Finnish Diabetes Risk Score Questionnaire Research Articles

Detailed Evaluation of Finnish Diabetes Risk Score Questionnaire in Diabetes, Hypertension, and Chronic Diseases

Detailed Evaluation of Finnish Diabetes Risk Score Questionnaire in Diabetes, Hypertension, and Chronic Diseases

Finnish diabetes risk score outperformed triglyceride-glucose index in diabetes risk prediction.

Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index is a surrogate marker of insulin resistance. This study compared the performance of TyG index and the Finnish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) in diabetes risk prediction. This cross-sectional study involved 122 young adults (aged 15-35 years) in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis were done following standard protocols. Diabetes risk scoring was done using the FINDRISC questionnaire. TyG index was calculated logarithmically. Discrimination between TyG index and FINDRISC was done by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. High risk participants had significantly (p < 0.001) higher mean values of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) relative to the lower risk categories. Participants in TyG index Quartile 4 had significantly higher mean values of triglyceride (p < 0.001) and fasting plasma glucose (p < 0.05). BMI and triglyceride had the most significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation with FINDRISC and TyG index, respectively. A moderately elevated to high risk (FINDRISC ≥ 12) of developing diabetes was found in 14.8% of the participants; with a female preponderance (20.6%) relative to males (7.4%). More than half of the participants (52.5%) had slightly elevated risk and differences in diabetes risk susceptibility were significant (p < 0.001) across gender. FINDRISC had an AUC value of 0.826 while TyG index had an AUC value of 0.628 for diabetes risk prediction. FINDRISC had a better performance than TyG index in the prediction of diabetes risk in this population. The use of other TyG-related parameters rather than TyG index is recommended in future studies. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01252-y.

Feasibility study on the use of the modified Finnish Diabetes Risk Score in South African context: a case of home-based carers

Background: The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) tool is used to identify undetected cases of diabetes and risk scores. The FINDRISC tool outlines questions to ask, including anthropometric parameters to measure, during screening and detection of diabetes cases. This study assessed the feasibility for the introduction of FINDRISC tool for use in South Africa. The aim is to determine the overall competence of home-based carers (HBCs) in utilising this tool.Method: A quantitative approach and cross-sectional feasibility study was conducted involving 52 HBCs who were sampled using homogeneous purposive sampling. The study was conducted in clinics of Ga-Dikgale Village in Polokwane. A FINDRISC questionnaire was used to assess competence of HBCs. Data were analysed using SPSS, with both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.Results: None (0%) of the participants were fully competent, 6% were incompetent and 94% were moderately competent on use of the FINDRISC tool.Conclusion: Most HBCs were moderately competent in the use of this tool, while none were competent. It is feasible that the FINDRISC tool can be adapted and utilised by HBCs in South Africa. However, a proper training should be offered to HBCs on the use of the FINDRISC tool. It is also recommended to assess components of requiring professionals considering the scope of work and qualification.

Identifying Adult Population at Risk for Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus in Medan City, Indonesia Targeted on Diabetes Prevention.

