Final Passage Research Articles

A Mountain by Any Other Name: A Response to Koji Tanaka

Tanaka discusses a number of passages in Dogen that might be taken to show that he was a dialetheist. In this response we discuss his accounts of these passages. We argue that two of the passages do directly support the claim that Dōgen was a dialetheist. The final passage, concerning Dōgen's view of enlightenment, we argue, does not. Dōgen's view of enlightenment is indeed dialetheic, but Tanaka is seeking contradiction in the wrong place.

Estimating Proposal and Status Quo Locations Using Voting and Cosponsorship Data

Theories of lawmaking generate predictions for the policy outcome as a function of the status quo. These theories are difficult to test because the widely applied ideal point estimation techniques do not recover the locations of proposals or status quos. Instead, such techniques only recover cutpoints. This limitation has meant that most existing tests of theories of lawmaking have been indirect in nature. I propose a method of directly measuring ideal points, proposal locations, and status quo locations on the same scale, by employing a combination of voting data, bill and amendment cosponsorship data, and the congressional record. My approach works as follows. First, we can identify the locations of legislative proposals (bills and amendments) on the same scale as voter ideal points by jointly scaling voting and cosponsorship data. Next, we can identify the location of the final form of the bill using the location of the last successful amendment (which we already know). If the bill was not amended, then the final form is simply the original bill location. Finally, we can identify the status quo point by employing the cutpoint we get from scaling the final passage vote. To implement this procedure, I automatically coded data on the congressional record available from www.thomas.gov. I apply this approach to recent sessions of the U.S. Senate and use it to test the implications of competing theories of lawmaking.

Representation in Hybrid Regimes: Constituency and Party Influences on Legislative Voting in the Russian Duma 1996–1999

ObjectivesThe objectives of the study were to establish whether district ideology was reflected in legislator ideal points in the 1996–1999 Duma.MethodsI integrate for the first time individual‐level survey data on citizen attitudes to economic reform, the major dimension of political conflict in Russia in the 1990s, with individual legislator voting records from the 1996 to 1999 Duma. Using a Bayesian method, I estimate legislator ideal points as a function of individual and district characteristics and an individually specific random shock to assess the direct effect of district ideology and party membership.ResultsAccording to my results, legislators were responsive to district preferences on salient legislation such as final passage votes and key votes.ConclusionsThe findings have implications for the effects of a mixed electoral system, which was introduced in many young democracies in Eastern Europe and Latin America. The broader conclusion of the study is that the electoral incentives in the single‐member district component of the election can encourage legislative responsiveness even in a “partial” democracy such as Russia.

Growth rate of late passage sarcoma cells is independent of epigenetic events but dependent on the amount of chromosomal aberrations

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are characterized by co-participation of several epigenetic and genetic events during tumorigenesis. Having bypassed cellular senescence barriers during oncogenic transformation, the factors further affecting growth rate of STS cells remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of gene silencing (DNA promoter methylation of LINE-1, PTEN), genetic aberrations (karyotype, KRAS and BRAF mutations) as well as their contribution to the proliferation rate and migratory potential that underlies “initial” and “final” passage sarcoma cells. Three different cell lines were used, SW982 (synovial sarcoma), U2197 (malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)) and HT1080 (fibrosarcoma). Increased proliferative potential of final passage STS cells was not associated with significant differences in methylation (LINE-1, PTEN) and mutation status (KRAS, BRAF), but it was dependent on the amount of chromosomal aberrations. Collectively, our data demonstrate that these fairly differentiated/advanced cancer cell lines have still the potential to gain an additional spontaneous growth benefit without external influences and that maintenance of increased proliferative potential towards longevity of STS cells (having crossed senescence barriers) may be independent of overt epigenetic alterations.

