Fire-fighting System Research Articles

Drone Swarms in Fire Suppression Activities: A Conceptual Framework

The recent huge technological development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can provide breakthrough means of fighting wildland fires. We propose an innovative forest firefighting system based on the use of a swarm of hundreds of UAVs able to generate a continuous flow of extinguishing liquid on the fire front, simulating the effect of rain. Automatic battery replacement and extinguishing liquid refill ensure the continuity of the action. We illustrate the validity of the approach in Mediterranean scrub first computing the critical water flow rate according to the main factors involved in the evolution of a fire, then estimating the number of linear meters of active fire front that can be extinguished depending on the number of drones available and the amount of extinguishing fluid carried. A fire propagation cellular automata model is also employed to study the evolution of the fire. Simulation results suggest that the proposed system can provide the flow of water required to fight low-intensity and limited extent fires or to support current forest firefighting techniques.

The efficiency assessment of an automatic sprinkler system

Introduction. Сases of ineffective activation of automatic sprinkler fire-fighting systems (AFFS), designed pursuant to current standards, have made it necessary to address the following three issues: a) identification of reasons for ineffective activation; b) examination of AFFS systems to ensure their successful activation in case of fire; c) making a list of recommendations for AFFS designers. These issues can be resolved with reference to Appendix B to new SP (Construction Regulations) 485.13130.2020.Maximal critical height of sprinkler placement. Models of fire development were used to design the roof height limit and the AFFS bulb heating time. If the ceiling height exceeds the limit value, sprinklers cannot be activated in a timely manner. This leads to delays in the AFFS activation, and, as a result, the fire area exceeds the one safeguarded by the sprinkler.Acceptable sprinkler height. The analysis of fire scenarios and bulb heating models allows to more accurately project the feasibility of timely AFFS activation. This, in turn, allows to solve the three above listed problems.Using a differential heat detector to activate sprinklers. If it is established that the use of the AFFS, activating sprinklers by means of thermal destruction of a bulb, is ineffective in a given room, the feasibility of forced AFFS activation using a differential heat detector responding to the temperature rise in a room may be considered. The ratios, thus obtained, are applied to identify the acceptable height of premises protected by the AFFS equipped with such detectors. Problem solutions, including the identification of the reason for the ineffective operation of the AFFS, examination of the AFFS in operation, and provision of recommendations to designers, are demonstrated using the exhibition hall as an example.Conclusions. The above-mentioned problems are resolvable with the help of Appendix B to new Construction Regulations 485.13130.2020 and the above models.

Design of electromagnetic compatibility test platform for transformer fire-fighting nitrogen injection extinguishing system

The transformer fire-fighting nitrogen injection extinguishing system plays an important role in preventing transformer fires in the field of power transformation. However, the fire-fighting system operating on site is often misoperation or non-operation caused by electromagnetic interference and other factors, which affects the reliability of transformer fire extinguishing. This paper builds an electromagnetic compatibility platform for the fire control cabinet of the transformer oil discharge and nitrogen injection system to develop the simulation system of the oil discharge and nitrogen injection fire extinguishing device, and study the factors affecting the reliability of the oil discharge and nitrogen injection fire extinguishing device. Electromagnetic compatibility test refers to a test that uses electromagnetic interference detection equipment and electromagnetic interference generation equipment to assess the electromagnetic compatibility of systems and equipment under laboratory or external environmental conditions. The electromagnetic compatibility test is mainly divided into electrostatic test, electric fast pulse EFT, surge impact and so on.

Design and Development of Fire Fighting System Using Hot Redundant PLC in COVID Situation

A firefighting system is the most foremost part of any industry and buildings as its aim to protect property, human and industrial equipment. In any pandemic situation like COVID19 it is utmost requirement to increase reliability of all important instruments which are directly involve to human life. In case of fire fighter fight against fire, this required time and skilled man power. Under these pandemic situation chances of infection spreading in firefighters and social distancing will not maintain during this situation. Only one way to resolve this problem is by implementation of fully automated reliable system. In this system we are trying to automate the total system by using hot redundant PLC which is fail safe. It consists of mainly three basic parts - fire storage tank, fire pumps and automated distribution system. Fire storage tank contains the water that used against fire. Fire pumps helps to fill the tank and automated distribution system will be activated during fire and instantly distribute water. There are three pumps one is main electrical pump, second one is diesel backup pump and last one is jockey pump.In redundant configuration there are two PLC acting simultaneously and the entire network component and power supply also has back up so that it will never fail. If one of the PLC fails during operation then second PLC automatically take care of the system within few millisecond. Similarly if power supply failure then UPS supply is also there for uninterrupted power supply.

