s cooking and food preparation will be employed as a lens to identify broader social and economic phenomena prompted by the rise and fall of the Hittite Empire in the heart of the Anatolian Plateau.

Studying the Use of Earth in Early Architecture of Southwest and Central Asia

Abstract Using case studies from Aşıklı Höyük, Çatalhöyük, Boncuklu Tarla, Göbekli Tepe (all Turkey), and Monjukli Depe (southern Turkmenistan), this study presents a framework for in-depth research on prehistoric earthen architecture in southwestern and central Asia. It demonstrates the challenges and potential for innovative and comparative studies based on interdisciplinary approaches and the use of architectural, microstratigraphic, and microarchaeological analyses. Furthermore, it sheds new light on issues related to various aspects of building continuity which is commonly recognised as a very important phenomenon in the Neolithic but could have different facets. The study attempts to discuss the reasons behind the local decisions to use and recycle specified building materials. In addition, it evaluates – in relation to particular sites – the usefulness of specific analyses for reconstruction of daily, seasonal, or annual practices. Advanced analyses of floors and fire installations, for instance, can contribute not only to the identification of indoor and outdoor surfaces but also to a better understanding of activity areas and the intensity of use within particular spaces. Variations and different combinations of mudbrick, mortar, and plaster recipes allow for insights into how earth and sediment material were used to mark collective and individual identity through the performance of a building. Recognising reused materials and features allows us to trace further the nature of prehistoric societies and local architectural dialects.

Justification of the method for determining the reliability of the operator of a mobile fire fighting installation

The object of research is the operator of a mobile fire installation; the subject of research is the operator’s characteristics, particularly his reliability. The method of determining the reliability of a mobile fire installation operator as a functional element of a dynamic system is substantiated. Operator failure is interpreted as the output of its frequency characteristics beyond permissible limits. Analytical dependences for variations of the operator’s frequency characteristics on variations of its parameters – transmission coefficient, delay time, and time constant are constructed. The amplitude and phase reliability of the operator of a mobile fire installation are determined using the Laplace functions, the arguments of which are the permissible values of variations in the frequency characteristics of the operator and variations of its parameters. Determination of variations of operator parameters is carried out by the instrumental method using the operator’s activity monitoring system. The test effect on the operator of a mobile fire installation is carried out in the form of a rectangular pulse that formalizes the change in the position of the combustion cell at a priori a given distance over a priori predetermined time. A signal characterizing the operator’s response to the test impact is determined using the Laplace integral transform. Measuring the parameters of this signal allows you to determine the variations in operator parameters that are used to determine its reliability. It is shown that for variations of operator parameters, the values of which are 10.0 % with RMS deviations of 3.3 %, with a probability of 0.8715 the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics at the time of its control will not differ from their nominal values by more than 5.0 %. The requirements regarding the reliability of the operator’s activity control system are determined

Bronze Age combustion structures of Italian contexts in comparison: Via Ordiere-Solarolo (Ravenna) and Mursia (Pantelleria island). Archaeological, geoarchaeological and experimental data

Recent investigations carried out by the University of Bologna at the Bronze Age sites of Via Ordiere (Solarolo – Ravenna province) and Mursia (Pantelleria) discovered several types of fire installations. The paper considers different steps of the research related to the use of fire and cooking practices in domestic contexts using the two settlements for a comparative approach. While in the first case the evidence of firing structures is poorly preserved and requires sampling for micromorphological analysis and complex analysis, the second case of Mursia, thanks to the best preservation of the archaeological deposit, allows to select and reconstruct more easily the features involved in processing and cooking food.Besides the presentation of the archaeological evidence, the research copes with the methods applied for a combination of results, including an archaeological protocol for documenting fire installations and the geoarchaeological analysis, extended to the comparison with similar features in the literature and with the ethnoarchaeological evidence. A further approach was scheduled experimenting archaeological replica of most common fire installations. Finally, we deal a general understanding of the use of fire with a concept map going in depth with the many questions arisen pointing out the interrelationships among several parts of the process involving fire installations.

