Fingers Of Hand Research Articles

Meta-analysis of radioulnar contrasts in dermatoglyphic ridge-counts between individual fingers

Radioulnar contrasts (numerically: differences) between ridge counts of individual fingers of the human hand have been identified as promising features in respect to prenatal signalling. In this study, we compared the results of a meta-analysis of intersex differences in radioulnar contrasts between published mean values of dermatoglyphic ridge counts on the fingers of the hand (calculated from the higher RC of each finger) with intersex differences obtained from radioulnar contrasts already calculated at the individual level.Searching the NCBI-PMC, ScienceDirect databases, and archival resources, we found a total of 273 dermatoglyphic studies (after merging duplicates in databases). However, only 11 of those studies were suitable for meta-analysis after application of all selection criteria, including our own four studies. Considering the effort spent in searching for articles, we were able to find very few studies that published statistical parameters of ridge counts by individual finger and that would thus be suitable for studying contrasts between fingers. When statistical parameters have been published for individual fingers, they did not represent the descriptions of all ridge counts from the radial and ulnar sides of the fingers (i.e., 10 values on each hand), but only the ridge count with the higher value is selected for each finger (i.e., 5 values on each hand) at the individual level. The meta-analytically obtained sex dimorphism (contrasts between the mean values of the ridge counts) are virtually indistinguishable from the dimorphism from the contrasts calculated at the individual level (means of the contrasts). However, the step of selecting one (higher) ridge count from each finger blurs the dimorphism and makes interpretation of the sex differences difficult. The results cannot then be compared with those obtained from the complete set of all ridge counts on the fingers.

Robotic Hand Wirelessly Controlled by User Worn Glove

A robotic hand was designed to be remotely controlled by a user worn a glove. The glove used flex sensors to detect the position of the user’s fingers and then sent those positions to the corresponding fingers of the robotic hand via microcontrollers. The microcontrollers regulated the servo motors in order to move the robotic hand into a position mimicking the user. The robotic hand was modeled after the human hand but with only one degree of freedom for each finger, meaning the finger will only move from fully extended to fully curled without movement in any other directions. A wrist was attached to the robotic hand and it also moved with one degree of freedom. The robotic hand was completely 3-D printed out of ABS plastic and a tendon-servo system was used to flex the fingers. Elastic cord was used to extend the fingers back into the outstretched position when the servos relaxed the tendons. Several joint types for the hand were modeled and tested including ball and socket joints and revolute joints. Haptic feedback was included in the design by adding vibrational motors to the glove, and pressure sensors to the robotic hand, allowing hand-to-glove feedback. The hand was designed to be able to hold items ranging from the size of a golf ball to a tennis ball, including irregularly shaped objects within the range commonly held by human hands.

Assessment of extremity exposure to technologists working manually with 99mTc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals and with an automatic injection system for 18F-FDG

The hands of nuclear medicine (NM) personnel involved in radiopharmaceutical preparation and administration can receive significant radiation doses. The dose distribution across the hand is nonuniform and the Hp(0.07) doses obtained by an individual passive ring dosimeter do not always present a real situation. The aim of this study was to assess the extremity exposure of NM workers working with 99mTc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals and with an automatic IRIDE (COMECER, Italy) 18F-FDG injection system. Hp(0.07) doses were measured using calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters-100 (TLD-100) and were read by a RIALTO TLD (NE Technology) reader. It was found that the most exposed parts of the hand during work with 18F and 99mTc radionuclides are the fingertips of the thumb, index finger and middle finger. The maximum fingertip doses were 1.3–2.4 times higher compared with the doses from the typical monitoring position (base of the middle finger of the dominant hand). When working with 99mTc, the average hand doses were relatively high, i.e. 0.17 ± 0.04 and 0.37 ± 0.13 mSv Gbq−1 for the left and the right hand, respectively, during preparation, and 58 ± 20 and 53 ± 13 µSv GBq−1 for the left and the right hand, respectively, during administration of 99mTc labelled radiopharmaceuticals. Meanwhile, the lowest doses were found for hands during administration of 18F-FDG (average hand dose 28 ± 13 µSv GBq−1 for the left hand and 28 ± 7 µSv GBq−1 for the right hand), which shows the advantages of automated injection/infusion systems, thus implementation of automatic infusion/injection in hospitals could be an expedient way to optimize Hp(0.07) doses to NM workers.