Diabetes mellitus is a health problem in Indonesia, where its prevalence rises annually. The condition may negatively impact one's quality of life and lead to significant complications-over 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the most common diabetes type worldwide. To implement diabetic prevention interventions and achieve effective diabetes mellitus control, screening for undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in high-risk populations is essential. This study aimed to identify people at risk for undiagnosed diabetes mellitus using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This cross-sectional study was carried out, which involved 300 people in Medan City between the ages of 30-75. The study was conducted between July 14 and October 20, 2020. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score and anthropometric measurements (weight, height, and waist circumference) were used to evaluate each respondent. Low, medium, and high-risk outcome categories were created. All responders underwent oral glucose tolerance tests, with results classified as normal, prediabetes, or diabetes. The Chi-square test was used to examine the data and identify potential risk variables for diabetes mellitus. Of 300 individuals, 91.7% were female, and 8.3% were male. 33.7% of participants had a low risk of acquiring diabetes, 55.0% had an intermediate risk, and 11.3% had a high risk. 70% of participants who took an oral glucose tolerance test had blood glucose levels that were normal (less than 100 mg/dl), 18.7% had blood glucose levels suggestive of prediabetes (between 100 and 125 mg/dl), and 11.3% had blood glucose levels suggestive of diabetes (126 mg/dl or higher). Ages 54 to 64 years and older, high body mass index and central obesity, a lack of vegetables and fruits in the daily diet, inactivity, uncontrolled hypertension, a history of hyperglycemia, and a family history of diabetes were all linked to a significant increase in the risk of developing diabetes. Most respondents at low risk of developing type 2 diabetes had normal blood sugar levels, while those at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes had high blood glucose levels (p = 0.005). Oral glucose tolerance testing and the FINDRISC questionnaire may be used to identify individuals who are at high risk for developing diabetes and to encourage them to adopt healthy behaviours.

Finnish Diabetes Risk Scores Positively Correlates Some Anthropometric Parameters in Young Adult Nigerians

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing steadily. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) was developed for the identification of individuals at risk of developing diabetes mellitus. The relationship between FINDRISC and biochemical and anthropometric parameters in young adult Nigerians has not been investigated, thus creating a knowledge gap. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between FINDRISC and biochemical and anthropometric parameters in young adult Nigerian populations. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 240 young adults (aged 15-35 years) without a previous diagnosis of diabetes, in an urban and rural location in Delta State. Participants filled out the FINDRISC questionnaire prior to a fasting blood glucose test while other biochemical and anthropometric measurements were done following standard protocols. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between FINDRISC and the parameters of interest. FINDRISC had a significant (p &lt; 0.05) positive correlation with Body Mass Index [r = +0.596 (rural); r = +0.620 (urban)]; Waist Circumference [r = +0.609 (rural); r = +0.587 (urban)] and Fasting Blood Sugar [r = +0.364 (urban)] in the study population. All other biochemical parameters did not show a significant correlation with FINDRISC. These findings provide compelling evidence to suggest that anthropometric parameters could play significant roles in the prediction of future diabetes risk in the population

HAS DIETARY INTAKE CHANGED THE CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK DURING COVID-19 LOCKDOWNS AMONG A SAMPLE OF MALAYSIAN ADULTS?

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a measure of an individual’s risk of developing diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Due to the COVID-19 lockdowns in Malaysia, the dietary intake among Malaysians might have changed, influencing the cardiometabolic risk. The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on MetS and dietary intake is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the MetS and dietary intake, as well as their association with MetS using an online survey. Methodology: This web-based cross-sectional study was conducted using self-administered questionnaires. The habitual dietary intake was determined using a thirty-seven-item Singapore Short Diet Screener. The MetS was investigated using the Asian Modified Finnish Diabetes Risk Score Questionnaire. A total of 209 respondents (43 males, 166 females) was included in the study. About 41.1% (n=86) of them aged between 30 to 60 years old, 79.4% (n=166) were female, 67.0% (n=140) were single, 57.4% (n=120) were not working, 95.2% (n=199) had tertiary education and 47.4% (n=99) were from Selangor. The MetS in the population was 39.6% (n=75). The MetS was significantly associated with wholemeal noodles (p=0.033), red meat (p=0.020), other vegetables (p=0.012) and amount of sugars added in coffee (p=0.049). The COVID-19 lockdowns had influenced the dietary intake and MetS of Malaysian adults. The relevant authorities should take this seriously since it attributes to the rising of non-communicable disease.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Prevalence of prediabetes in an urban Nigerian population using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global problem in emerging economy Nigeria. Early detection can help delay or prevent the disease. Aims: This study aims to characterize the prevalence of prediabetes in the study population using the validated Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) in the adult population in an urban Sagamu Ogun State South-Western Nigeria. Patients and Methods: Healthy participants (n=581) aged 18-65yrs with no known history of T2DM or pregnancy were recruited from local urban churches in Sagamu. The FINDRISC questionnaire was then administered, which included questions on age, BMI, waist circumference, vegetable consumption, physical activity, history of high blood pressure, family history of T2DM and history of high blood sugar. Results: Overall, 51.8% of the participants were assigned a risk of developing T2DM in the next 10 years, with a range of categories from slightly elevated to very high risk; 34.4% of the participants had a risk score of 7-11, indicating a slightly elevated risk; 11.2% of the participants had a risk score of 12-14, indicating a moderately elevated risk, while 5.3% of the participants had a risk score of 15-20, indicating a high risk and 0.9% of the participants had a risk score higher than 20 indicating very high elevated risk. The gender distribution of the risk scores showed that 1.7% of the males and 9.5% of the females had a moderate to high risk (score ≥ 12) of developing T2DM in the next 10 years. The FINDRISC score was positively and significantly correlated with body weight (r=0.49; p&lt;0.001), BMI (r=0.55; p&lt;0.001) and age (r=0.27; p&lt;0.001). This prevalence of prediabetes is similar to that found in other studies in Nigeria. Conclusion: This study confirms the use of this simple and non-invasive screening tool for T2DM among adults in Nigeria. It is also a useful tool to increase awareness of this condition in the population.