WUUNet: Advanced Fully Convolutional Neural Network for Multiclass Fire Segmentation

This article describes an AI-based solution to multiclass fire segmentation. The flame contours are divided into red, yellow, and orange areas. This separation is necessary to identify the hottest regions for flame suppression. Flame objects can have a wide variety of shapes (convex and non-convex). In that case, the segmentation task is more applicable than object detection because the center of the fire is much more accurate and reliable information than the center of the bounding box and, therefore, can be used by robotics systems for aiming. The UNet model is used as a baseline for the initial solution because it is the best open-source convolutional neural network. There is no available open dataset for multiclass fire segmentation. Hence, a custom dataset was developed and used in the current study, including 6250 samples from 36 videos. We compared the trained UNet models with several configurations of input data. The first comparison is shown between the calculation schemes of fitting the frame to one window and obtaining non-intersected areas of sliding window over the input image. Secondarily, we chose the best main metric of the loss function (soft Dice and Jaccard). We addressed the problem of detecting flame regions at the boundaries of non-intersected regions, and introduced new combinational methods of obtaining output signal based on weighted summarization and Gaussian mixtures of half-intersected areas as a solution. In the final section, we present UUNet-concatenative and wUUNet models that demonstrate significant improvements in accuracy and are considered to be state-of-the-art. All models use the original UNet-backbone at the encoder layers (i.e., VGG16) to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed architectures. The results can be applied to many robotic firefighting systems.

Supervision and control by SCADA of an automated fire system

<span>The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a prototype of a monitoring and control system for a fire-fighting system, implemented through SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) for which the OPC (OLE for process control) is known. Known KepServerEX6 (single data source connectivity platform), with which the integration of the PLC (programmable logic controller), the human-machine interface (HMI) and the computer will be controlled, with the application of monitoring the operating parameters of a fire fighting system. These parameters are the pressure and flow of the electric pump, the values of the parameters are regularly controlled automatically by means of a frequency variator, according to the sprinkler actuation, the variator varies its operating frequency until achieving the optimal pressure and flow values. The level of correlation between the indicators to be monitored by the SCADA system is highly significant, equal to 0.977, 0.983 and 0.997 respectively. In addition, the dispersion model of the indicators monitored by the SCADA system will be determined, is the quadratic, with a determination factor of 0.999.</span>

Risk-Informed Benefit–Cost Analysis for Homeland Security R&D: Methodology and an Application to Evaluating the Advanced Personal Protection System for Wildland Firefighters

AbstractThis article describes a methodology for a risk-informed benefit–cost analysis that includes (i) risk analysis to quantify risk reduction benefits and (ii) uncertainty analyses to quantify probability distributions over costs and benefits. It also summarizes the lessons from 25 applications of this methodology to evaluate R&D projects of the Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security. The article then illustrates the methodology with a specific application to evaluate the benefits and costs of the Advanced Personal Protection System (APPS), a new garment system developed to protect wildland firefighters. The goals of the APPS project were to reduce risk and to improve comfort. The cost analysis revealed that the APPS garments are more expensive by about $279 per garment system. Total costs were roughly $7.3 million, including the upfront project cost and the increased 5 year cost of purchasing the APPS. Benefits from reduced injuries and fatalities resulted in 5 year benefits of about $19.3 million, with an NPV of $13.6 million in 2019 dollars. In the base case, the benefit–cost ratio was 2.87 and the return on investment was 187 % over 5 years. Taking the perspective of a decision-maker when the project was first funded in 2011, NPVs are $11,993,728, $10,025,519, and $7,967,479 in 2011 dollars for discount rates of 0, 3, and 7 % respectively. An uncertainty analysis of the NPV showed a large variability, ranging from the 5th percentile of $6.4 million to a median of $19.3 million to the 95th percentile of $43.7 million in 2019 dollars. This large range was primarily due to the uncertainty about the reduction of fatality and injury risks and the market penetration rates of the new garments.