35036 Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the phalanx resembling a pyogenic granuloma: Case report

Cutaneous angiosarcomas are rare, highly aggressive tumors characterized by endothelial differentiation with a 5-year survival rate of around 10-40%. A 38-year-old female, with no significant history, presented a 4-week lesion of rapid and progressive growth, with spontaneous bleeding, asymptomatic. On physical examination, a 15-mm nodular neoformation on the dorsum of the first finger of the left hand was found. It had an erythematous-purple color, well-defined borders and a collarette scale on its surface.

ESTIMATION OF THIRD FINGER MOTION USING ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER

Post-stroke is a stage a patient undergoes if the patient has had a previous stroke. Stroke is a big and serious problem. As the second most common cause of disability of people at age of over 60 years. For patients having experienced a stroke, rehabilitation is a way to make them able to do activities of daily living as before. Stroke Rehabilitation is a comprehensive medical management and rehabilitation (in medical, emotional, social, and vocational aspects) concerning disabilities caused by stroke through a neuro-rehabilitation approach with the aim of optimizing recovery. The finger prosthetic arm robot is one of the results of the health technology development to help accelerate the rehabilitation process specifically for finger movements. One of the efforts to develop a finger robot is to estimate the movement of the fingers, in this case the finger size used is taken from those of Javanese people in Indonesia as the data to be simulated. In this paper is an estimation of the finger motion,particularly that of the third finger of the right hand, conducted using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) method. The simulation results produced the third finger motion estimates with an accuracy of around 92% - 99%.

35022 Clinical characteristics and risk factors for digital myxoid cyst development

Background: Contributing factors to digital myxoid cyst (DMC) development remain unclear, and a history of osteoarthritis (OA) is often attributed as a key risk factor. Our goal was to identify characteristics associated with development of DMCs. Methods: Thirty-six patients diagnosed with DMCs at Weill Cornell Dermatology from 06/01/2016-12/31/2020 were identified and charts were reviewed. Statistical analysis used means and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The majority of patients were female (69.4%, CI: [51.9%, 83.7%]) and White (73.1%, CI: [52.2%, 88.4%]; vs 19.2% Black, CI: [6.5%, 39.4%]; vs 2.8% Asian, CI: [0.1%, 19.6%]). Average age was 63.8 years (CI: [59.4, 68.1]), and 94.4% were over age 50. Cysts were predominantly on fingers (91.7% vs 8.3% on toes), and 97.2% were singular. Cysts were more common on the right hand (64.7%, CI: [46.5%, 80.3%]) and middle finger (35.3% vs 5.9% on pinky). Most patients had no digit trauma (86.1%, CI: [70.5%, 95.3%]). Notably, only 38.9% had a prior history of OA. Only 8.3% had finger joint pain, but 30.6% reported nail pain. For patients with hand x-rays (n = 21), 80.9% (CI: [58.1%, 94.6%]) had OA in the affected hand. Only 57.1% (CI: [34.0%, 78.2%]) had OA at nearest DIP joint. Conclusion: Female gender, White race, age older than 50, and singular, right-handed lesions were associated with DMC diagnosis. While most x-rays showed OA, the majority of patients had no joint pain or OA history; therefore, diagnosis should still be suspected regardless of an absence of OA history or other OA symptoms.

A new maneuver for classical laryngeal mask airway insertion: Prospective randomized study