Models for predicting the quality of life domains on the general population through the orange data mining approach

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has been predicted to increase until 2045 in the world. Furthermore, long-term treatment and lifestyle factors affect the quality of life. This study aims to determine the models that can be used to predict the quality-of-life domains in prediabetes patients by using Artificial Intelligent (AI) devices. This is a cross-sectional design in which the inclusion criteria were individuals of age above 18 years and has never been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (both type 1 DM and type 2 DM), fasted for at least 8 hours, and are willing to sign an informed consent after having received an explanation. Participants were asked to fill out two questionnaires, namely the Indonesian version of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) and the EuroQoL-5 Dimensions-5 Level (EQ-5D-5L). The AI application uses Orange® machine learning with three models used in predictive analysis, such as Logistic Regression, Neural Network, and SVM. In addition, the model was evaluated using the sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of the AU-ROC parameters. The results showed that the neural network model based on the AUC value, precision, accuracy, and also the ROC analysis, was the best for predicting the utility index of domains in the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire, based on demographic data and the FINDRISC questionnaire.

Comparison of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score Model With the Metabolic Syndrome in a Shanghai Population

AimsThis study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the metabolic syndrome with the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) to screen for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a Shanghai population.MethodsParticipants aged 25-64 years were recruited from a Shanghai population from July 2019 to March 2020. Each participant underwent a standard metabolic work-up, including clinical examination with anthropometry. Glucose status was tested using hemoglobin A1c (HbAlc), 2h-post-load glucose (2hPG), and fasting blood glucose (FBG). The FINDRISC questionnaire and the metabolic syndrome were examined. The performance of the FINDRISC was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC).ResultsOf the 713 subjects, 9.1% were diagnosed with prediabetes, whereas 5.2% were diagnosed with T2DM. A total of 172 subjects had the metabolic syndrome. A higher FINDRISC score was positively associated with the prevalence of T2DM and the metabolic syndrome. Multivariable linear regression analysis demonstrated that the FINDRISC had a linear regression relationship with 2hPG levels (b’= 036, p < 0.0001). The AUC-ROC of the FINDRISC to identify subjects with T2DM among the total population was 0.708 (95% CI 0.639–0.776), the sensitivity was 44.6%, and the specificity was 90.1%, with 11 as the cut-off point. After adding FBG or 2hPG to the FINDRISC, the AUC-ROC among the total population significantly increased to 0.785 (95% CI 0.671–0.899) and 0.731 (95% CI 0.619–0.843), respectively, while the AUC-ROC among the female group increased to 0.858 (95% CI 0.753–0.964) and 0.823 (95% CI 0.730–0.916), respectively (p < 0.001). The AUC-ROC of the metabolic syndrome to identify subjects with T2DM among the total and female population was 0.805 (95% CI 0.767–0.844) and 0.830 (95% CI 0.788–0.872), respectively, with seven as the cut-off point.ConclusionsThe metabolic syndrome performed better than the FINDRISC model. The metabolic syndrome and the FINDRISC with FBG or 2hPG in a two-step screening model are both efficacious clinical practices for predicting T2DM in a Shanghai population.