Оценка сил и средств для тушения пожаров в населённых пунктах и методов их обоснования

Introduction. Climate change leads to an increase the number of wildfires and fires in settlements, with 74 % of the country's population living in urban settlements and 26 % in rural settlements. The readiness of localities for the fire season is determined by regulatory documents that do not assess the sufficiency of measures taken by local governments to prepare territories for the fire season, and, accordingly, do not provide protection of localities from the fires. At the same time, there is no scientific and methodological approach for determining the necessary and sufficient number of fire-fighting constructions and assessing the stability of their structure to protect settlements from the effects of mass or large-scale fires. The purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to ensure the protection of settlements from the impact of mass or large-scale fires. Research methods. To obtain the results, general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge were used: analysis, synthesis, generalization. They were based on the provisions of the theory of systems, theory of information. The results of the study. The forces and means that can be used to extinguish fires in localities are evaluated, and the main methods used to justify the elements of the fire-fighting water supply system in localities are considered and summarized. Conclusion. There is a contradiction between the need to ensure the protection of settlements from the impact of mass or large-scale fires and the lack of scientific and methodological approach of justification of corresponding set of means and their management. The results of the study are the basis for the development of a scientific and methodological approach to assessing and justifying the forces and means to ensure the protection of settlements from the impact of mass or large-scale fires and the safety of their activities. Keywords: locality, mass or large-scale fire, fire-fighting water supply, methods of justification

An Internet – of – Things enabled Smart Fire Fighting System

Fire accident is a mishap that could be either man made or natural. Fire accident occurs frequently and can be controlled but may at time result in severe loss of life and property. Many a times fire fighters struggle to sort out the exact source of fire as it is continuously flammable and it spreads all over the area. On this concern, we have designed an Internet- of Things (IoT) based device which sorts out the exact source of fire through a software and hardware devices and also the complete detail of an area can be visualized by fire fighters which are preinstalled in the software itself. Because of our system's intelligence in decision making during fire fighting, the proposed system is claimed as ‘Smart Fire Fighting System The implementation of the smart fire fighting system can make the fire fighters to analyze the current situation immediately and make the decision quicker in an effective manner. Because of this system, fire losses in a building can be greatly reduced and many lives can be rescued immediately and moreover fire spread can also be restricted.

Level Transducer Circuit Implemented by Ultrasonic Sensor and Controlled with Arduino Nano for its Application in a Water Tank of a Fire System

This article aims to describe the design of a circuit of a level transducer implemented by means of an ultrasonic sensor and controlled by Arduino Nano, applied to a water tank of a firefighting system. Initially, the integration of the Siemens 1212C programmable logic controller is described, in the connection between the sensor, the controller and the interfaces that allow to generate the monitoring, control and data recording, conditioned by a PWM pulse width modulated signal controlled by Arduino Nano. When developing the research and performing an analysis of the linear regression model, it is established that the behavior of the controlled variable with respect to time, generates a linear voltage response in the range of 0 to 10 volts; expressing in terms of correlational relationship a factor of R2 equal to 0.997, thus establishing that the designed transducer does not show susceptibility to noise or disturbances in the start-up of the firefighting system.

Modeling and Design of the Automatic Pressure Regulating Valve in the Foam Firefighting System

This paper presents a novel design of the automatic pressure balancing valve, used in the in-line balanced pressure (ILBP) proportioner for the foam firefighting system, at a required percentage of solution. Featured in a four-chamber configuration with a double-acting diaphragm actuator, it can automatically maintain the foam concentrate pressure with the pressure in the supply water pipeline, within a precision level of 0.02 MPa (or 1.3%), under the design operating condition. The static characteristics at the equilibrium state have been discussed in terms of poppet displacement with reference to the geometrical dimensions and operating pressures of the valve. The dynamic response of the valve during the startup has been examined through building the mathematical model of the forces on the valve and solving it numerically using MATLAB. The results show that the response time of the valve is always less than 0.01 s, which fully satisfies the stability and hysteresis requirement. The prototype has been tested in the laboratory, which agrees well with the numerical results. It was then successfully put into production, forming the first series of ILBP foam pump firefighting system in China.

Improvement of Velocity Change Based on Increase in Fire Water Demand Capacity

Recently, sprinkler systems have been designed based on hydraulic calculations to determine the diameter of the water supply pipe. However, the hydraulic calculation currently applied in the underground parking lot area of apartments is generally applied for economic benefits obtained by reducing the pipe size specified in the National Fire Safety Codes Installation Standard. However, the Standard overlooks the nature of hydraulic calculation. Therefore, this study examines and analyzes the flow rate, pressure, and flow rate relationship obtained by supplying a capacity higher than the water supply-demand capacity required for the hydraulic calculation as the water supply capacity of the fire pump. Accordingly, through suggesting an improvement in pressure-reducing valve installation, the firefighting system separation, pipe-diameter change application, the engineer's skill, water supply capacity, and water demand capacity could be matched to uniformly supply the minimum pressure and flow rate for each sprinkler head. It is expected that it can be improved in a direction that satisfies the hydraulic calculation standards.