Background/Aim: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) has been frequently used for airway management. But the satisfaction of the insertion and trauma at insertion remain problems. We present a new insertion maneuver for classical LMA (cLMA) with a partially inflated cuff and examine its success and complication rate.
 Methods: In 4 months, 158 patients who were classified as ASA I–III and older than 18 years old and were planned for LMA were included in this study consecutively (according to the study design, one patient was excluded during the study). Emergency cases, patients with any contraindications with LMA, patients who were expected to undergo surgery for more than 2 h, patients with preoperative respiratory tract infection or sore throat, patients undergoing oral or nasal surgery, and patients with aspirated oropharyngeal secretions after removal of LMA was excluded from the study. Age, gender, height, weight, ASA scores, comorbidities, and the duration of anesthesia and surgery of the patients were recorded. One-hundred-fifty-seven consecutive patients were randomized into two groups by a coin toss [control group (group C) and study group (group S)]. The groups were compared in terms of LMA insertion success, the number of insertion attempts, the presence of blood on the LMA or in secretions, and postoperative sore throat. Classical Laryngeal Mask Airway was inserted with Brain’s standard technique in group C and with the new technique in group S. In the new technique, the head and neck of the patient were supported in a straight position, the mouth was opened, cLMA was held with a dominant hand from the tube part and inserted until the tip touches to the oropharynx. The index finger of the non-dominant hand was inserted into the mouth to pass by the cLMA and reach the tip of the cLMA. The tip of cLMA was directed to the caudal by the index finger. Then, cLMA was inserted by the guidance of the index finger until it reached the triangular base of the oropharynx.
 Results: There was no statistically significant difference in terms of demographic data and placement success; placement success was better in the study group (100% versus 98.6% and P = 0.45). Similarly, the count of attempts was better in the study group. The mean attempt number was 1.11 in group S and 1.28 in group C (P = 0.02). Also, blood on LMA was seen to be more common in group C (P = 0.04). There were no statistical differences in sore throat, but it was less seen in group S.
 Conclusion: The new maneuver was better than the standard technique and easy to use in daily practice.

Is there any correlation between muscle fatigue and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels in prediabetic individuals?

Aim: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that acts as a catalyst in the conversion of lactate to pyruvate which is abundantly found in liver, kidney, heart and muscles. Previous studies have all shown a strong positive correlation between muscle fatigue and increased serum LDH levels with type 2 diabetes mellitus but no study has actually assessed the same for prediabetes. The basic objective of this study, thus, is to find out the correlation between muscle fatigue and serum LDH levels in prediabetic individuals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in adults between 24–60 years old who were classified as prediabetic individuals as per norms established by American Diabetes Association. A total of 100 prediabetic individuals were selected for the study. Fatigability was calculated as a function of work done by the pleximeter finger of the dominant hand using Mosso’s ergograph. The study was conducted at Rajarshi Dashrath Autonomous State Medical College, Ayodhya. Results: Out of 100 prediabetic participants, 50% were males with a mean age of 44.14 ± 10.91 years and remaining 50% were females with a mean age of 41.12 ± 11.5 years. Overall, the average work done by the participants was 2.9 ± 1.2 weight lifted•total distance moved (kg•m) with an average serum LDH level of 323.84 ± 26.82 unit/litre (U/L). Conclusions: This study aimed at assessing the correlation between muscle fatigue and serum LDH levels in prediabetic individuals so that further work can be initiated to improve the quality of life in prediabetics that maybe drastically hampered due to easy fatigability in prediabetic individuals.

Striatal Hand Deformities in Parkinson's Disease: Hand Surgical Perspectives.

The knowledge about striatal hand deformities (SHD) in Parkinson's disease (PD), has recently increased but need more attention due to their early impact on dexterity. The focus of clinical studies has been on the staging of SHD severity and neurological features. However, a hand surgical perspective has not been considered. Our purpose was to examine SHD in patients with PD using hand surgical assessment methods and the recommended staging of SHD. In this observational study, a specialist in neurological physiotherapy examined 100 consecutive PD patients and identified 35 with suspected SHD, who were then examined by two hand surgeons. Their hands were clinically evaluated for severity of SHD, according to a previous proposed staging, focusing on metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint flexion, presence of intrinsic and extrinsic tightness, as well as other hand deformities. Three kinds of deformities were identified among 35 included patients: surgical diagnoses unrelated to PD (n=5), SHD (n=23), and PD related hand deformities with increased extrinsic tightness (n=10); three of these 10 patients had also contralateral SHD, thus are included in SHD group. In addition to previously described MCP joint flexion, swan neck deformity and z-thumb deformity, we found in most hands finger "clefting," abduction of the little finger and/or an increased intrinsic tightness, indicating pathology of intrinsic muscles of the hand involved in SHD. SHD diagnosed with a modified staging method, including features of intrinsic and extrinsic hand deformities, should be considered in PD to implement early and more accurate treatment.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT ON PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME SUSPICION: A CASE REPORT