Capitol Hill Gets Straight Story On Gun Violence, Mental Illness

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Government NewsFull AccessCapitol Hill Gets Straight Story On Gun Violence, Mental IllnessAaron LevinAaron LevinSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Mar 2013https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2013.3a5AbstractCongressional staff members listen to experts discuss the state of the mental health system in the United States at a hearing on prevention of gun violence.The popular association of homicidal violence and mental illness is tenuous at best, Thomas Insel, M.D., director of the National Institute of Mental Health, pointed out to congressional staff members at a Capitol Hill briefing in late January.Thomas Insel, M.D., addresses congressional staffers at a briefing on Capitol Hill about mental health care. Aaron Levin“Suicide, not homicide, is the most urgent public-health problem associated with gun violence,” said Insel. About 90 percent of suicides involved individuals with mental illness, but that was true for only 5 percent of homicides.The briefing was one of several held in the wake of the mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn. The session on mental health aspects of gun violence prevention was led by Rep. Mike Thompson (D-Calif.) and Rep. Grace Napolitano (D-Calif.), chair and co-chair, respectively, of the House Democratic Gun Violence Prevention Task Force.Despite common public perceptions, there is little connection between gun violence and mental illness, said Insel. Only 6 percent of violent crimes were committed by someone with a diagnosed mental illness.However, certain subgroups presented higher than average risks, he pointed out.The approximately 100,000 people (most of them aged 16 to 20) who become newly psychotic each year but who are not diagnosed or being treated are at increased risk of violence, he said. “About 38 percent of those within or before a first episode of schizophrenia may become violent,” he said. “But once they are treated, the rate of violence decreases 15-fold.”Furthermore, people with mental illness were 11 times more likely to be victims of violence than its perpetrators, he noted. “We can do better if we get involved sooner with early detection and early intervention.”“Behavioral health, mental illness, and substance abuse are not social problems,” added Pamela Hyde, J.D., administrator of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. “They are public-health problems and should be tackled and solved that way.”Napolitano and Sen. Al Franken (D-Minn.) told the briefing that they will introduce the Mental Health in the Schools Act in the House and Senate, respectively. (At press time, both had introduced the bill in their respective chambers.) The proposed act would provide resources for schools to work with mental health care providers and offer comprehensive training to parents and teachers about warning signs of mental illness, said Franken.“It’s not just about preventing violence,” he said. “It’s about making sure kids have access to mental health services.”Napolitano has introduced similar legislation in previous sessions of Congress, but the program she has advocated has received only pilot-stage funding. She said she is concerned that fiscal wrangles in Congress lie in the way of final passage.“Unless we find the money, the likelihood of passage is quite low,” she told Psychiatric News after the briefing.Nevertheless, she and other speakers said that the tragic shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School might spur action to reduce gun violence and increase access to mental health services for young people.Insel also sought to inform his audience about the biological substrate of mental illnesses, which should be viewed as disorders of brain circuitry, he said. “We should be rethinking how we talk about these disorders.”He added that “the behavioral changes occur before the first changes are observable in the brain itself.”Early detection and intervention have reduced morbidity and mortality in other illnesses, he emphasized. “Science can transform the way we think about these disorders, too.” ■A press release from Napolitano regarding the Capitol Hill briefing is posted at http://napolitano.house.gov/press-release/press-release-rep-napolitano-co-hosts-gun-violence-prevention-task-force-mental-health. ISSUES NewArchived

Catholic Emancipation: 1760-1829

This paper will primarily address Catholic Emancipation from the mid-eighteenth century to the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act in 1829. Catholic Emancipation serves as an interesting example of a pre-twentieth-century civil rights movement. Part I addresses the rise of Catholic repression beginning with Henry VIII’s split with the Catholic Church and continuing to the Glorious Revolution in 1688. Part II examines the legal impediments imposed on Catholics in the years after the Glorious Revolution, as well as the role that informers played in Catholic repression. Part III addresses the role of an activist judiciary as a crucial first step in the process of Catholic Emancipation. This section also addresses the relief provided by the Papists Act of 1778, and the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1791. This section will also address the Gordon Riots. Part IV deals with the unification with Ireland under the Union with Ireland Act of 1800, the promises made by Prime Minister Pitt to ensure passage in Ireland, and how George III used the Coronation Act of 1688 to refuse Irish Emancipation. Part V addresses the final push for emancipation beginning with the rise of the Catholic Association under Daniel O’Connell and ending with the final passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act in 1829. Finally, this paper treats briefly the subsequent history of Catholics in the United Kingdom as well as how Catholic Emancipation can be seen as a road map for future civil rights movements.