Quantum-Like Interdependence Theory Advances Autonomous Human-Machine Teams (A-HMTs).

As humanity grapples with the concept of autonomy for human–machine teams (A-HMTs), unresolved is the necessity for the control of autonomy that instills trust. For non-autonomous systems in states with a high degree of certainty, rational approaches exist to solve, model or control stable interactions; e.g., game theory, scale-free network theory, multi-agent systems, drone swarms. As an example, guided by artificial intelligence (AI, including machine learning, ML) or by human operators, swarms of drones have made spectacular gains in applications too numerous to list (e.g., crop management; mapping, surveillance and fire-fighting systems; weapon systems). But under states of uncertainty or where conflict exists, rational models fail, exactly where interdependence theory thrives. Large, coupled physical or information systems can also experience synergism or dysergism from interdependence. Synergistically, the best human teams are not only highly interdependent, but they also exploit interdependence to reduce uncertainty, the focus of this work-in-progress and roadmap. We have long argued that interdependence is fundamental to human autonomy in teams. But for A-HMTs, no mathematics exists to build from rational theory or social science for their design nor safe or effective operation, a severe weakness. Compared to the rational and traditional social theory, we hope to advance interdependence theory first by mapping similarities between quantum theory and our prior findings; e.g., to maintain interdependence, we previously established that boundaries reduce dysergic effects to allow teams to function (akin to blocking interference to prevent quantum decoherence). Second, we extend our prior findings with case studies to predict with interdependence theory that as uncertainty increases in non-factorable situations for humans, the duality in two-sided beliefs serves debaters who explore alternatives with tradeoffs in the search for the best path going forward. Third, applied to autonomous teams, we conclude that a machine in an A-HMT must be able to express itself to its human teammates in causal language however imperfectly.

Лесные пожары – ущербы и авиапожаротушение

<span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">Лесозаготовительная</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> отрасль и лесное хозяйств</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">о из-за неадекватных</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> институциональных усл</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">овий приносят бюджет</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">ной системе одни убы</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">тки. За счёт доходов</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> от их деятельности </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">не могут быть обеспе</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">чены в нужном объеме</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> ни лесоустройство, ни необходимые</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> мероприятия по защи</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">те лесов от пожаров.</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> Институциональное обеспеч</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">ение системы тушения</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> лесных пожаров не о</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">твечает современным </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">требованиям. Единой методики </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">определения ущерба, </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">причиняемого лесными</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> пожарами, в стране </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">не существует. Применяемые критерии</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> определения ущерба </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">от лесных пожаров и </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">зон контроля не учитывают социальн</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">ые и экологические п</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">оследствия. Ведомств</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">енная разобщенность </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">авиационной техники, исполь</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">зование крупных само</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">лётов-танкеров не по</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">зволяют эффективно о</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">рганизовать тушение </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">лесных пожаров на ранней</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> стадии. По мнению а</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">второв, вся система </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">пожаротушения требует пересмо</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">тра</span><span>.</span>

Assessment and Evaluation of Hybrid Education for Mechanical Engineering by Items Analysis of Summative Examination on Firefighting Systems during Covid-19 Pandemic