DETERMINATION OF THE DYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF THE MOBILE FIRE STATION OPERATOR IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN

Determination of the dynamic parameters of the operator of the mobile fire apparatus is based on the use of its amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics, the value of which is used at a priori set frequency. The value of these frequency characteristics of the operator of the mobile fire apparatus is used as initial data. Using the exponent and trigonometric form of the expression for the complex transfer function of the operator of the mobile fire apparatus, the functional dependence between its phase-frequency characteristic and dynamic parameters - the delay time and the operator's time constant - was obtained. This functional dependence is given in the form of two additive components, one of which is represented by a trigonometric function, the argument of which is the value of the phase-frequency characteristic of the operator and its delay time. The second additive component is a function of the time constant of the operator. The constructed functional dependence is used to determine the delay time of the operator of the mobile fire apparatus, provided that another dynamic parameter - the time constant - is determined using the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the operator and the normative value of its transmission coefficient. A graphical interpretation is given for the constructed functional dependence, which can be used as a component of the algorithm when determining the dynamic parameters of the operator of a mobile fire extinguisher. The algorithm for determining the dynamic parameters of the operator of a mobile fire installation is presented, which is presented in verbal form. The developed algorithm for determining the dynamic parameters of the operator of the mobile fire apparatus during its implementation involves the use of a graphical interpretation of the functional dependence between the delay time and the time constant of the operator of the mobile fire apparatus. The presented algorithm differs from the known ones by the simplicity of its implementation, which is ensured by reducing the number of a priori frequencies used to determine the values of the frequency characteristics by four times. An example of the implementation of the algorithm for determining the dynamic parameters of the operator of a mobile fire installation is given. Key words: operator, fire installation, dynamic parameters.

Justification of the method for determining the dynamic parameters of the mobile fire fighting installation operator

The object of this study is the process of functioning of the "man-robot" system. The task to coordinate parameters of the human operator and the robot is investigated. Aligning these parameters is based on the method of determining the dynamic parameters of the human operator using mathematical models that describe two types of relative errors. The first type includes relative errors in determining the dynamic parameters of the operator, which depend on the error in determining the signals characterizing his response to the test impact. The second type of relative errors is the methodical error, which is due to the approximation of partial derivatives. The formation of a test impact on the operator is carried out using an interactive whiteboard. The method is based on finding the roots of a linear system of algebraic equations, for the construction of which an approximation of partial derivatives from signals characterizing the operator's response to the test effect is used. The parameters of this system of algebraic equations depend on time parameters. Determination of time parameters is carried out using tolerance criteria and using nomograms. When justifying the main parameter of the test impact on the operator – the speed of movement of the fire front on the interactive whiteboard screen, the properties of the angular eye control system of the mobile fire installation operator are used. These properties are formalized as a mathematical model of dynamic error, which occurs in the process of tracking by the operator the image of a fire on the interactive whiteboard screen. To verify the obtained results, a test problem has been solved; it is shown that the error in determining the dynamic parameters of the operator does not exceed 1.0 %. The results reported here could be used for designing mobile fire installations of a new generation, the structure of which is based on the use of segways

Developing a method for determining the time parameters of a mobile fire extinguisher operator

The object of this study is the process of functioning of the "man-machine" system on the example of the operator of a mobile fire installation. One of the issue when building models of such systems is to determine the parameters a priori of a given model of the human operator – the delay time and a time constant. For one of the promising means of fire extinguishing such as a mobile installation based on Segway, a method for determining the time parameters of the operator has been devised. A feature of the method is the use of approximation of partial derivatives from the phase-frequency characteristics of the operator in frequency, determined at two frequencies. This approach makes it possible to get rid of the need to use transcendental equations to determine time parameters and move on to an algebraic equation. To substantiate the values of frequencies at which partial derivatives are approximated, tolerance accuracy criteria are used. It is shown that working range of the operator of the mobile fire installation is in the infra-frequency region. Therefore, it is advisable to determine the phase-frequency characteristics of the operator numerically using an array of data on the transition function of the operator. An array of such data is formed using the Kotelnikov-Nyquist-Shannon theorem. A list of sequential procedures for the implementation of the method for determining the time parameters of the operator of a mobile fire installation is provided. The method for determining the time parameters of the operator of a mobile fire installation was verified by solving a test problem. It is shown that with permissible errors in the time parameters of the operator at the level of 5.0 %, the errors in their determining do not exceed 2.0 %. The reported results can be used for determining the dynamic parameters of the model of the operator of the fire installation, provided that the tolerance criterion for accuracy is set.