Risk assessment for type 2 diabetes mellitus among participants in a market survey at Ebonyi State, South East Nigeria, using finnish diabetes risk score questionnaire

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder arising from insulin resistance and/or decreased insulin secretion and has continued to affect people across all economic levels in society. Due to the high prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes, it has become very imperative to emphasize screening in any given population, especially in developing countries. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors and prevalence of diabetes mellitus among participants using the FINDRISC questionnaire. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study which involved 200 participants but 197 had complete data. Anthropometric, blood pressure, and fasting/random blood glucose measurements were carried out. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: The mean age of respondents was 41.8 ± 16.3 years. There were 104 males and 93 females. Most of the respondents were traders constituting 51.8% of the study population. The 10-year risk categorization of respondents showed that 57.9% had low risk, 17.8% with slightly elevated risk, 12.2% had moderate risk, 10.7% with high risk, and 1.5% with a very high risk of developing diabetes. The average risk score was 7.4 ± 5.4 with a range of 0.0–24.0. The mean weight, height, and body mass index were 69.6 ± 14.4 kg, 165.3 ± 8.6 cm, and 25.5 ± 5.2 kg/m2, respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 126.9 ± 20.3 mmHg (range: 80–205) and 76.6 ± 12.9 mmHg (range of 50–130), respectively. Conclusion: Approximately, 25% of respondents have a moderate-to-very high risk which emphasizes the need for continuous screening of the population, especially in public gatherings.

Is the FINDRISC Tool Useful in Screening Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in an African Setting? Experience among Young Adults in Urban Tanzania

Background: Simple and less costly screening tools are needed to combat the rising non-communicable diseases epidemic. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) as a screening tool for prediabetes, T2D, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a population of young adults in urban Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among participants aged 18–35 years. The FINDRISC questionnaire was used to collect data and compute the FINDRISC scores for each participant. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, blood glucose, and lipid profiles data were collected accordingly. Results: A total of 259 participants were recruited into the study. The median age was 21 years (IQR 19–27), and more than half 60.2% (156) were females. In total, 32.8% (85) of the participants had at least a slightly elevated risk of developing T2D in 10 years’ time. Compared to the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), FINDRISC had a sensitivity and specificity of 39.1% and 69.2%, respectively (aROC = 0.5). The FINDRISC score significantly correlated with MetS (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, FINDRISC has shown low sensitivity and specificity in the screening of pre-diabetes/T2D. However, it has potential utility in the screening of MetS in a young-adult population.

Risk-based diabetes screening in a Hungarian general practice: comparison of laboratory methods and diagnostic criteria

Aim of cross-sectional study was to survey the risk of diabetes mellitus in a severely disadvantaged Hungarian community and then to use laboratory tests to screen for potential carbohydrate metabolism disorders among those in the moderate- and high-risk groups. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus shows a worrisome trend worldwide. Low socio-economic status significantly affects the development of diabetes, healthy life years and life expectancy. Diabetes risk of the population was surveyed with the FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) questionnaire, followed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated haemoglobin test of moderate- and high-risk patients. In sample of 551 subjects, moderate or high risk for diabetes was confirmed in 147 patients (26.68%). There was significant correlation between increased risk and age (P < 0.001) and between increased risk and body mass index (P < 0.001). Significant difference was confirmed between incidences for disease based on the results of OGTT and glycated haemoglobin test when two different criteria systems were used. Age was the strongest predictor of pre-diabetes/diabetes (P = 0.016). The presence of metabolic syndrome increased the level of glycated haemoglobin by an average of 0.2% in normal glycemic status.

