Final Form Research Articles

Features of the content formation of the discipline “Modern valeological technologies” as a mandatory educational component in the professional training of students of educational program “Human Health and Physical Recreation”

This article presents the experience of introducing the mandatory educational discipline "Modern valeological technologies" into the educational process of training applicants of specialty 017 "Physical culture and sport" (on the example of the " Human Health and Physical Recreation" educational program).
 The purpose of this article is to highlight the experience of using the pedagogical potential of the health-preserving content of the discipline "Modern valeological technologies" in the process of professional training of future specialists in physical recreation and teachers of the basics of health.
 The content and structural elements of this training course are revealed with the hours indicated, a brief thematic plan is presented. It is proposed to study the discipline "Modern valeological technologies" in the V-VI semester, after studying other basic disciplines of the professional training cycle in the I-II course, such as "Theory and methods of physical education", "Human anatomy with the basics of general and age-related physiology and sports morphology", "Physiology of physical exercises and motor activity" etc. The total amount of study time is 180 hours (6 ECTS credits), including 28 hours – lectures, 50 hours – practical and seminar classes and 102 hours – independent work. The final control form is an exam.
 It is noted that the following types of active and interactive teaching methods are the most effective in helping students learn the health-preserving content of the discipline "Modern valeological technologies": context-type lectures: problem (discussion) lectures, lectures with visualization, lectures-conversations, binary lectures, lectures with pre-planned mistakes, press conferences, reflective lectures, "lectures in pairs" or combined variations can be used as well, which will compensate for the shortcomings of a typical lecture; innovative forms of seminar classes: pro-seminar, seminar using heuristic conversation, seminar-colloquium, seminar-conference, seminar-dispute, seminar-workshop, seminar-brainstorming, seminar-business game; training methods.

Perancangan Dan Evaluasi Usability User Interface Aplikasi Cemilanpuas Berbasis Website

User-centered design methods are used to identify user needs, analyze usage contexts, and design interfaces that are intuitive and easy to use. In this study, data collection was carried out through interviews with Cemilanpuas stakeholders and prospective users. Based on the data obtained, the researcher formulates user requirements and creates a solution design in the final form of a prototype. After the design is complete, usability evaluation is carried out using the Think Aloud method. Evaluators are directed to complete a series of tasks that represent common activities in using the Cemilanpuas application. During the test, the constraints and difficulties encountered by the evaluator were recorded both verbally and non-verbally. The results of the usability evaluation contain the advantages and disadvantages of the user interface which are grouped based on the five usability points. Based on these findings, improvements were made with a minimum of two iterations. Measuring the value of user satisfaction has a grade B final result of 87.5. This research makes an important contribution in understanding user needs and improving the usability of the website-based Cemilanpuas application. The results of this study can be used as a guideline for the development and improvement of the user interface of similar applications in the future.

Microstructure manipulation via machining and heat treatments in hybrid manufacturing of 316L stainless steel

Hybrid manufacturing combines additive and subtractive (machining) processes in a single platform to reduce the total time to fabricate a component in its final form. Here we show that if sufficient plastic deformation can be imparted to the material during machining, recrystallization can be triggered during post-fabrication heat treatment. This can enable highly localized microstructure control. We show that stainless steel 316L, when machined without coolant accumulates significant plastic strain compared to when machined with coolant that results in faster recrystallization kinetics during heat treatment. These effects are limited to the surface while the bulk microstructure remains unaffected.

Development and characterization of plant derived wastes Nano-formulation loaded in thermo-reversible gel for burn healing: An effort towards Sustainable Development

