Fingerprint Profiles Research Articles

Expanding the clinical spectrum of adult-onset neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease.

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with multiple clinical subtypes. Recent breakthroughs on neuroimaging, skin biopsy and genetic testing have facilitated the diagnosis. We aim to investigate the clinical characteristics of Chinese NIID patients to further refine the spectrum. We analyzed the clinical features of 25 NIID patients from 24 unrelated families and performed skin biopsy and/or sural nerve biopsy on 24 probands. Repeat-primed PCR and fluorescence amplicon length PCR were conducted to detect GGC repeats of NOTCH2NLC. Onset age ranged from 24 to 72years old, and the disease duration ranged from 12h to 25years with the mode of onset characterized as acute, recurrent or chronic progressive type. Tremor was a common phenotype, often observed in the early stages, next to dementia and paroxysmal encephalopathy. Symptoms infrequently reported such as oromandibular dystonia, recurrent vomiting, dizziness and headache of unknown origin, as well as pure peripheral neuropathy were also suggestive of NIID. Reversible leukoencephalopathy following encephalitic episodes and the absence of apparent DWI abnormality were noticed. Two genetically confirmed NIID patients failed to be identified intranuclear inclusions, and one patient was simultaneously found significant mitochondrial swelling and fingerprint profiles depositing in lysosomes. All the patients were identified abnormal GGC repeats of NOTCH2NLC. We identify some atypical clinicopathological features and consider that pathological examinations combined with genetic testing is the gold standard for diagnosis. Whether lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of NIID deserves further study.

Flavan-3-ols and Proanthocyanidins in Japanese, Bohemian and Giant Knotweed.

Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins of invasive alien plants Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica Houtt.), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis F. Schmidt) and Bohemian knotweed (Fal lo pia × bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J.P. Bailey) were investigated using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry, image analysis and mass spectrometry (HPTLC–MS/MS). (+)-Catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epicatechin gallate and procyanidin B2 were found in rhizomes of these three species, and for the first time in Bohemian knotweed. (−)-Epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2 and procyanidin C1 were found in giant knotweed rhizomes for the first time. Rhizomes of Bohemian and giant knotweed have the same chemical profiles of proanthocyanidins with respect to the degree of polymerization and with respect to gallates. Japanese and Bohemian knotweed have equal chromatographic fingerprint profiles with the additional peak not present in giant knotweed. Within the individual species giant knotweed rhizomes and leaves have the most similar fingerprints, while the fingerprints of Japanese and Bohemian knotweed rhizomes have additional peaks not found in leaves. Rhizomes of all three species proved to be a rich source of proanthocyanidins, with the highest content in Japanese and the lowest in Bohemian knotweed (based on the total peak areas). The contents of monomers in Japanese, Bohemian and giant knotweed rhizomes were 2.99 kg/t of dry mass (DM), 1.52 kg/t DM, 2.36 kg/t DM, respectively, while the contents of dimers were 2.81 kg/t DM, 1.09 kg/t DM, 2.17 kg/t DM, respectively. All B-type proanthocyanidins from monomers to decamers (monomers—flavan-3-ols, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers and decamers) and some of their gallates (monomer gallates, dimer gallates, dimer digallates, trimer gallates, tetramer gallates, pentamer gallates and hexamer gallates) were identified in rhizomes of Bohemian knotweed and giant knotweed. Pentamer gallates, hexamers, hexamer gallates, nonamers and decamers were identified for the first time in this study in Bohemian and giant knotweed rhizomes.

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting Analysis of Piper betle L. Leaves

Introduction: Many modern medicines used today based on plants and plant products. Piper betle is generally known as the betle vine, it is an important medicinal and recreational plant. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is an advanced powerful analytical method with more separation power, high performance and superior reproducibility than classic thin layer chromatography (TLC). A chromatographic fingerprint of a plant extract is a chromatographic pattern of some common chemical constituents of pharmacologically active and/or chemical characteristics. Chromatographic fingerprints are useful in authentication and identification of plant.
 Objectives: Objectives of present research was to establish HPTLC fingerprinting of methanolic extract of Piper betle L. leaves.
 Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of Piper betle leaves was prepared using soxhlet apparatus. HPTLC studies were performed using a CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with automatic TLC sampler-4 (ATS 4), TLC scanner 4, and vision CATS 3.0 software.
 Results: The study revealed the presence of alkaloids with Rf value 0.65, flavonoids with Rf values 0.19, 0.29, 0.72, 0.95., and phenolic compound with Rf value 0.7.
 Conclusion: The HPTLC fingerprinting profile developed for the methanolic extract of Piper betle L. leaves will help in proper identification of the plant.Piper betle