Protein import into the photosynthetic organelles of Paulinella chromatophora and its implications for primary plastid endosymbiosis.

The rhizarian amoeba Paulinella chromatophora harbors two photosynthetically active organelles of cyanobacterial origin that have been acquired independently of classic primary plastids. Because their acquisition did take place relatively recently, they are expected to provide new insight into the ancient cyanobacterial primary endosymbiosis. During the process of Paulinella endosymbiont-to-organelle transformation, more than 30 genes have been transferred from the organelle to the host nuclear genome via endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT). The article discusses step-by-step protein import of EGT-derived proteins into Paulinella photosynthetic organelles with the emphasis on the nature of their targeting signals and the final passage of proteins through the inner organelle membrane. The latter most probably involves a simplified Tic translocon composed of Tic21- and Tic32-like proteins as well as a Hsp70-based motor responsible for pulling of imported proteins into the organelle matrix. Our results indicate that although protein translocation across the inner membrane of Paulinella photosynthetic organelles seems to resemble the one in classic primary plastids, the transport through the outer membrane does not. The differences could result from distinct integration pathways of Paulinella photosynthetic organelles and primary plastids with their respective host cells.

Characterization of mutations associated with the adaptation of a low-pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus to chicken embryos

Migratory waterfowls are the most common reservoir for avian influenza virus (AIV), thus viral adaptation is required for efficient replication in land fowls. To date, low pathogenic (LP) H5 subtype AIVs have been isolated from migratory waterfowls, and the adaptation of these viruses to land fowls might lead to the generation of highly pathogenic AIVs. Thus, A/wild duck/Korea/50-5/2009 (H5N1) LPAIV was passaged 20 times through embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs), and the resulting genetic and phenotypic changes were investigated. The pathogenicities of the early (50-5-E2) and final passage (50-5-E20) strains to chicken embryos were similarly high, but the 50-5-E20 titer was 100 times higher than that of 50-5-E2. 50-5-E20 showed 8 amino acid changes in PA (1), HA (4), NA (1), M1 (1) and M2 (1), with different frequencies among influenza A viruses (0–99.6%). The relevance of these changes, except H103Y in HA, to viral replication remains unknown. To investigate the roles of internal genes and mutations in HA and NA in viral replication, four recombinant viruses possessing combinations of HA and NA genes of 50-5-E2 and 50-5-E20 with 6 internal genes of PR8 were generated through reverse genetics. The embryo pathogenicities of the H5N1 recombinant viruses carrying internal PR8 genes were reduced, and the titers of the recombinant viruses with 50-5-E20 HA were higher than those with 50-5-E2 HA. Therefore, the identified mutations might be useful as chicken adaptation markers for the generation of high growth H5N1 recombinant viruses in ECEs.

The two faces of congressional roll-call voting

Most analyses of congressional voting, whether theoretical or empirical, treat all roll-call votes in the same way. We argue that such approaches mask considerable variation in voting behaviour across different types of votes. In examining all roll-call votes in the U.S. House of Representatives from the 93rd to the 110th Congresses (1973–2008), we find that the forces affecting legislators’ voting on procedural and final passage matters have exhibited important changes over time, with differences between these two vote types becoming larger, particularly in recent congresses. These trends have important implications not only on how we study congressional voting behaviour, but also in how we evaluate representation and polarization in the modern Congress.

Viva Voce: Implications from the Disappearing Voice Vote, 1865–1996

ObjectiveCongressional votes are only recorded if a member formally requests a roll call vote, and that request is supported by one‐fifth of those present. Many votes pass viva voce and are never recorded. We seek to examine changing patterns of unrecorded voting, analyze the causes of these changes, and consider the implications of these changes for congressional scholars.MethodsUsing landmark legislation from the 39th (1865–1867) to the 104th Congress (1995–1996), we analyze whether bills receive a recorded or unrecorded final passage vote.ResultsWe find that while the likelihood that a landmark law receives a recorded final passage vote fluctuates over time, electoral pressures consistently influence members’ decisions to record their votes.ConclusionsWe argue that studies of Congress must account for the roll call generating process when analyzing roll call data.