Performance of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) in the Identification of Dysglycemia in an Urban Population in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a real public health problem worldwide and is growing in developing countries. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate the performance of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire to identify type 2 diabetics in the urban population of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study among volunteers aged 18 years and older recruited systematically from November 11 to 16, 2019, in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, FINDRISC score was used. Analysis of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to study the diagnostic performance of FINDRISC for the identification of type 2 diabetics. The optimal threshold was determined by the sum of the highest sensitivity and specificity. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association of each variable used in the calculation of the FINDRISC score. Results: A total of 1276 individuals were included in the analyses, of which 667 (52.27%) were women. The average age was 34.16 years (SD: ±12.42). The prevalence of T2DM was 10.74%. The mean FINDRISC score was 5.85 (SD: ±4.31). The majority (58.54%) of individuals had a low risk of diabetes according to the FINDRISC score 0 - 7, while 3.61% had a score ≥ 15. The FINDRISC score showed good performance (AUC = 0.70) in identifying undiagnosed type 2 diabetics. However, the variables in the score that best predicted the likelihood of being diabetic were age (p < 0.001), daily physical activity (p = 0.004), use of antihypertensive medication (p = 0.007) and waist circumference (p < 0.001). The optimal cut-off score ≥ 7 was the best predictor of the likelihood of having T2DM. Conclusion: The Finnish Risk Score (FINDRISC) is a good predictor of the risk of dysglycemia in Burkina Faso. It is a score to be promoted in daily clinical practice because it is easy to use, affordable and non-invasive. Further studies are needed to make modifications to the FINDRISC questionnaire in case it is applied to other ethnic groups.

Diabetes mellitus risk among Jordanians in a dental setting: a cross-sectional study

Dental offices can be useful to screen and identify patients at risk of developing diabetes mellitus (DM) using risk prediction tools. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) is a validated, questionnaire-based tool used to predict the 10-year risk of developing type II DM. To determine the 10-year DM risk among Jordanians using the FINDRISC questionnaire in a dental setting. Participants attending two university dental teaching centres between March 2017 and February 2018 were interviewed using an Arabic translated version of the FINDRISC questionnaire. Anthropometrics including weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Random capillary blood glucose level was measured for each participant. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square and independent t-tests. A total of 1,247 (436 males and 811 females) participants were included. As defined by BMI, 1,012 (81.2%) participants were either overweight or obese. Abdominal adiposity as determined by WC was seen in 738 (59.2%) participants. The mean (± SD) FINDRISC score for females (11.3±4.3) was significantly higher (P=0.001) than males (10.4±4.9). After age adjustment, more females were in the high-risk categories (FINDRISC ≥ 15) compared with males. This trend was seen among all age groups, but was statistically significant in the older age groups; 55-64 years (P=0.037) and ≥ 65years (P=0.004). In a developing Middle Eastern country such as Jordan, almost half of Jordanians attending university dental clinics are at a moderate to high risk of developing type II DM in 10 years. The risk of DM should be considered in dental patients, particularly older females.