Study on multiple fingerprint profiles control and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker method combined with chemometrics based on Yankening tablets

In this study, we explored the quality consistent evaluation method of Yankening Tablets (YKNT) from different manufacturers by using multiple fingerprint profiles, including dual-wavelength ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) serial fingerprint and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) fingerprint, combined with quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method. In the Average method of systematic quantified fingerprint method (AMSQFM), three fingerprint parameters of macro qualitative similarity (Sm-UPLC-FTIR), macro quantitative similarity (Pm-UPLC-FTIR), and the variation coefficient of fingerprint homogeneity (αUPLC-FTIR) were calculated based on the ratio method. The Sm-UPLC-FTIR values of all the samples were greater than 0.80, the αUPLC-FTIR values were less than 0.20, and the Pm-UPLC-FTIR values range from 72.8% to 119.8%. Method validation results showed the established fingerprint method had good precision, solution stability, and method repeatability, all samples could be roughly divided into different levels. The contents of berberine (BBR) and baicalin (BCL) measured by the calibration curve method (CCM) and QAMS method were compared, and t-test results (Pvalue > 0.05) indicated there was no significant difference between the two methods, which showed that QAMS could accurately quantify the markers of the YKNT. The explanatory ability (R2Y) values of BBR and BCL in the PLS model were both greater than 0.94, and the root mean square error of estimation (RMSEE) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values were both less than 2.5, indicating that the established model was reliable. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided all samples into four categories. This research made a major contribution to the quality consistent evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and food.

Estimation of Withaferin-A by HPLC and standardization of the Ashwagandhadi lehyam formulation

Standardization is an important measurement for ensuring the quality control of herbal drugs. It has become essential to develop reliable, specific and sensitive quality control methods. Ashwagandhadi lehyam is an important Ayurvedic formulation containing Withania somnifera L., as one of the prime ingredient of formulation. The present study was undertaken to develop standardization parameters for Ashwagandhadi lehyam. Evaluation of various standardization parameters like organoleptic characters, Physico-chemical evaluation, HPTLC finger print profiling along with dominant bioactive markers and estimation of bioactive markers Withaferin-A by HPLC. The Rf value of Withaferin-A 0.35 and Withanolide-A 0.45 is in formulation and reference standards were found comparable under UV light at 254 nm and 540 nm. The HPLC chromatogram of Ashwagandhadi lehyam and standard Withaferin-A showed at Rt of 5.015 and 5.050 min. The percentage of Withaferin-A was 0.092% present in Ashwagandhadi lehyam formulation. Bioactive markers are characteristic to the ingredients or botanicals to identify the presence of ingredients in formulation easily. The presence of bioactive markers is possible and its verification through the HPTLC fingerprint profile and quantification of biomarker by HPLC are the best ways to identify evaluate the quality of the finished formulation in the course of development of a standardization protocol for quality control of Ayurvedic formulation.

Phyto-pharmacognostical evaluation and HPTLC finger printing profile of Gulbanafsha (Viola odorata L.) flower

Phyto-pharmacognostical evaluation and HPTLC finger printing profile of Gulbanafsha (Viola odorata L.) flower

Phyto-pharmacognostical evaluation and HPTLC finger printing profile of Gulbanafsha (Viola odorata L.) flower

Viola odorata Linn. (Family Violaceae) is popularly known as Sweet Violet or English Violet and Gulbanafsha in Hindi. V. odorata is used as remedy for coughs, sore throat, hoarseness and tonsillitis. It is valued as an expectorant, antioxidant, diaphoretic, antibacterial, antipyretic and diuretic. Pharmacological studies have revealed the role of V. odorata in Unani drugs for treatment of common cold, asthma and cough associated diseases. The present study focuses on the phyto-pharmacognostical evaluation and HPTLC finger printing profile of Gulbanafsha (Viola odorata L.) flower - white variety. Physicochemical parameters were determined and phytochemical screening done by standard procedures. HPTLC finger-printing profile of the methanolic extracts of dried flowers, were performed on precoated TLC silica gel 60F254 plateswith salicylic acid as marker. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds/tannins.