Properties of the endogenous components of the thioredoxin system in the psychrophilic eubacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC 125

The endogenous components of the thioredoxin system in the Antarctic eubacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis have been purified and characterised. The temperature dependence of the activities sustained by thioredoxin (PhTrx) and thioredoxin reductase (PhTrxR) pointed to their adaptation in the cold growth environment. PhTrxR was purified as a flavoenzyme and its activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of molar concentration of monovalent cations. The energetics of the partial reactions leading to the whole electron transfer from NADPH to the target protein substrate in the reconstituted thioredoxin system was also investigated. While the initial electron transfer from NADPH to PhTrxR was energetically favoured, the final passage to the heterologous protein substrate enhanced the energetic barrier of the whole process. The energy of activation of the heat inactivation process essentially reflected the psychrophilic origin of PhTrxR. Vice versa, PhTrx possessed an exceptional heat resistance (half-life, 4.4h at 95°C), ranking this protein among the most thermostable enzymes reported so far in psychrophiles. PhTrxR was covalently modified by glutathione, mainly by its oxidised or nitrosylated forms. A mutagenic analysis realised on three non catalytic cysteines of the flavoenzyme allowed the identification of C(303) as the target for the S-glutathionylation reaction.

The Strategic Timing behind Position-taking in the US Congress: A Study of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act

Roll call voting by members of the US Congress has been frequently studied. In contrast, the various decisions leading up to roll call voting are relatively unexplored. This article analyses one of those decisions: when senators announce their final passage vote intention. The authors use the same set of variables to analyse both the timing of the announcement and the final passage vote. They find that different independent variables predict these two different decisions, though the constituency and the senator's institutional setting matter in both. Furthermore, this study corroborates an assumption in the rational choice literature that those members with the most information are the first movers.

Where is the path to recovery when psychiatric hospitalization becomes too difficult?

Where is the path to recovery when psychiatric hospitalization becomes too difficult?

Luminous Deceptions: Contingent Community and Aesthetic Form in Cormac McCarthy's "The Road"

The final passage of Cormac McCarthy's 2006 novel The Road describes a tranquil scene in which a school of trout seems to be in total communion with its environment. These pastoral qualities are out of place in dystopic context of novel, and as a result, passage has been focus of insightful about novel's ultimate meaning.1 The passage comes after father and son have journeyed through a dim and uncompromising landscape in hopes of finding warmth and shelter,2 and human life seems reduced to mere animalistic survival. At novel's end, father has died by side of road, boy has been found by another family who seem better fit to protect him (their gun has more bullets left), and boy has begun speaking to his dead father as a kind of commemoration of man's love and faith in boy's goodness. The final passage then seems to depart from grim setting, and a somewhat nostalgic but unaffected voice tells us of a world that has since disappeared:Once there were brook trout in streams in mountains. You see them in where white edges of their wimpled softly in flow. They smelled of moss in your hand. Polished and muscular and torsional. On their backs were vermiculate patterns that were maps of world in its becoming. Maps and mazes. Of a thing which not be put back. Not be made right again. In deep glens where they lived all things were older than man and they hummed of mystery.Characteristic of McCarthy's third person narrators, this voice does not indulge in what Vereen Bell calls reassuring thematic commentary (Bell 1). The scene is apart from world of novel, as indicated by vaguely past tense once and could see. Alongside these grammatical markers, novel presents a world covered in ash, in which there are likely no brook trout anywhere. Indeed, novel depicts a world shrinking down about a raw core of entities, which indicates that ash always floating in air will eventually be all that remains (83). Thus, we must ask where this narrative voice comes from, and what its apparent survival means about voice and storytelling as indicators of human existence. Because voice is a physical movement of air from mouth to ear, it is subject to this entropic process as well. Even in a metaphorical register, if there are no entities to parse because nothing is distinct from anything else, then a voice would have nothing to say even if it exist in a disembodied state. If the sacred idiom has indeed been shorn of its referent as father says at one point, then voice be coming from out of a void, perhaps akin to divine logos evoking world into being (83). However, link between language and materiality suggested by parsible forestalls this possibility.3Furthermore, objective distance achieved by voice in this passage does not make scene presented entirely alien to bleak world of novel, or to our own. If scene's pastoral qualities make it distinct from terrifying setting of father and son's journey, way in which they are evoked remind us of an elemental affinity between fish and ash they will become. The parallel comes partly from ambiguous location of scene; though a likely setting of novel suggests trout might be Appalachian, specificity of amber current and the white edges of their fins is in tension with subjunctive could see, mentioned above.4 That scene exists in past means that its presentation depends on speaker's perception filtered through memory. The scene itself calls this temporality to mind; though details that create it would be empirically verifiable were they frozen in time, fish are standing against a and eventually they will tire and have to turn into flow of water. As environment in which they live, flow of defines fish's lives; they cannot transcend it, just as speaker cannot transcend flow of time that defines human life. …