Fire installations at the Bronze Age site of Ca’ Baredi near Aquileia: An interdisciplinary insight into subsistence and social practices

The Bronze Age site of Ca’ Baredi / Canale Anfora near Aquileia (municipality of Terzo di Aquileia), NE Italy, is currently being investigated by the University of Udine within the framework of a project which aims at reconstructing the cultural landscape in the area before Roman Aquileia was founded. Over several annual campaigns, a couple of specialised areas provided with many fire installations have been investigated. Fire installations dating from the mid-Middle Bronze Age to well into the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1500–1200 BCE), were located either outdoor or within light provisional structures such as enclosures or half-roofed rooms; they were mainly used for food manipulation and cooking, although evidence was found of multiple activities, including light craftwork.The contribution of organic residue analysis had already made it possible to identify the contents of a few ceramic vessels, indicating wine consumption. This paper aims to bring research a step forward, updating the knowledge base with new data collected from stratigraphic investigation, and integrating it with bioarchaeological data, including both faunal and plant remains. Some additional data from the organic residue analysis have also been included for an overall view of the change in patterns of subsistence and domestic activities over time.

Experimental studies of the combustion of pulverized coal to form the basis for training a neural network

In this paper, we considered the solution to the problem of efficient and environmentally friendly combustion of hydrocarbon-containing fuels and the prevention of emergencies in combustion chambers and boiler plants. On the basis of the existing scientific background and the existing instrumental and experimental base, modern technologies for automating the combustion process using machine learning methods have been developed. Automation will reduce energy costs and prevent possible emergencies at thermal power plants and combustion chambers. The approbation of the technology and the formation of a data corpus for training the network was carried out using semi-industrial fire installations with a thermal power of about 5 MW, which make it possible to vary the parameters of fuel combustion in a wide range and, accordingly, to implement various combustion modes.

Fire Installations at the Bronze Age Site of Ca’ Baredi Near Aquileia: An Interdisciplinary Insight into Subsistence and Social Practices

Fire Installations at the Bronze Age Site of Ca’ Baredi Near Aquileia: An Interdisciplinary Insight into Subsistence and Social Practices

Training of simple fire installation for security guard at Samarinda State Polytechnic

The Samarinda State Polytechnic has a hydrant that does not work, because the installation is damaged and is 35 years old. Currently, a simple fire fighting water installation has been made at three points with a length of 257 meters for 16 buildings, which utilizes lake water inside the Samarinda State Polytechnic campus. Therefore, this service activity is intended to provide skills for security guard in the Samarinda State Polytechnic regarding the use of hydrants. The specifications of the equipment used are portable centrifugal pumps with a maximum capacity of 700 liters/minute, a horizontal reach length of 40 meters, a vertical height of 12 meters and a pump pressure of ±5 bar. The results of this activity revealed that all security guard at the Samarinda State Polytechnic were able to operate a simple fire extinguisher installation. In addition, security personnel also have the ability to maintain a fire pump engine.

White Light —White Heat: The use of Fire as a Light and Heat Source in an Atrium House in Roman Pompeii

This article concerns the distribution of fire as light and heat source within the insula investigated by the ongoing Swedish Pompeii Project. Here the author suggests that fire installations as kitchens, ovens and baths were clustered in specific areas within this insula, and the installations were not efficiently used to heat the dwelling areas of the house. It is also proposed that the surfaces of the interior walls and floors of the Roman atrium house were polished in purpose to reflect and distribute light and, which is emphasised in the article, to soften the transition between brightly lit areas and areas in dark shadow. This contrast had to be eliminated for the human eye to adopt to the light conditions in the room and by that, to make the light as efficient as possible.