A 15-year-old woman presented with maxillary odontogenic pain. Extraorally: multiple bluish and dark brown mucocutaneous maculae in periocular, perinasal, perioral skin, and in fingers of both hands. Intraorally: multiple dark brown maculae in gingival, palatine, labial, and bilateral buccal mucosa. She referred occasional abdominal pain. Patient was referred to oral and maxillofacial pathology because Peutz-Jeghers syndrome was suspected. She was also evaluated by pediatric, clinical genetics, and gastroenterology. Genetic-molecular tests, abdominal and pelvic ultrasound, endoscopy, and colonoscopy were requested. A nonspecific growth was detected in the left ovary, so the patient was referred to gynecology. The case is currently being followed, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, not all complementary tests have been performed. Diagnosis and management of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome must be multidisciplinary by the presence of gastrointestinal polyps and higher risk for developing cancer. Dental surgeons are in a favorable position to make the initial suspicion of the disease.

Assessment of the Relation Between Craniofacial Tissue Profile-Morphology and Dermatoglyphics.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the convexity angle of facial tissue and fingerprint types by analyzing the connection between dermatoglyphic prints and facial structure. A total of 65 adults (24 females, 41 males) participated in the study. Each participant's fingerprint was analyzed using conventional methods of observation upon the index finger of the dominant hand. Fingerprints were classified into 3 fundamental types: arch, whorl, or loop. Craniofacial profiling was performed with measurements of hard tissue (Gl'-A-Pg') and soft tissue facial convexity (Gl-Sn-Pg) and total facial convexity (Gl-Prn-Pg) angles between 3 anthropological points determined on the lateral direct radiographs of the participants. Soft tissue convexity facial angle (Gl-Sn-Pg) values were found to be an average of 166.83° in females and an average of 162.05° in males. (Gl-Prn-Pg) values were found to be an average of 138.54° in females and 135.27° in males. The soft tissue profile of males showed a significantly convex structure compared with females. Also, the "whorl" type of fingerprint was found to be dominant in both sexes. There is no statistically significant difference in terms of soft tissue profile convexity in individuals belonging to the 3 different fingerprint groups. No statistically significant difference in soft tissue profile angular values between right-hand thumb and index fingerprint type groups were found among and between sexes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between the nose, lips, mouth, ear, and eyes and fingerprints of the same person may prove to be beneficial.

VİYOLA ÖĞRETİMİNDE SOL EL VE SAĞ EL TEKNİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Doğru teknik ve müzikal sonuçlara ulaşmak için olması gereken doğru çalgı tekniklerinin sağlıklı bir biçimde uygulanması önem arz etmektedir. Viyolada sol el ve sağ ele ilişkin teknik meseleler, icracının bu hedeflere ulaşmakta kullanacağı temel araçlarıdır. Bu nedenle araştırmanın amacı; viyola öğretiminde sağ el ve sol el tekniklerinin incelenmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada viyola öğretiminde sol el ve sağ el tekniklerini incelemeye yönelik olarak durum tespitine dayalı tarama modeli kullanılmış olup araştırma son yirmi beş yıl içerisinde Google Akademik’te taranan çalışmalarla sınırlı tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda viyola öğretiminde sol el teknikleri ile sağ el tekniklerine yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Potential Maneuvers for Providing Optimal Tidal Volume Using the One-Handed EC Technique.

Bag-valve-mask is a device that manually provides positive oxygen pressure. The grip technique of the character E and C shape is recommended to carry out this effectively. However, when applying this method, the hand in which the direction of the EC technique should be performed and the degree of adhesion pressure while performing the technique are unknown. This study aims to identify the factors influencing tidal volume and to determine the ideal sealing method between mask and face in the one-handed EC technique to optimize the Vt. A simulation study was conducted using a mechanical lung model in a scenario that resembled respiratory arrest. Multiple regression analyses identified high peak pressure, high left spot adhesion strength of the mask, and low right spot and bottom spot adhesion strength of the mask as significant factors. To provide an optimal Vt, it may be necessary to apply more strength to the left area of the mask when forming the “C” shape with the thumb and index finger of left hand using the one-handed EC technique.