Occurrence and characterization of ciprofloxacin‐resistantEscherichia colifrom bovine and ovine bulk tank milk samples in Turkey

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the occurrence and characteristics of ciprofloxacin‐resistant (CipR)Escherichia coliisolates on bulk tank milk (BTM) samples (bovine and ovine origins) in Turkey. A total of 91 BTM samples (41.7%, 95% confidence intervals 35.2–48.6%) out of 218 were found to be positive for CipRE. coliisolates (MIC values of ≥4 μg/ml). Analysis of PFGE fingerprint profile forE. coliisolates resulted in the 55 different pulsotypes based on >85% homology. All isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin and nalidixic acid and the resistance rates in bovine and ovine origin isolates were 94.9 and 78.1% for norfloxacin (p < .05) and 27.1 and 34.4% for levofloxacin, respectively. Additionally, resistance to non‐quinolone antibiotics was commonly observed against tetracycline (resistance rates in bovine and ovine = 91.5 and 87.5%, respectively), trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (83.1 and 93.8%, respectively), gentamycin (15.3 and 40.6%, respectively,p < .05) and chloramphenicol (23.7 and 65.6%, respectively,p < .05). TheqnrS1gene (3.1 and 6.8%, respectively) was the most prevalent PMQR genes in isolates from ovine and bovine origins, followed byaac (6′)‐Ib‐cr(0 and 5.1%, respectively) andqnrB19(0 and 1.7%, respectively). The other resistance genes includingtetA,tetB,strA/B,aPozhA1,aadA,aadB,blaCTX‐M, andblaTEMwere also identified in various frequencies. The most frequently observed virulence trait wasfimH. The low‐level presence of PMQR genes and as well as some virulence traits is an important finding, yet the results of this study are worrisome because quinolone antibiotics are still the drugs of choice for severe infections in humans.

Differentiation of Market Samples of Chennai Nagakesara and Nagakesara by Chromatographic Techniques

Efficacy of any herbal drugs depends on their chemical profile and their biological activity of ingredients. The anticipated efficacy of any drug could be achieved if authenticated ingredients that are collected as per good collection practices in the appropriate season. The general problem faced in herbal drug industry is correct identification of the source plant. The present study was aimed to develop chromatographic finger print profiles by using high performance thin layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography of Nagakesara and Chennai Nagakesara/Cirunakappu to record the difference between them. Both samples were procured from Chennai market, extracted successively with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts using Soxhlet apparatus and subjected to high performance thin layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography analysis. The thin-layer chromatography of hexane extract of Nagakesara showed more spots than Chennai Nagakesara/Cirunakappu and similarly with chloroform and ethanol extracts also. Maximum number of peaks was observed in all the extracts after derivatization with vanillin sulphuric acid reagent. In the high pressure liquid chromatography results of hexane extract maximum of 22 peaks were separated in Nagakesara whereas in Chennai Nagakesara/ Cirunakappu only 14 peaks were separated; in contrast, in the ethanol extract of Chennai Nagakesara/ Cirunakappu 17 peaks were separated while in Nagakesara it was five peaks only.

Integrated quality assessment of Tieshuang Anshen prescription by multiple fingerprint profiles combined with quantitative analysis and chemometric methods

Chinese herbal medicine compound prescription (CHM-CP) contains more complex active compounds than single herbal medicine owing to its compatibility.