Limonov by Emmanuel Carrère

76 | World Literature Today reviews It’s hard to praise this book too much and even more difficult to select passages for quotation: one wants to quote the entire book. Still, here’s the final passage from a poem, “The Mole,” in which, terminally ill, the speaker “has become / nothing but / a collection of quiet / tics and twitches / as if something / wanted out / of his riddled bones . . . as if joy / were the animal / in him, blind, / scrabbling, earth- / covered creature / tunneling / up from God / knows where to stand / upright, feasting / on distances, gazing / dead into the sun.” What supremely intelligent lineation we see here, compounding meaning. In “A Good Landscape for Grief,” we read: “a moment / opens and opens in the end / of days like a rose / on which a bee in all its hirsute specificity / has landed, its feelers feeling / everything as it crawls slowly inside, / and never comes out.” These poems will stun you into admiration, despair, joy, laughter, anger, and deep sobriety as you accompany the speaker into the prospect of his final hours, wondering if you yourself will have the dignity, honesty, and insight that he has, who, having endured, though riven, is somehow made whole. Fred Dings University of South Carolina miscellaneous Emmanuel Carrère. Limonov. Paris. P.O.L. 2011. isbn 9782818014059 The Prix Théophraste-Renaudot is one of the five major literary prizes in France, second only to the Prix Goncourt in terms of the prestige it confers . Created in 1926, the Renaudot is typically awarded to a novel. This year marks an exception, because the prize went to Emmanuel Carrère for Limonov. The latter is decidedly not a novel (though it makes many gestures in the direction of the novel); rather, it is a biography. The fact that it should win the Renaudot testifies to how embattled the very idea of the novel is on the contemporary cultural horizon, where in recent years that form has been influenced in key ways by genres once imagined to be quite distinct from it: biography , autobiography, testimony, travel writing, historiography, journalism, and so forth. Carrère’s book focuses on the life of Eduard Limonov, and indeed a more “novelistic” life could hardly be imagined. Born in the Russian provinces in 1943, he was by turns a hooligan, a homeless poet, an exile, a majordomo to a New York billionaire , a soldier in dubious combat, an avant-garde memoirist, an unrepentant Stalinist, a political prisoner, a dissident among dissidents, and the founder of the National Bolshevik Party. Carrère is clearly fascinated by his subject, but that fascination is significantly distressed. He admires the man’s courage and strength of purpose on the one hand; on the other, he deplores his tendencies toward fascism and his unwavering sympathy for the Serbian cause in former Yugoslavia. Throughout the book, Carrère frets about his own motives, never quite coming to satisfactory terms with his decision to write on Limonov. In certain inevitable ways, Limonov forces Carrère to consider himself anew, and that process is an intriguing one, especially for those readers familiar with Carrère’s previous work. He recognizes in Limonov a writer determined to account for the world as he imagines it to be, and perhaps it is that which engages Carr ère so closely, as he himself searches for new ways to describe the world around us, beyond the confines of the traditional novel. Warren Motte University of Colorado Second Read: Writers Look Back at Classic Works of Reportage. James Marcus, ed. New York. Columbia University Press. 2011. isbn 9780231159319 Sometimes one forgets that opening a newspaper begs a suspension of disbelief. It’s certainly more subtle a demand than that of a Phillip K. Dick novel or some tale of dystopian apocalypse, but it does necessitate the passing of your critical-thinking reins to a beat reporter, a foreign correspondent, or some other such person “embedded” amid faraway action. That is, if a good story’s what you’re looking for. Thankfully, Second Read’s assembled troupe of Pulitzer Prize winners, contributors to the Columbia Journalism Review, professional journalists, and authors of fiction steers well clear of the intrepid...