الملخص: أصبحت الأساليب التعليمية الهجينة مستخدمة على نطاق واسع في التعليم الهندسي بعد جائحة کورونا COVID-19. ومع ذلک، لم يتم إجراء تقييم نوعي وکمي لنتائج الإنجاز. يقدم هذا البحث طريقة التعليم الهجين المطبقة حديثا والمستخدمة لتصميم أنظمة مکافحة الحرائق داخل المباني غير السکنية. تم مراجعة نتائج المقالات المنشورة في العقدين الماضيين للتعرف على مدى الاستفادة من عملية التقييم لرصد آثار التقييم والأساليب التعليمية على تحصيل الطلاب في تعلم العلوم الهندسية عامة والتطبيقية منها بصورة خاصة. وقد تم اختيار مبنى فندقي عالي الارتفاع لإجراء الاختبار النهائي وتقييمه لمنهج مکافحة الحرائق بين طلاب قسم الهندسة الميکانيکية والتي قامت باستخدام أساليب التعليم الهجين لکل من طرق الاتصال المباشر وعبر الإنترنت. يتم استخدام طريقتين للتقييم للتغلب على مخاطر COVID-19، التي أعاقت حضور الطلاب. يتم إجراء تحليل الأسئلة لتحديد کيف تفيد طريقة التعليم الهجينة تعلم الطلاب. وبالتالي قد تم تصميم بنک الأسئلة الآمن بناء على کل من نوع الأسئلة ذات الإجابات المتعددة، والمسائل الهندسية والمقالية. وقد تم تصنيف الأسئلة ذات الإجابات المتعددة إلى ستة أنواع. يتم عرض الاختبارات النهائية التي يؤديها طلاب المستوى الرابع وتحليلها لتقييم کفاءة عملية التقييم. يتم أيضا عرض ومناقشة عينات انتقائية من إجابات الطلاب في المقالة الحالية. بعد ذلک، يتم عرض تحليل درجات الطالب ومقارنته، لاکتشاف جودة جميع عناصر الأسئلة المستخدمة في الاختبار النهائي. تم عرض معاملات التحليل في الرسوم البيانية والمنحنيات المعمول بها في مجال القياس ةالتقويم لمختلف العلوم الهندسية والطبية مثل مؤشر الصعوبة، مؤشر التمييز وکفاءة المشتت لتقييم وظائف کل عنصر والمشتت. تؤدي هذه العملية أخيرا إلى بنک أسئلة يتألف من أسئلة وعناصر ومشتتات عالية الکفاءة. في نهاية هذه الورقة، يتم سرد وإبراز خاتمة وتوصيات لعمليات التعليم والتقييم المستقبلية للدورات المتخصصة في التعليم الهندسي. Abstract:Hybrid teaching methods have become widely used in engineering education after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of achievement results was not performed. This paper presents a newly applied hybrid marking method used to design fire fighting systems within non-residential buildings. The results of articles published in the past two decades were reviewed to identify the extent to which the evaluation process was used to monitor the effects of evaluation and educational methods on students ’achievement in learning engineering sciences in general and applied ones in particular. A high-rise hotel building was selected to conduct the final examination and evaluation of the firefighting curriculum among students of the Mechanical Engineering Department, which used hybrid teaching methods for both direct and online communication methods. Two assessment methods are being used to overcome the risks of COVID-19, which has hampered student attendance. Question analysis is performed to determine how the hybrid teaching method benefits student learning. Thus, the secure question bank has been designed based on both the multi-answer question type, and the engineering and essay questions. Questions with multiple answers are categorized into six types. The final tests performed by Level 4 students are presented and analyzed to assess the efficiency of the assessment process. Selective samples of student responses are also presented and discussed in this article. Next, the student's grades are analyzed and compared, to discover the quality of all question items used in the final exam. Analysis coefficients were shown in graphs and curves applied in the field of measurement and evaluation of various engineering and medical sciences such as difficulty index, discrimination index and dispersant efficiency to evaluate the functions of each element and the dispersion. This process finally results in a question bank consisting of highly efficient questions, items, and distractions. At the end of this paper, a conclusion and recommendations for the learning processes and future evaluation of the specialized courses in engineering education are listed and highlighted.

A study on reported fire incidents in major hospitals of India

Background: An uncontrolled fire is dangerous especially in the healthcare establishments as they frequently cater to the sick who often require assistance. We studied the various aspects of fire incidents that occurred in major Indian hospitals through media reports in the past decade (January 2010 to December 2019). It is our intention that this study would act as a reference to prioritize and stimulate research in hospital fire safety.Methods: An extensive internet search was done for news reports/articles on fire incidents in major hospitals by mainstream media outlets. Major hospitals were those with more than 100 in-patient beds.Results: 33 major fire incidents were reported during the defined period. The most common cause of fire was due to electrical short circuit 78% with air conditioners being the most common source. Functional firefighting systems were reported in 19 incidents. Fires originated at or near intensive care units (ICU’s) in 10 instances. 72.72% accidents occurred at night (8:01 p.m. to 7:59 a.m.). Casualties were reported in 39% of the fire accidents.Conclusions: The most common cause of fire accidents is electrical short circuit. Hospitals need to prioritize periodic testing of firefighting systems and regular training of staff on their use. Judicious placement of electrical equipment combined with oxygen monitoring devices in intensive care areas is recommended. Storage of flammable materials and placement of central gas supply points should be away from the vicinity of patient care areas and always in conjunction with robust fire detection and control methods. Hospitals should adhere to their planned capacity.