The duty of research is to suggest solutions to ailments affecting humans. Recently, there has been a demand that these solutions should be environmentally responsible, eco-friendly and coincide with sustainable development goals. From this perspective, the objective of this study was to develop thermo-reversible and healing promoting gel formulations. The gel base incorporated Natural Plant derived Wastes’ ethanolic extracts of either Kiwi peels (KE) or Yucca seeds (YE) (antioxidant, vitamins and anti-inflammatory natural agent) loaded chitosan nanoparticles for enhancement of burn healing performance. Comparative evaluation was done to all formulations to find the best competitor to conventional marketed drug formulations. Both extracts were standardized using HPLC. The lipoid content of YE was investigated using GC-MS, showing a content of 32.78 and 15.7 %of linoleic and pamiticmethyl esters, respectively. The nanoparticles characterization and the in-vitro physicochemical characteristics of the final dosage form formulations were assessed, revealing86.65 and 76.6 % entrapment efficiency, 311.4 and 198.1 nm particle size for KE and YE nanoformulations, respectively. The efficacy of the formulations was investigated in vivo against the commercial burn healing drug Mebo®, biochemical parameters and histopathology were statistically investigated. Reduction in wound area reached 69.12 and 72.01 % on day 12 for KE and YE nanoformulations, respectively. The YE encapsulated within chitosan nanoparticles loaded gel showed a promising and a significant healing effect comparable to the most commonly used marketed drug product (Mebo®) and possible mechanisms involved in the phases of healing were illustrated. Eco-friendly waste herbal extracts-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in thermo-reversible gel have been successfully developed from the two extracts: Kiwi peels and yucca seeds for burn and wound healing. This confirms the possible use of traditional medicines in advanced formulations to satisfy the future market of pharmaceuticals.

Assessing the Carbon Footprint of Plastic Bottle Blow Mold Based on Product Life Cycle for Managing the Mold Industry’s Carbon Emission

Calculating the carbon footprint (CF) holds paramount importance in today’s world as it provides a tangible measure of our impact on the environment. In the corporate realm, businesses armed with CF data can optimize operations, reduce waste, and adopt greener technologies, leading to both environmental and economic benefits. In this study, carbon emissions—a significant global issue—are investigated through the lens of the ISO 14067-ISO Product Based Carbon Footprint (CF) standard, focusing on the operations of a mold company. The primary innovation lies in meticulously tracing every stage of plastic bottle blow mold production, the most prevalent product in the mold industry, from its raw material input to its final form as a mold in the factory. Subsequently, detailed calculations and analysis are conducted to quantify the carbon footprint associated with this process and its impact on the environment. The calculated CF for one ton of PBBM produced by Petka Mold Industry is presented. This study fills a critical gap in the literature by providing a holistic understanding of the carbon footprint of plastic bottle blow mold (PBBM) production, thereby offering valuable insights for managing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability within the mold industry. By integrating a life cycle product carbon footprint thinking into industrial practices, a greener, more sustainable future can be paved, mitigating the ecological footprint of the PBBM.

الثقافة الحاسوبية لدى تدريسيي الجامعة

The current research aims to identify: . 1- Management of wisdom among postgraduate students 2- Differences in the management of wisdom among postgraduate students according to the variables of gender (male - female), academic specialization (scientific - human) and type of study (Master's – PhD). In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher relied on the following: 1- Using the (descriptive-relational approach) to detect wisdom management. 2-Building the wisdom management scale according to the theory of (Sternberg 2004), and the scale consisted in its final form after completing the conditions of honesty, stability, discriminatory power, and internal consistency, from (33) items. As a complement to this, the researcher applied the scale to a sample of (400) male and female postgraduate students, who were selected using the stratified random method of a proportional method. After collecting the data and processing it statistically using the Statistical Bag for Social Sciences (SPSS). The search results found: . - Graduate students have a management of wisdom - The results showed that the difference between males and females on the wisdom management scale is statistically significant, and in favor of males. The results also showed that the difference between scientific and human specialization on the wisdom management scale is not statistically significant. Statistically. As a complement to the findings of the research, the researcher recommended several recommendations and proposals. Keywords: wisdom management.

الابتكار العاطفي لدى طلبة كلية الفنون الجميلة

The current research aims to identify: 1- Emotional innovation among students of the Faculty of Fine Arts. 2- The significance of statistical differences in emotional creativity among students of the Faculty of Fine Arts according to the variables of gender (male, female) in the scientific department) (art education, performing arts).) In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher relied on the following: . 1- Using the (descriptive-relational approach) to detect emotional innovation 2- Constructing a measure of emotional innovation, based on the theory of James Averill (1999), and the measure consisted in its final form after completing the conditions of honesty, constancy, discriminatory power, and internal consistency, of (36) items. As a complement to this, the researcher applied the scale to a sample of (300) male and female students from the Faculty of Fine Arts at Al-Qadisiyah University, who were selected in a stratified random manner with a proportional method. After collecting the data and processing it statistically using the Statistical Bag for Social Sciences (SPSS) The search results found: University students are characterized by emotional innovation. - The results showed that the difference between males and females on the emotional creativity scale is not statistically significant. The results also showed that the difference between the scientific section (art education, performing arts) on the emotional creativity scale is not statistically significant. The results also showed that the difference between male and female students and the scientific department (art education, performing arts) was not statistically significant, and thus did not show an interaction between gender and the scientific department in affecting emotional innovation among students of fine arts. As a complement to the findings of the research, the researcher recommended several recommendations and proposals. Keywords: emotional creativity.