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical blueprint of Abroma augusta L. stem bark

Uses of Abroma augusta L. stem and root are mentioned in traditional texts where the presence of the alkaloid, betaine in these parts is known. The study was undertaken to generate a pharmacognostical and phytochemical blueprint of Abroma augusta stem bark and detection of the bioactive alkaloid, betaine in it. Authenticated plant materials were subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and phytochemical studies. HPTLC, HPLC, and FTIR were used for chemical fingerprinting of the plant materials. Diagnostic features of A. augusta stem bark such as organoleptic evaluation, powder microscopic characters, fluorescence profile with various reagents were established. Phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, glycosides, but fewer terpenoids, flavonoids, and carbohydrates. This was rationalized by FTIR spectroscopy of the chloroform extract that gave maximum extractive yield. HPTLC and HPLC fingerprint profiling with marker identification was generated. The alkaloid, betaine was isolated and identified by mass spectrum. The botanical and chemical screening suggested that A. augusta stem bark may be a potential substitute for the root or stem of the plant. However, further, bio-evaluations are required to ascertain its possible clinical applications. The generated profile may serve as a reference document in future for identification and authentication of the plant material.

Genetic fingerprint and diversity evaluation of halophilic Bacillus species by RAPD-PCR.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) is a technique successfully used to generate characteristic fingerprints of different bacteria. Bacillus is a genus that includes heterogeneous species, thus a combination of different techniques is essential for their identification. Here we used RAPD-PCR methodology to distinguish among genetically similar strains and to evaluate the genetic diversity of Bacillus species from the Salar del Hombre Muerto, in the Northwest of Argentina. The RAPD-PCR used allowed obtaining different amplification profiles for each Bacillus species and strains. By comparing the fingerprint profiles, we could observe that some of the salt flat isolates showed similar profiles than identified strains. As expected, the bacilli group isolated revealed a wide heterogeneity. RAPD-PCR was found to be a quick and reliable technique to evaluate the diversity of Bacillus strain and was successfully applied to characterize the genetic diversity present in the Salar del Hombre Muerto.

PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF JATYADI GHRITA AND JATYADI KER TAILA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR HPTLC FINGERPRINTS PROFILE

Jatyadi Ghrita is a ghee based Ayurvedic formulation useful for sravi (secretory), gambhira (deep), Dushta Vrana (contaminated wound) by external application by shodhana (cleaning) and ropana (healing) as per the classical texts of Ayurveda. Now day’s pharmacies are using coconut oil instead of ghrita for preparation of Jatyadi Ker Taila, but remaining contents are same as that of Jatyadighrita as quoted in our Samhitas. Hence a comparative study on Jatyadighrita as per classical text and Jatyadi Ker Taila (modified method by using coconut oil replacing ghrita) to know their physico-chemical properties. The physicochemical tests performed on different samples of Jatyadi Ghrita and Jatyadi Ker taila such as specific gravity, acid value, saponification value, Total fatty matter, melting point, viscosity etc. Further standardization by instrument analysis performed on HPTLC for finger printing profile. Comparative evaluation of above parameters shows that Ker taila (coconut oil) can be used as better substitute of ghrita for the preparation of Jatyadi formulation. Related physicochemical tests and HPTLC profile clearly shows the more stability of formulation and increased number of secondary metabolite extraction in Ker taila than ghrita. Possibly the above results denote best substitution of classical formulation Jatyadi ghrita is Jatyadi Ker taila (by using coconut oil replacing ghrita).

Research on fast identification technology of forged fingerprints based on the improved K-means algorithm

In order to overcome the low accuracy of the traditional method, a fast identification method based on the improved K-mean algorithm is proposed. Spatial grid block model is constructed to extract the fingerprint texture features and then the fingerprint profile features are detected using the edge outline extraction method. The Kalman fusion method is used to reconstruct fingerprint information. Using the neighbourhood distributed retrieval method, fingerprint image feature fusion is realised and the texture feature extraction model for forged fingerprints is established. The K-means clustering method is used for fingerprint feature clustering to realise fast identification of forged fingerprints. Experimental results show that the identification accuracy of this method is higher than 0.85, and the identification stability is good. The signal-to-noise ratio of fingerprint images is always between 25.3 dB and 82.3 dB, and the imaging quality is high, indicating that this method can realise fast and accurate identification of forged fingerprints.