Autonomous System for Wildfire and Forest Fire Early Detection and Control

Recurring and increasing large-scale wildfires across the globe (e.g., Southern Europe, California, Australia), as a result of worsening climate conditions with record temperatures, drought, and strong winds, present a challenge to mankind. Early fire detection is crucial for a quick reaction and effective firefighting operations, minimizing the risk to human lives as well as the destruction of assets, infrastructures, forests, and wildlife. Usually, ground firefighting relies on human intervention and dangerous exposition to high temperatures and radiation levels, proving the need for mechanisms and techniques to remotely or autonomously detect and combat fire. This paper proposes an autonomous firefighting system built with a motorized water turret, narrow beam far infrared (FIR) sensors, and a micro-controller running novel algorithms and techniques. Experimental field results validated the technical approach, indicating that when a small fire front is within the field of view of the FIR sensor and within the range of the water jet, it is possible to provide an early alarm and even autonomously extinguish or delay the approaching fire front, increasing the chance for evacuation.

Design and Implementation of a Smart Wireless Fire-Fighting System Based on NB-IoT Technology

The traditional smoke sensing systems have some disadvantages, including high implementation costs, difficulties in perceiving working states, low data accuracy and troubles in uniform and effective management. To address these problems, a new type of smart wireless fire monitoring system based on NB-IoT technology is innovatively designed, which realizes real-time remote monitoring and management. Compared with traditional smoke alarm systems, this system has such advantages as ultra-low power dissipation, lithium-ion battery power, no wiring, remote monitoring, low battery alarm and so forth. With great application prospect, it is worth to develop and rolled out.

Performance evaluation of video surveillance in fire-fighting systems

Introduction. Rationale of the topic of this article is the need to improve the effectiveness of fire detection. One of the modern solutions to this problem is the use of video technology. The article is aimed at developing a method to assess the effectiveness of video surveillance in the fire protection system on the basis of the formed mathematical model.Methods of research. The fire risks theory is used for formation of mathematical model. The potential fire detection risk is introduced as a quantitative measure of the possibility of undetected fire occurrence at the protected facility, development and implementation of its consequences for people and material valuables. It is calculated as the product of the maximum probability of fire by the probability of its non-detection by the technical means and alarm systems used. The efficiency of video surveillance use in the fire protection system is determined on the basis of compliance of the complex risk index of fire non-detection with the permissible value.Research results. The possibilities of increasing the efficiency of fire detection through the use of video technology are considered. Reducing the fire detection risk can be achieved by using video channel fire detectors that reduce the time it takes to reliably detect a fire. The probability of reliable detection is an important parameter of the detector during its operation in the fire alarm system and characterizes the degree of performance of its main function. The main ways to improve the efficiency of fire detection are the improvement of fire detectors with video channel, the joint use of fire video detectors and other detection devices, such as automatic multi-criteria detectors, thermal imaging сamera, as well as the use of photo and video in centralized surveillance systems.Conclusions. The offered method of estimation of efficiency of application of video surveillance in fire protection systems can be used for a substantiation of parameters of technical means (systems) of the fire alarm system and passive fire-fighting measures established on the facility.

Spatial Analysis for Fire Risk Reduction in Kampung Ampel Cultural Heritage Area, Surabaya

The objective of the research is to improve fire risk reduction in Kampung Ampel Surabaya through: [1] identifying the current firefighting system in Surabaya; [2] identifying the characteristics and conditions of Kampung Ampel; [3] identifying structure of the problem; [4] proposing strategies for fire risk reduction in Kampung Ampel. The analysis will focus on determining risks and resources of Kampung Ampel to fire hazard using Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. Risk and resources are combined to find out the areas that have the highest risk of fire hazard. The results of the analyses consist of challenges and possible solutions. The challenges can be concluded as follow: [1] resources for firefighting cannot cover the entire area of Kampung Ampel; and [2] resources for evacuation cannot accommodate all the population and visitors. The proposed solutions for those challenges are: [1] reactivation of inactive fire wells; [2] utilization on source of water in Ampel Mosque; [3] proposing wider road to connect roads which are wider than 3.5 meters but are blocked by narrower roads; [4] the purchase of adapters to connect different types of fire hoses; [5] adding the number of fire hoses brought to the site; [6] remodeling the vulnerable buildings using inflammable materials with keeping the value of cultural landscape; [7] keeping portable fire pump in Ampel Mosque to facilitate the fire handling by residents; and [8] preparing evacuation route to the closest open space areas. The application of those solutions can reduce the high-risk area from 26.6% to 0.2%.