‘The forme to the fynisment foldes ful selden’ (l.499): A Comparison of David Lowery’s Screenplay and His 2021 Film Adaptation The Green Knight

Abstract: This study closely compares David Lowery’s film The Green Knight to his 2018 screenplay, detailing the many changes he made during two months of filming in 2019 and in post-production. These include changes due to location choices and budget, those regarding Lowery’s use of literary and cinematic subtexts, those made to his main characters (both male and female), and structural modifications distorting the linearity of the storyline. The analysis reveals Lowery’s organic filmmaking techniques, his changing priorities and how one’s vision at the outset of such an endeavor does indeed seldom match its final form.

فجوة التعليم الالكتروني وعلاقتها بسلطة الدماغ لدى أعضاء الهيئات التدريسية في كليتي التربية والهندسة

The current research aims to identify the e-learning gap and its relationship to the brain power of faculty members in the Colleges of Education and Engineering. ), which was prepared by Al-Huzaimi (2005), according to the theory (Ned Hermann, 1976) of cerebral dominance, and the scale (Al-Huzaimi, 2005), the abbreviated Hermann model, consists of (56) items distributed into four styles, each style contains (14) items, The psychometric characteristics of the two scales were found, represented by finding more than one type of honesty, the discriminating strength of its paragraphs, and the stability in the form in which the two scales became ready for application and in their final form. Key words: The E-Learning Gap, Brain Authority , Faculty Members

WEIBULL-POISSON DISTRIBUTION AND THEIR APPLICATION TO SYSTEMATIC PARALLEL RISK

The Weibull-Poisson distribution represents a continuous distribution type applicable to various forms of hazard, including monotone up, monotone down, and upside-down bathtub shapes that ascend. The distribution characterizes lifetimes and can effectively model failures within a series of systems, which evolves from the Exponential-Poisson distribution. This distribution emerges through the compounding of the Weibull Distribution and Zero Truncated Poisson Distribution. The compounding itself integrates several mathematical properties, such as statistical order and Taylor’s number expansion, to reach its final form. Alongside the formulation of the Weibull-Poisson distribution, this paper includes the probability density function, distribution function, rth moment, rth central moment, mean, and variance. For illustration, the Weibull-Poisson distribution is applied to guinea pig survival data after being infected with Turblece virus Bacilli.

فاعلية استراتيجية خلايا التعلم في تحصيل طالبات الصف الرابع العلمي في مادة الفيزياء

The current research aims to identify (the effectiveness of the strategy of learning cells in the achievement of physics among the students of the fourth scientific grade), and therefore the researchers formulated the hypothesis There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group who will study using the learning cells strategy and the average scores of the students of the control group who will study in the usual way in the physics achievement test The current research community is determined by the students of the scientific fourth in secondary and preparatory governmental daytime schools affiliated to the Directorate of Education of Al-Qadisiyah, and the subject of physics (semester six, chapter seven, chapter eight, and chapter nine) from the curriculum of the physics book scheduled for the second semester (second course) for the academic year (2022-2023) for the grade The fourth scientific, and the two researchers chose the experimental design with partial control (the experimental group and the control group) with the post-test for achievement. Fadak Secondary School for Girls was selected from among (36) schools by simple random method to represent the sample of the current research. The fourth scientific grade students, who are (60) students, were divided into two groups, with (30) students for the experimental group and (30) students for the control group. . The researchers equalized the two groups of the current research in the variables (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence test, previous physical information and enlightened thinking, previous achievement test), and the researchers also prepared the research tool, which is the achievement test tool, which is in its final form of (40) test items. objectivity The two researchers applied the experiment in the second semester of the academic year (2022-2023), and the experiment lasted for (8) weeks, and the data was analyzed and processed using the statistical analysis package (SPSS) and (Microsoft Excel), by using the second test for two independent samples and a correlation coefficient Pearson, and the effect size equation.The two researchers reached the following results 1- The students of the experimental group who studied using the learning cells strategy outperformed the students of the control group who studied using the traditional method in the physics achievement test Keywords: learning cells strategy, academic achievement

The improved backward compatible physics-informed neural networks for reducing error accumulation and applications in data-driven higher-order rogue waves.