Earnings Per Share Reporting: A Movement Toward International Harmonization

Earnings per share (EPS) is one of the most widely quoted financial measures used in assessing firm performance. Due to the use of the price-earnings ratio in financial analysis, some countries have established a standard for the computation of EPS measures. This paper compares, contrasts and illustrates current EPS reporting practices for two countries with actual pronouncements: the United States, and the United Kingdom. These two countries were specifically chosen because they represent how current EPS reporting practices can differ on a number of dimensions. In addition, this paper discusses the exposure draft of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) as compared to that of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), based on a joint project to harmonize the reporting of EPS measures. Final passage of the exposure drafts is expected in mid-1997.

Presidential Speeches and the Stages of the Legislative Process

Presidents go public frequently to increase their success in Congress. Yet scholars know little about when presidents speak within the legislative process or why. If presidential speeches are indeed a source of power for presidents, then presidents are likely to use them throughout the legislative process, not speak only to affect final passage. We argue that presidents speak generally to meet broad electoral and political goals, but target speeches according to their goals at each stage of the legislative process: to frame the debate at the agenda-setting stage, to push bills out of committee, and to finalize support from legislators at the roll call stage. We analyze 116 bills between 1989 and 2004, supplemented by Bush Library archival data and a case study of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The results illustrate that presidents speak mostly at the agenda-setting and roll call stages and presidential attention at each stage varies by informational cues provided by the larger political environment.

Political Theater or Bargaining Failure: Why Presidents Veto

This article tests two competing explanations of presidential vetoes—sequential veto bargaining (SVB) and blame game politics. According to the SVB model, vetoes are the result of uncertainty about the president's true preferences on legislation. According to the blame game model, vetoes result because Congress deliberately passes bills the president will veto as a means of communicating relative positions to outside audiences. This article implements a test of whether a veto was expected at the time a bill achieved final passage, reasoning that if a bill was seen as sure to be vetoed at the time of passage, the veto could not be the product of SVB. The evidence points toward blame game politics as a far more important cause of vetoes than SVB.

When Cartels Split: Roll Call Votes and Majority Factional Warfare in the Mexico City Assembly

This paper reports work in progress. Procedural cartel theory (Cox and McCubbins 2005) expects intra-majority party conflict in final passage votes to be reduced to a minimum. This is a consequence of agenda control by key party members. I inspect roll call voting in the 4th legislature of Mexico City's Assembly (2006-09) uncovering a frequent majority party split in the floor. Ideal point estimation reveals two lines of Assembly cleavage, one the classic left-right divide on economic issues, the other mostly related to appointments of officers at different levels. While the left-leaning PRD majority showed cohesion in the first dimension, the presence of two distinct factions is manifest in the second. The paper suggests that further research should blame rigid assembly rules combined with an unexpected defeat in the 2006 presidential race for this anomaly.

Winning Coalition Formation in the U.S. Senate: The Effects of Legislative Decision Rules and Agenda Change

Recent empirical work has brought a renewed attention to the effect congressional rules of procedure have on the size of winning coalitions. Specifically, scholars have posited that legislative success hinges on the support of legislators identified by institutionally defined decision rules. Under these theories, supermajority decision rules in the U.S. Senate lead to larger, more inclusive coalitions on final passage. In this article, I reevaluate these claims by controlling for changes in the legislative agenda and the roll-call voting record. I find that the aggregate size of winning coalitions is highly responsive to the underlying legislative agenda, the size of the Senate's majority party, and the manner in which researchers treat unrecorded votes. Further, my findings suggest that any connection between changes in the Senate's voting rules and the size of winning coalitions is spurious. Eric Schickler and Gregory J. Wawro have authored a response to this article, and Anthony J. Madonna has authored a rejoinder to this response. Both are available as Supporting Information.