Virulence, Resistance, and Genomic Fingerprint Traits of Vibrio cholerae Isolated from 12 Species of Aquatic Products in Shanghai, China.

Vibrio cholerae is a waterborne bacterium and can cause epidemic cholera disease worldwide. Continuous monitoring of V. cholerae contamination in aquatic products is imperative for assuring food safety. In this study, we determined virulence, antimicrobial susceptibility, heavy metal tolerance, and genomic fingerprints of 370 V. cholerae isolates recovered from 12 species of commonly consumed aquatic products collected from July to September of 2018 in Shanghai, China. Among the species, Leiocassis longirostris, Ictalurus punetaus, Ophiocephalus argus Cantor, and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were for the first time detected for V. cholerae. Toxin genes ctxAB, tcpA, ace, and zot were absent from all the V. cholerae isolates. However, high occurrence of virulence-associated genes was detected, such as hapA (82.7%), hlyA (81.4%), rtxCABD (81.4%, 24.3%, 80.3%, and 80.8%, respectively), and tlh (80.5%). Approximately 62.2% of the 370 V. cholerae isolates exhibited resistance to streptomycin, followed by ampicillin (60.3%), rifampicin (53.8%), trimethoprim (38.4%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (37.0%). Moreover, ∼57.6% of the isolates showed multidrug resistant phenotypes with 57 resistance profiles, which was significantly different among the 12 species (multiple antimicrobial resistance index, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, high incidence of tolerance to heavy metals Hg2+ (69.5%), Ni2+ (32.4%), and Cd2+ (30.8%) was observed among the isolates. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR)-based fingerprinting profiles classified the 370 V. cholerae isolates into 239 different ERIC-genotypes, which demonstrated diverse genomic variation among the isolates. Overall, the results in this study meet the increasing need of food safety risk assessment of aquatic products.

Microwave-assisted extraction followed by salting-out phase separation for hierarchical screening of illegal adulterants in aphrodisiac health products by multi-dimensional fingerprint profiling analysis

A novel method for hierarchical screening of illegal adulterants in Fur seal ginseng pills (FSGP) products was developed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled to salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) with multi-dimensional fingerprint profiling analysis. Using a homogeneous system formed by dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and water as the extractant, the MAE conditions were investigated to maximize extraction recoveries, followed by addition of ammonium sulfate to induce DMC phase separation for SALLE enrichment of 16 potentially illegal adulterants such as phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, androgens, α receptor antagonists and yohimbine etc. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) and fluorescence detection (FLD), multi-dimensional fingerprints were acquired by multi-wavelength detection to highlight the signals of the potentially illegal adulterants and reduce or remove interferences from the sample matrix. For high accuracy and reliability, a hierarchical screening strategy was designed by multi-dimensional fingerprinting profiling analysis (MDFPA). The method exhibited proper identification and quantification performance, and it was successfully applied to screening of illegal adulterants in 18 batches of the samples through the step-by-step MDFPA. Also, the results were further confirmed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS). The proposed method was proved to be a green, efficient and reliable alternative to monitoring aphrodisiac health products.

An effective UPLC method for the quantification and fingerprint analysis of amides in a South China native medicinal herb, abri herba

Abri herba originates from Abrus mollis and Abrus cantoniensis. Its leaves are rich in amides and they are often used as folk food ingredients and tea in China. However, the effective analysis methods for amides have not been reported. An UPLC method was developed to obtain the fingerprint profiles and to quantify these amides. Twenty common peaks were identified and analyzed by similarity, hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis of UPLC fingerprints from 24 samples. Furthermore, four amides were simultaneously quantitated by Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Heat Map. The similarity of the fingerprints ranged from 0.734 to 0.989. The contents of amides were affected by the origins of the samples, and the closer the origin, the higher similarity of amide profiles. (E)-N-(4-hydroxycinnamoyl) tyrosine was the major compound ranging from 0.75 to 6.36 mg g−1, followed by abrusamide A (0.44 ∼ 1.14 mg g−1), abrusamide B (0.35 ∼ 0.75 mg g−1), and abrusamide C (0.05 ∼ 0.25 mg g−1). This is the first report to fingerprints and quantification analytical method of amides in leaves of abri herba.