P37 Asociación entre inflamación, velocidad psicomotora y riesgo de diabetes

Introducción: la vía inflamatoria JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase) desempeña un rol central en el desarrollo de neuroinflamación y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). La inflamación subclínica es una característica emblemática de DM2 y entidades asociadas. Se acompaña de activación de macrófagos que, de manera ubicua, infiltran y dañan una miríada de órganos, incluido SNC y páncreas. Dichos macrófagos descienden de monocitos inflamatorios que sobreexpresan, precozmente, la vía JNK, incluso en personas no diabéticas, con riesgo de DM2. Aunque se conoce que obesidad y DM2 afectan el SNC, dicha asociación es compleja. Estudios longitudinales demostraron que un elevado coeficiente intelectual, en niños, se asocia a menor obesidad en la adultez a partir de un estilo de vida saludable, sugiriendo que el eje diabesidad-SNC sería bidireccional.Objetivos: explorar interrelaciones entre la expresión monocitaria de JNK, la velocidad de reacción psicomotora (medida correlacionada con la inteligencia) y el riesgo de DM2.Materiales y métodos: diseño: se reclutaron 102 mujeres adultas (39,7±13 años), sanas previas, en un estudio epidemiológico transversal. Mediciones: la forma activa (fosforilada) de JNK (JNK-p) fue medida por ELISA intracelular en monocitos frescos obtenidos por adherencia plástica a partir de células mononucleares de sangre periférica purificadas con Ficoll/Hypaque. La velocidad psicomotora en respuesta a múltiples estímulos lumínicos (FourChoiceReaction Time, FCRT) fue medida con el test de Deary-Liewald que mide en milisegundos la media (FCRT-M) y la desviación estándar (FCRT-DE) de la velocidad psicomotora. El riesgo de DM2 se evaluó con el cuestionario FINDRISC (FINnish Diabetes RiskSCore) y la resistencia a la insulina con el HOMA-IR.

Diagnostic accuracy of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score for the prediction of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and metabolic syndrome in the Lebanese University

BackgroundRisk scores were mainly proved to predict undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (UT2DM) in a non-invasive manner and to guide earlier clinical treatment. The objective of the present study was to assess the performance of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) for detecting three outcomes: UT2DM, prediabetes, and the metabolic syndrome (MS).MethodsThis was a prospective, cross-sectional study during which employees aged between 30 and 64, with no known diabetes and working within the faculties of the Lebanese University (LU) were conveniently recruited. Participants completed the FINDRISC questionnaire and their glucose levels were examined using both fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Furthermore, they underwent lipid profile tests with anthropometry.ResultsOf 713 subjects, 397 subjects (55.2% female; 44.8% male) completed the blood tests and thus were considered as the sample population. 7.6% had UT2DM, 22.9% prediabetes and 35.8% had MS, where men had higher prevalence than women for these 3 outcomes (P = 0.001, P = 0.003 and P = 0.001) respectively. The AUROC value with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for detecting UT2DM was 0.795 (0.822 in men and 0.725 in women), 0.621(0.648 in men and 0.59 in women) for prediabetes and 0.710 (0.734 in men and 0.705 in women) for MS. The correspondent optimal cut-off point for UT2DM was 11.5 (sensitivity = 83.3% and specificity = 61.3%), 9.5 for prediabetes (sensitivity = 73.6% and specificity = 43.1%) and 10.5 (sensitivity = 69.7%; specificity = 56.5%) for MS.ConclusionThe FINDRISC can be considered a simple, quick, inexpensive, and non-invasive instrument to use in a Lebanese community of working people who are unaware of their health status and who usually report being extremely busy because of their daily hectic work for the screening of UT2DM and MS. However, it poorly screens for prediabetes in this context.

The FINDRISC questionnaire capacity to predict diabetes mellitus II, arterial hypertension and comorbidity in women from low-and-middle-income countries

The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) has been implemented to assess diabetes risk. The authors aimed in this study to determine the prediction capacity of FINDRISC for the early detection of cardiovascular diseases in women. A prevalence study was carried out on 441 women of Pueblo Libre (Peru). Anthropometric variables, blood pressure, blood glucose and comorbidity were measured and entered in FINDRISC. 4.8% of the studied women suffered from DM2, 14.3% from AHT, 33% obesity and 8.6% comorbidity. We found that FINDRISC was the best method to discriminate DM, AHT and comorbidity. FINDRISC is an effective non-invasive tool for women from low-and-middle-income countries.

Influence of Educational Level on Psychosocial Correlates and Perceived Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity in Adults at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: The Feel4Diabetes-Study.