A case report: The beautiful mind

Caring for a family member diagnosed with schizophrenia will not only impart a lifetime emotional distress but also social and financial challenge. Failure to anticipate and cope with the burden of care responsibilities will add an unnecessary risk to permanent injury resulting in a substandard management of the patient and even death. We describe a case of successful removal of nine (9) constricting rings from the finger of both hands in a poorly taken care of an abusive relapse schizophrenia patient using an oscillating saw and ring cutter under prosedural sedation combined with wrist block in emergency department (ED). Early recognition and a definitive treatment are of paramount importance in order to avoid irreversible ischemia and gangrene. The possible risk of negligence should be kept in mind bearing a link with depression among members caring for schizophrenia.

The Effect of a Short Mindfulness Meditation on Somatosensory Attention

ObjectivesMindfulness training has been theorised to have beneficial effects on mental health through initially changes in attention mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of a short mindfulness meditation on the P300 event-related potential (ERP), a neural marker of attention, in meditation-naïve participants.MethodsAs mindfulness practice is based on monitoring bodily sensations and breathing, we applied somatosensory stimuli to investigate attention changes. We employed an oddball paradigm with frequent tactile stimuli delivered to the tip of the index finger and infrequent stimuli to the base of the index and the little finger of the right hand to elicit the somatosensory P300. Forty-six participants counted the infrequent stimuli in two separate sessions before and after a 10-min guided meditation, or a control audio clip. We also measured participants’ trait mindfulness (FFMQ) and anxiety (STAI-T) to ensure similar levels in the meditation and control group prior to the intervention.ResultsIn line with previous research, we show decreased somatosensory P300 amplitudes to infrequent tactile target stimuli after compared to before the audio clip in the control group. Such a decrease in P300 amplitudes was not present in the mindfulness meditation group as confirmed in a significant group by time interaction.ConclusionsEven a short mindfulness meditation leads to preservation of attention resources in meditation-naïve participants. The preservation (or lack of habituation) of the amplitude of the somatosensory P300 across repeated presentations may reflect the underlying, early neural mechanism by which mindfulness meditation training modulates executive attention.Trial RegistrationOpen Science Framework: https://osf.io/pkxm3.

War against Prohibition: Italians and Booze in New York City, 1920–1933

War against Prohibition: Italians and Booze in New York City, 1920–1933

Meningkatkan kemampuan rawat diri pada anak dengan autism spectrum disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) affects all aspects of individual development, including the ability to perform self-care activities, daily living, communication skills and social participation. In this case, the subject experienced a delay in speaking accompanied by symptoms of very poor eye contact, laughing excessively and without reason, speaking a language that was difficult to understand and often grasping the fingers of both hands and moving his feet which resulted in experiencing difficulties in carrying out his daily tasks such as bathing, dressing and eating is included as part of self-care. The assessments used were interviews, observation, Progressive Matrices Test for Children (CPM) and The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). The intervention given to improve the subject's self-care skills is the provision of positive reinforcement. The results of the intervention that has been given to the subject, behavioral therapy with positive reinforcement techniques are able to improve basic abilities in self-care, especially bathing to washing the face and head, dressing in button-up clothes and eating by not cleaning dirty hands on the clothes worn.