Due to the dynamic characteristics of instantaneity and steepness, employing domain decomposition techniques for simulating rogue wave solutions is highly appropriate. Wherein, the backward compatible physics-informed neural network (bc-PINN) is a temporally sequential scheme to solve PDEs over successive time segments while satisfying all previously obtained solutions. In this work, we propose improvements to the original bc-PINN algorithm in two aspects based on the characteristics of error propagation. One is to modify the loss term for ensuring backward compatibility by selecting the earliest learned solution for each sub-domain as pseudo-reference solution. The other is to adopt the concatenation of solutions obtained from individual subnetworks as the final form of the predicted solution. The improved backward compatible PINN (Ibc-PINN) is applied to study data-driven higher-order rogue waves for the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation and the AB system to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages. Transfer learning and initial condition guided learning (ICGL) techniques are also utilized to accelerate the training. Moreover, the error analysis is conducted on each sub-domain, and it turns out that the slowdown of Ibc-PINN in error accumulation speed can yield greater advantages in accuracy. In short, numerical results fully indicate that Ibc-PINN significantly outperforms bc-PINN in terms of accuracy and stability without sacrificing efficiency.

Modelo de pesquisa de usos do tempo para agricultura familiar

This article seeks to publicize the process of adapting the National Survey of the Uses of Time (ENUT) to be applied to Family Farming since it is identified that said survey has an urban-centric bias and does not take into account that the uses of time in rural spaces are structured in a particular and differential way to life in urban contexts. The adaptation process began with a first qualitative survey. It continued with a review of the measurement experiences in Argentina and in Latin American countries to identify contributions related to the tracking of aspects of rural life. With this information, we built a first form that was applied to people from the Family Farming of the Buenos Aires peri-urban area. Based on this journey, we found the final form that allowed us to obtain the National Survey of the Use of Time in Family Farming (ENUTAF). Said form presents methodological and content modifications based on the socio-territorial and cultural aspects of rural life.

Освіта як соціальна система: від філософської концептуалізації до освітньої комунікації (версія Нікласа Лумана)

This article examines the issue of education from the point of the system theory of the modern German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. The main goal was to present arguments in favor of the possibility of education as a system, to describe its main functions and to highlight the problem of the medium. Firstly, the problem of translation of the German term Erziehung and its English counterpart Education was described; the existence of ambiguity, due to which it is possible in the context of the system theory to talk about both education and upbringing. Against this background, it was decided to use both terms as synonyms, bearing in mind their common meaning and the possibility of reverse translation. Then, by describing the main terms, Luhmann’s general understanding of the system theory and the system as a whole was given. Was mentioned such concepts as: distinguishing between the system and Umwelt, the phenomenon of self-reference and form. This gives rise to the second term – autopoiesis. The term was taken by Luhmann from the Chilean scientist Humberto Maturanа, the main point is in the special ability of systems to reproduce themselves from their own parts and to reproduce the parts themselves. A specific feature of autopoiesis is that it does not affect the final form. The phenomenon that provides autopoiesis is communication. It is possible because it is based on understanding and misunderstanding, which is found when distinguishing between message and information. From this constant distinction, sense is born. The possibility of understanding sense by a human, which is a psycho-physical system, is provided by structural coupling, openness of the system to external information. Based on this, we can describe the educational system. It is aimed at the formation and editing of the Person – a social symbol of communication. By providing each pupil with the same necessary knowledge, the education system thus increases the success of future communication. The medium that enables the system is the Pupil. However, significant social changes led to its reinterpretation and the emergence of a new term Lebenslauf, which causes problems in translation and interpretation.

Do Caregiver Perceptions of the Virtual More Than Words® Program Differ Based on Autistic Children's Attributes?