Ṭabūn, Tannūr or Mustawqad? Fire Devices and Their Use in the Early Islamic Period

Abstract Ovens, hearths and furnaces were used by early Islamic societies for baking, cooking, and the production of various artefacts. The archaeological evidence from one research area in central Israel, from the seventh–eleventh centuries, accordingly presents a variety of fire installations. This paper offers an interpretation of their function through the analyses of terminology in contemporary texts, ethno-archaeological data, and spatial relations in the archaeological record. The paper suggests that domestic baking and cooking left almost no remains in the archaeological context. Instead, fire installations in the research area were almost exclusively related to crafts.

The Problem of Fire Control by Automatic Fire Extinguishing System

According to Article 117 of Russian Federal Law 123 of 2008, there is a class of objects historical buildings, exhibition complexes, energy facilities, etc. For these objects, it is not so necessary to eliminate the fire with automatic fire extinguishing systems, as to contain it until the arrival of fire departments. However, this law does not specify certain requirements for automatic installations, the main working substance of which is water and the solutions. The current situation makes it difficult to design, install and test automatic fire control systems. Given this, as well as the foreign experience and domestic developments in the field of automatic fire extinguishing systems, it is important to conduct a special research work. In this work, it is necessary both to conduct several fire tests in terms of the development of a fire with a limited water supply intensity, and to develop a draft of standard “Water automatic fire containment installations. General technical requirements. Test methods”.

Современные нормативные требования к газовому пожаротушению для повышения безопасности объектов

To implement the technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union «On the requirements for fire safety and fire extinguishing equipment» (TR EAEU 043/2017), modern regulatory requirements were developed based on the advanced domestic and foreign research in order to increase the efficiency of using automatic gas fire extinguishing installations. The domestic methodology of experimental determination of the gas extinguishing concentration in the fire chamber has a number of advantages in comparison with the foreign analogues. It is established that it is necessary to take into account the conditions of fire experience for the selection of equipment for a fire extinguishing installation with FK-5-1-12 in the process of its design, in order to ensure more complete evaporation of the liquid phase of FK-5-1-12 after leaving the nozzles. An assumption was substantiated that allows setting the normative concentration of fire extinguishing gases at the level of heptane without conducting a fire experiment to extinguish fires of flammable liquids with a flash point of more than 61 оC. In this case, the concentration value can be taken 15 % less than according to the requirements of ISO 12854: 2009. Experimental studies on extinguishing smoldering materials with gases were conducted. It was established that nitrogen, CO2, freons 114B2 and 227ea at a concentration for extinguishing heptane eliminate not only flame combustion, but also smoldering if the free combustion time does not exceed 3 min. With free combustion for more than 6 minutes, reliable suppression of smoldering is achieved when the oxygen content in the volume of the fire chamber is up to 2.5 % vol. The results of the experiments were taken into account in the draft norms for the design of fire extinguishing installations. Additional requirements were developed for gas fire extinguishing containers and selector valves, which will make it possible to exclude the use of low-quality or obsolete products as part of gas fire extinguishing installations in the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union. The developed modern requirements are included in the drafts of new regulatory documents, which were publicly discussed, and are at the approval stage.

Analysis of the Risks arising from Fire Installations in Workplaces using the Ranking Method

The aim of this study is to analyze the risks arising from fire installations in workplaces. It also aims to propose a risk analysis method in the form of a “Fire Safety Risk Ranking System” for enterprises with a closed work area of more than 1000m2 in accordance with regulations in Turkey. The relative weights of fire safety factors were determined by Fuzzy AHP. The ranking points of the enterprises were calculated by using the weights obtained with FAHP. From the 45 enterprises where the risk assessment was applied, only 3 enterprises scored 100 full points according to the fire risk ranking method, and 30 enterprises had a score below 80 points. Out of these, 6 scored below 60 points, which is considered a low score. The distribution of enterprises within sectors was not equal. According to the results, only 6.6% of the enterprises are in compliance with legislation and standards, about 67% are inadequate in terms of fire safety and continue to operate under serious fire risks.

Analysis of the Risks arising from Fire Installations in Workplaces using the Ranking Method

Analysis of the Risks arising from Fire Installations in Workplaces using the Ranking Method