NEW BURIAL OF THE SECOND HALF 10th — EARLY 11th — CENTURY NEAR ST. SOPHIA CATHEDRAL OF KYIV

In 2021, as part of the «Great Restoration» state program, the cobblestones around St. Sophia’s Cathedral in Kyiv were replaced. During these works, the archaeological exploration was carried out with the participation of authors, as a result of which the ancient burial was discovered and investigated.
 The dimensions of the burial pit were about 3 × (1— 1.2) m. It had a depth of 1.6 m, and its bottom situated at a depth of 2.4 m from the modern surface.
 The remains of a rectangular wooden funeral construction were found below, assembled from boards and fastened with more than two dozen iron nails.
 Its overall dimensions are (2.2—2.7) × (0.6—0.64) m and a height of 0.5-0.55 m.
 The remains of two transverse wooden supports were recorded under the funeral construction. They had a triangular cross-section and lay edge down. Each of them was 0.7 m long and 0.15 m wide.
 The skeleton was lying on its back, oriented with its head on northwest. His bones, except for the skull, were preserved in a satisfactory condition.
 The billon jewelry such as the wire rings near the head and a ring on the little finger of the right hand, were found in the burial. The iron a knife with a wooden handle was located near the right knee. Also the two hemispherical bone buttons with carved decoration were discovered on the legs below the pelvic bones. Difference between ornaments, the technique of their execution, sizes and profiles of buttons found nearby Sophia Cathedral testifies to the fact that each of them made by various craftsmen.
 The buttons of a similar shape and ornament there are known from mounds in Chernihiv (Ukraine), Gniozdovo (Russia) and Nishapur (Iran).
 A segment of the barrow with a width of 1.25 m and a depth of 0.75 m was recorded a few meters from the burial trench. This made it possible to determine
 the approximate diameter of the mound above the burial like 5.5-6 m.
 Traces of the development of urban development of the beginning of the 11th century are recorded on the site of the mound. The next stage was in the 20s and 30s of the 11th century, when the St. Sophia Cathedral was built, one of the apses of which was covered part of the territory of the mound. At the same time, one of the apses of the cathedral was covered part of the territory of the mound.
 Considering the historical context of the development of the ancient Kyiv mound necropolis, the mound discovered in 2021 near the northeastern corner of St. Sophia Cathedral can be dated to the second half of the 10th — beginning of 11th century, and most likely between 970 and 1000.

Magnetic-based detection of muscular contraction for controlling hand prosthesis

Muscle contraction information from the residual upper-limb of an amputee can generate intention-based control to prosthetic devices. There are several approaches such as electromyography (EMG), force myography (FMG), and mechanomyography (MMG) that can directly or indirectly measure muscular contractions. However, these techniques suffer from the problems like ambient noise, motion artifacts, inappropriate contact with the skin, inaccurate output, and high cost of measurement. In this work, a novel magnetic-based Hall myography (HMG) technique is introduced that can precisely measure the muscular contractions from the subject's upper-limb. The sensor setup consists of a magnetic coupler and Hall element assembly separated by a mechanical spring. Any contraction from the muscle produces gradual movement of the magnet towards the hall element. This change in displacement is sensed by the hall element and is then translated to a 0–5 V linear output using appropriate preprocessing hardware and software. The sensor performance was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, repeatability, hysteresis, and frequency response. In detecting muscle contractions from the forearm of subjects, the sensor showed highly correlated output (r > 0.94, p-value<0.0001) with the EMG sensor. Moreover, the sensor showed better signal stability and similar dynamic behavior as compared to the EMG sensor. Further, the utility of the sensor was tested for controlling hand prosthesis. Subjects wearing the sensor were able to control the flexion of prosthetic hand fingers proportionally according to their intensity of muscle contraction. With several advantages, Hall myography can replace the EMG technique for prosthesis control application.

TEKNIK RELAKSASI GENGGAM JARI TERHADAP INTENSITAS NYERI PADA PASIEN POST APPENDIKTOMI

&#x0D; Pain is a condition more than a single sensation caused by a certain stimulus. One of the non-pharmacological erections in handling pain is a hand-held relaxation technique. Finger hand-held real-time techniques can reduce physical and emotional strain that will relax the body. This study aims to examine the effect of finger hand relaxation technique on the intensity of pain in post appendectomy patients. This research uses Quasy Experiment design with One Group Pre-test Post- Stestdesign. The total population of this study were all patients of post appendectomy in Achmad Mochtar Hospital. Sampling technique using purposive sampling technique. This study was conducted on February 17 until 1 May 2017 in the hospital surgery room Achmad Mochtar Bukittinggi. Data were analyzed by using Paired T-Test with significant value α = 0,005. The results showed that the average before hand-held finger relaxation technique was 4.80 and the mean result after hand-held relaxation technique was 3.87. Bivariate results obtained p value 0,000. So it shows there are differences in pain intensity before and after hand-held relaxation techniques in patients post appendectomy. From the results of the above research can be concluded that the implementation of handheld relaxation techniques affect the reduction of post incision appendectomy incision.&#x0D;