Efficacy based ginger fingerprinting reveals potential antiproliferative analytes for triple negative breast cancer

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most widely consumed dietary supplements worldwide. Its anticancer potential has been demonstrated in various studies. However, ginger roots obtained from different geographical locations showed extensive variability in their activities, mainly due to differences in the levels of bioactive compounds. Here we evaluated the effect of these differences on the anticancer activity of ginger by performing efficacy-based fingerprinting. We characterized the fingerprint profiles of 22 ginger samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, followed by a principal component analysis (PCA) and pearson correlation analysis. We also evaluated the anti-proliferative effects (IC50) of these samples on triple-negative breast cancer cells using the MTT assays. The supervised PCA identified a subset of analytes whose abundance strongly associated with the IC50 values of the ginger extracts, providing a link between ginger extract composition and in vitro anticancer efficacy. This study demonstrated that variation in the ginger fingerprint profiles resulting from differences in their chemical composition could have a significant impact on efficacy and bioactivity of ginger extracts. Also, this first-of-a-kind efficacy-based fingerprinting approach proposed here can identify potent anticancer candidates from the ginger fingerprint without the need for isolating individual components from the extracts.

Multiple wavelengths maximization fusion fingerprint profiling for quality evaluation of compound liquorice tablets and related antioxidant activity analysis

With natural plant entering a worldwide new arena in clinical medicine and pharmaceutical, herbal preparation are becoming popular all over the world. Compound liquorice tablets (CLQTs) have been widely applied as effective and typical antitussive, expectorant and antiasthma. It is worth noting that quality determines effectiveness and safety, which make it essential for quality control of CLQTs. Considering the different UV absorption characteristics of various components, high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint of 156 batches of CLQTs were determined at four wavelengths. Additionally, multi-wavelength maximization fusion profiling was developed to digest and synthesize the valuable fingerprint information of each sample for its holistic quality evaluation. Quantitative determination of five major ingredients was performed and no significant differences were found in five-compound content among 156 samples (p > 0.05). All samples were clarified into six quality grades using systematic quantified fingerprint method from qualitative and quantitative perspective and showed significant difference among nine manufactures (p < 0.05). A well established 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay was applied to study the in vitro antioxidant activity of CLQTs samples using L-ascorbic acid as positive control. Furthermore, OPLS was established for the fingerprint-efficacy relationship analysis and demonstrated the significant contribution of peaks 15-liquiritin and 30-glycyrrhizic acid (VIP > 0.5). The study suggested that this quantitative fingerprint approach is reliable and beneficial for quality control of complex herbal medicine or herbal preparation.

MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR THE MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF POTENTIALLY COMMERCIAL MANGO (Mangifera indica) PROGENIES

Mango, or Mangifera indica as it is scientifically known, is a fruit crop that has significant importance to the global economy. This study characterised 10 commercially potential mango progenies using a total of 10 SSR markers. The analysis of the 10 SSR markers revealed the presence of 34 alleles. Each locus had 2–6 alleles equal to an average of 3.40 alleles per locus. The data also showed 0.115 (MiIIHR21) to 0.692 (MiIIHR28) polymorphic information content (PIC), equal to an average of&#x0D; 0.431. Each locus had heterozygosity and gene diversity values ranging from 0.044 (M1) to 0.957 (MiIIHR29) and from&#x0D; 0.122 (MiIIHR21) to 0.730 (MiIIHR29), respectively, averaging 0.480 and 0.476 each. The range of the pairwise genetic distance was 0.000 (ND014«ND019) to 0.611 (ND020«SB003). The dendrogram analysis showed that each mango progeny was successfully differentiated using the 10 SSR markers except for ND014 and ND019. The allele combination using these 10 SSR markers could be used to develop a DNA profile for fingerprinting purposes for each progeny except for ND014 and ND019, which can only be differentiated with the addition of an extra marker. The developed DNA fingerprinting profile could be used for cultivar identification and authentication. Additionally, breeders could also use the developed DNA profiles for plant variety protection (PVP) purposes.