More Than Words® (MTW) is a caregiver-mediated intervention program led by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who teaches caregivers strategies to support their autistic child's early social communication and play development. The program includes group sessions composed of multiple families with children of varying profiles. We explored whether caregiver experiences and perceived outcomes of the virtual MTW program differed depending on the child's age and social communication stage. As part of a program evaluation of virtual MTW delivered to over 2,000 families in Ontario, Canada, between 2020 and 2021, we randomly selected 31 families across four social communication stages and two age groups using stratified sampling (n = 4, in all but one subgroup). The Final Reflection and Evaluation form was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, and a modified RE-AIM framework guided our analyses, including theme development. Child attributes did not appear to impact caregivers' experiences, but perceived child skill improvements varied by children's social communication stage. The majority of caregivers reported changes in how they interact with their child. Four themes emerged: (a) perceived child skill improvements differed by social communication stage, (b) caregivers gained new knowledge and strategies regardless of child attributes, (c) SLPs effectively managed families' individual needs, and (d) program components were appropriate for a variety of families. Findings suggest that the content taught in the MTW program was relevant for a variety of children, including those beyond the program's intended age of 5 years and under. Grouping families of children with varying profiles does not appear to negatively influence caregivers' experiences or perceived outcomes. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25237009.

Inaugural Editorial

It is a great pleasure for me to provide an editorial commentary for the first edition of the recently established Journal of Optics and Photonics Research (JOPR). Greetings and salutations to all of you on the inaugural issue of JOPR, a new and exciting portfolio journal from Bon View Publishing, which focuses on cutting-edge research trends in optics and photonics. The journal features international peer-reviewed multidisciplinary papers that provide new and original insights to the field, while maintaining accuracy in theory and technology. We are committed to ensuring that every accepted article meets these standards. Being the Editor-in-Chief of JOPR is an honor and a source of great gratitude for me. The fields of optics and photonics are primarily concerned with the study of light, its creation, and manipulation, as well as its interactions with gases, plasmas, molecules, and solids, including micro- and nanostructures. The optical domain of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light is much surpassed by the electromagnetic spectrum covered by optics and photonics. Researchers from physics, chemical and biological engineering, electronic and electrical engineering, and other fields are involved in this highly multidisciplinary topic. JOPR draws on both theoretical and practical results in the field of optical science and engineering, without being limited to any one discipline. It is committed to a wide spectrum of fundamental and applied optical research and brings scientists from many domains together. We encourage authors to conduct interdisciplinary research through the application of reasonable modeling or computational methods and experimental analysis. My goal for JOPR is to create a premier, open-access, highly peer-reviewed platform whose goal is to publish the most significant research in photonics and optics. I'm appreciative of the community's tremendous support in assisting us in achieving this objective.

Development of Ternary Amorphous Solid Dispersions Manufactured by Hot-Melt Extrusion and Spray-Drying─Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Performance.

Producing amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) by hot-melt extrusion (HME) is favorable from an economic and ecological perspective but also limited to thermostable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). A potential technology shift from spray-drying to hot-melt extrusion at later stages of drug product development is a desirable goal, however bearing the risk of insufficient comparability of the in vitro and in vivo performance of the final dosage form. Hot-melt extrusion was performed using API/polymer/surfactant mixtures with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) as the polymer and evaluated regarding the extrudability of binary and ternary amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Additionally, spray-dried ASDs were produced, and solid-state properties were compared to the melt-extruded ASDs. Tablets were manufactured of a ternary ASD lead candidate comparing their in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance. The extrudability of HPMCAS was improved by adding a surfactant as plasticizer, thereby lowering the high melt-viscosity. d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as surfactant showed the most similar solid-state properties between spray-dried and extruded ASDs compared to those of poloxamer 188 and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The addition of TPGS, however, barely affected API/polymer interactions. The in vitro dissolution experiment and in vivo dog study revealed a higher drug release of tablets manufactured from the spray-dried ASD compared to the melt-extruded ASD; this was attributed to the different particle size. We could further demonstrate that the drug release can be controlled by adjusting the particle size of melt-extruded ASDs leading to a similar release profile compared to tablets containing the spray-dried dispersion, which confirmed the feasibility of a technology shift from spray-drying to HME upon drug product development.

Offensive tactical thinking and its relationship to intelligence for youth soccer players in Al-Muthanna Governorate clubs