This study aimed to investigate whether the relationship between psychosocial and perceived environmental factors and physical activity (PA) in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes is influenced by educational level. Based on the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire, this study selected 164 adults (Mage: 38 (5.34)y, 13.4% men) at type 2 diabetes risk from 11 low socioeconomic neighborhoods in Flanders (Belgium). Participants filled out questionnaires on psychosocial and perceived environmental factors and wore an ActiGraph accelerometer for 5 consecutive days. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of covariance in SPSS. Educational level significantly influenced the association between perception of body weight and light PA (P = .01) and total PA (P = .03) on weekend days. Educational level did not influence the associations between other psychosocial and perceived environmental factors (ie,perceived social influence; environmental, time and attitudinal barriers, perceived self-efficacy; knowledge and fatalism) and PA. Educational level did not influence the relationship between most psychosocial and perceived environmental factors and PA in this sample of adults at type 2 diabetes risk. This suggests that addressing different psychosocial and perceived environmental correlates in lower and higher educated participants might not be necessary. However, more research in this specific population is needed.

The Detection of Pre-Diabetic Patients in the Dental Setting

Pre-diabetes is a serious health condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough yet to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. Pre-diabetes puts one at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 384 patients aged 20-70 years old, attending the dental clinics to assess the risk for diabetes, using the FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) questionnaire, HbA1c blood test and a periodontal examination. Results: The mean age of participants was 38.90 ± 10.74. 32.3% were categorized as no risk, 46.6% low risk, while 19% and 2.1% moderate and high risk of developing diabetes respectively. Tests for serum HbA1c Level showed 46.1% had normal HbA1c followed by 18.0% and 3.6% were pre-diabetic and diabetic respectively. 19.3% of participants had periodontal pockets measuring more than 4mm and 15.9% measuring more than 6mm. Conclusion: The study has proven to be useful in identifying patients at high-risk of developing diabetes. Controlling and managing periodontal disease could be a new aspect to include in the standards for diabetes care. Dental settings could be a successful platform to carry out the screening and risk stratification of pre-diabetic patients.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the traditional risk factors of carbohydrate metabolic disorders in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective : to clarify the primary incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to compare the prevalence of traditional risk factors (RFs) in groups of patients with and without carbohydrate metabolic disorders. Patients and methods . A retrospective analysis was carried out in 158 patients with RA (diagnosed at the age of 45 years and older; the disease duration was more than 12 months). The exclusion criteria were concomitant type 1 DM and type 2 DM that was diagnosed before or at the onset of RA. The patients' median age was 62 [57; 68] years. Most RA patients had moderate (41.8%) and high (39.9%) DAS28. New cases of type 2 DM and the presence of hyperglycemia were recorded at the time of the examination. The traditional RFs of type 2 DM were assessed using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Results and discussion . The incidence rates of type 2 DM was 9.3 per 1000 patient-years. The patients with developed type 2 DM versus those without DM had a larger number of RFs according to the the FINDRISC questionnaire (6 [5; 7] and 5 [4; 5]; p<0.01), had more frequently experienced myocardial infarction and undergone surgery for myocardial revascularization (27.3 and 2.7%; p<0.01), taken beta-adrenoblockers (72.7 and 33.3%; p<0.05) and calcium channel blockers (36.4 and 12.2%; p<0.05). Fasting hyperglycemia was detected in 10.1% of RA patients. The patients with hyperglycemia versus those with normal venous blood glucose levels more often had obesity (50.0 and 29.8%) and a history of hyperglycemic episodes (43.8 and 19.1%) and less frequently used glucocorticoids (18.8 and 47.3%; p<0.05 for all cases). Conclusion. The high incidence of type 2 DM in RA was associated with the presence of a set of traditional RFs and previous cardiovascular disease, while fasting hyperglycemia was with individual RFs for carbohydrate metabolic disorders.