 The tactical preparation is the container in which all types of preparation (physical, skillful, psychological, and cognitive (mental) are mixed. The integration, mixing and interdependence of the types of these preparations helps positively in preparing a good plan. All of this contributes to achieving the goal of sports training, which is winning matches. Thus, the importance of The research deals with the tactical aspect of the study as one of the important aspects in the numbers of soccer players, and an important element of level determination because of its great importance in deciding the outcome of the match. Developing them, and this requires them to train and exercise continuously so that the players can know all their tactical capabilities and fully realize what each colleague will do, and know how to take advantage of the individual advantages of each of them in all playing situations. The aim of the research is to identify the relationship between tactical and offensive thinking and intelligence for club players Al-Muthanna Governorate with youth football, and the researchers hypothesized that there is a significant relationship between offensive tactical thinking and intelligence. The descriptive approach is based on the methods of survey, correlational, and normative studies, due to its suitability in achieving the objectives of the research. The research community included players of Al-Muthanna Governorate clubs for the football season (2021-2022), whose number is (137) players, distributed among the following sports clubs: (Samawah, Al-Muthanna, Al-Salman, Al-Khader The RAVEN test for successive matrices was applied to measure intelligence, and after conducting the requirements required to prepare the tactical thinking test in the offensive third of the football field in its final form, which consisted of (55) items, the offensive tactical thinking test was applied Raven's intelligence test on the research sample. The researchers concluded that it was found to build a test of offensive tactical thinking for the players of Muthanna Governorate football clubs, as well as the existence of a positive significant relationship between the level of offensive tactical thinking with the intelligence variable of football players. The researchers recommended the use of the offensive tactical thinking test (offensive tactical positions) by football coaches. And the coaches emphasize the importance of the level of intelligence when choosing the players of the football team, along with developing the tactical thinking and knowledge of the football players during the training units. As well as benefiting from the test as a training program to develop thinking, tactical knowledge and offensive tactical behavior for football players.
 
 

Transforming growth factor beta signaling and craniofacial development: modeling human diseases in zebrafish.

Humans and other jawed vertebrates rely heavily on their craniofacial skeleton for eating, breathing, and communicating. As such, it is vital that the elements of the craniofacial skeleton develop properly during embryogenesis to ensure a high quality of life and evolutionary fitness. Indeed, craniofacial abnormalities, including cleft palate and craniosynostosis, represent some of the most common congenital abnormalities in newborns. Like many other organ systems, the development of the craniofacial skeleton is complex, relying on specification and migration of the neural crest, patterning of the pharyngeal arches, and morphogenesis of each skeletal element into its final form. These processes must be carefully coordinated and integrated. One way this is achieved is through the spatial and temporal deployment of cell signaling pathways. Recent studies conducted using the zebrafish model underscore the importance of the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways in craniofacial development. Although both pathways contain similar components, each pathway results in unique outcomes on a cellular level. In this review, we will cover studies conducted using zebrafish that show the necessity of these pathways in each stage of craniofacial development, starting with the induction of the neural crest, and ending with the morphogenesis of craniofacial elements. We will also cover human skeletal and craniofacial diseases and malformations caused by mutations in the components of these pathways (e.g., cleft palate, craniosynostosis, etc.) and the potential utility of zebrafish in studying the etiology of these diseases. We will also briefly cover the utility of the zebrafish model in joint development and biology and discuss the role of TGF-β/BMP signaling in these processes and the diseases that result from aberrancies in these pathways, including osteoarthritis and multiple synostoses syndrome. Overall, this review will demonstrate the critical roles of TGF-β/BMP signaling in craniofacial development and show the utility of the zebrafish model in development and disease.

Refined linearly anisotropic couple-stress elasticity

A recently developed, refined version of the conventional linear couple-stress theory of isotropic elasticity is extended to include the influence of anisotropic material effects. With this development, the implied refined theory (1) retains ability to determine the spherical part of the couple-stress and (2) is further furnished with constitutive ability to embrace modelling of linearly elastic solids that exhibit inherent polar material anisotropy of advanced levels that reach the class of locally monoclinic materials. This type of anisotropy embraces most of the structural material subclasses met in practice, such as those of general and special orthotropy, as well as the subclass of transverse isotropy. The thus obtained, enhanced version of the refined theory is furnished with ability to also handle structural analysis problems of polar fibrous composites reinforced by families of perfectly flexible fibres or, more generally, polar anisotropic solids possessing one or more material preference directions that do not possess bending resistance. A relevant example application considers and studies in detail the subclass of polar transverse isotropy caused by the presence of a single family of perfectly flexible fibres. By developing the relevant constitutive equation, and explicitly presenting it in a suitable matrix rather than indicial notation form, that application also exemplifies the way that the spherical part of the couple-stress is determined when the fibres are straight. It further enables this communication to initiate a discussion of further important issues stemming from (1) the positive definiteness of the full, polar form of the relevant strain energy function and (2) the lack of ellipticity of the final form attained by the governing differential equations.