Final Form Research Articles

Effect of environmental temperature and semi‐crystalline order on the toughening of polyamide 1010 by 2D nanomaterials

AbstractBy incorporating nanomaterials into polymer matrices, nanocomposites can be produced with enhanced properties, combining the ease of processing thermoplastics with the superior physical characteristics of nanoparticles. In this study, fully bio‐based polyamide 1010 was used as the polymer matrix, with graphene oxide (GO), hexagonal‐boron nitride (h‐BN), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), both individually and in hybrids, serving as fillers. The tensile behavior of these nanocomposites was evaluated at room temperature and −40 °C, along with their morphology and microstructure. Results showed that the nanomaterials slightly shifted the polymer's crystallization temperature upward, indicating a small nucleating effect, but also hindered the development of crystalline domains, reducing the crystallization kinetics. Despite no change in the final crystalline form, nanocomposites with h‐BN and MoS2 showed lower microstructural order as evidenced by XRD. Regarding tensile behavior, GO provided the greatest toughening at room temperature due to its larger lateral dimensions and good chemical affinity with the matrix. However, at low temperatures, h‐BN‐based nanocomposites maintained the toughening effect better than GO‐based ones. This can be attributed to the lower order of the polymer's semi‐crystalline structure promoted by h‐BN, allowing greater energy dissipation. Surprisingly, hybrid fillers did not exhibit synergistic effects, with one nanomaterial hampering the effect of the other. However, SEM analysis indicated that the fracture mechanisms of the nanocomposites remained unchanged from the neat polymer, which makes them interesting options for applications that require desirable mechanical properties at a wide temperature range.Highlights GO showed the best toughening of polyamide 1010 at room temperature. Toughening at room temperature is mainly due to nanomaterials physical traits. Most nanofillers lowered polyamide's overall microstructural order. Toughening at −40 °C is mainly due to lower microstructural order.

The importance of including metmyoglobin levels in reflectance-based oxygen consumption measurements

Reflectance-based oxygen consumption measurement utilizes changes in oxymyoglobin levels between bloomed and vacuum-packaged meat, assuming that oxymyoglobin is converted to deoxymyoglobin. However, the interconversion of oxymyoglobin to deoxymyoglobin depends on the age of the meat and the length of display; hence, oxygen consumption calculations might yield inaccurate interpretations if deoxymyoglobin is not the final form. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of determining metmyoglobin levels during oxygen consumption analysis and its relationship to beef color stability. Seven psoas major (color labile) and longissimus (color stable) were displayed in retail for 6 d and evaluated for oxygen consumption on the retail (oxygen exposed) and interior (non‑oxygen exposed) surfaces. The retail surface had greater (P < 0.05) metmyoglobin formed during oxygen consumption than the interior surface on d 6 of the display. Furthermore, the psoas major muscle exhibited greater (P < 0.05) metmyoglobin content during oxygen consumption than the longissimus on the retail surface paralleling with the decline in color stability. Therefore, the study indicates that sampling location and including metmyoglobin content in oxygen consumption calculations, along with changes in oxymyoglobin, will better explain meat color stability.

Some cases of explicit expression of the resulting field strength of magnets placed in the field of external sources

Formulas for calculating of the resulting magnetic field strength of magnets with a given magnetization distribution or given field of external sources are presented. We have collected exactly those cases where a user who does not have much experience in the field of computational mathematics and programming can perform calculations using these formulas. Namely, in these cases formulas for tension are mostly expressed in final form through elementary functions or require the use of one of the standard subroutines available in the library of any programming language. Such formulas can serve both as reference material and for solving corresponding problems with suitable real objects, as well as for determining optimal strategies and the optimal set of input parameters when using universal software packages and assessing the error of the results obtained.

Informed consent form for platelet rich plasma injections: evidence-based and legally guide for orthopaedic surgeons

Regarding medico-legal malpractice suits, lawyers and insurers focus on informed consent documentation. Unfortunately, there is no standard protocol for obtaining informed consent for platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections. The objective of the present study was to create a pre-designed, evidence-based informed consent form specifically for PRP injections. The current evidence on the medico-legal implications of PRP injections was accessed, as well as informed consent in general and specifically informed consent in PRP injections. Additionally, we interviewed orthopaedic surgeons and patients who had undergone PRP injections in the past year using a semi-structured approach. A legally valid and evidence-based informed consent form for PRP injections ensures rights, encouraging open communication and transparency between the patient and surgeon. Moreover, if a lawsuit arose, informed consent would be a critical document in surgeons' defence and would withstand scrutiny from lawyers and the judiciary. An evidence-based informed consent form for PRP injections was elaborated and reviewed by a legal expert to ensure adherence to legal proprieties. The final form of the informed consent for PRP injection was administered for one year and validated at our institution.

Villification of the intestinal epithelium is driven by Foxl1.

The primitive gut tube of mammals initially forms as a simple cylinder consisting of the endoderm-derived, pseudostratified epithelium and the mesoderm-derived surrounding mesenchyme. During mid-gestation a dramatic transformation occurs in which the epithelium is both restructured into its final cuboidal form and simultaneously folded and refolded to create intestinal villi and intervillus regions, the incipient crypts. Here we show that the mesenchymal winged helix transcription factor Foxl1, itself induced by epithelial hedgehog signaling, controls villification by activating BMP and PDGFRa as well as planar cell polarity genes in epithelial-adjacent telocyte progenitors, both directly and in a feed- forward loop with Foxo3. In the absence of Foxl1-dependent mesenchymal signaling, villus formation is delayed, the separation of epithelial cells into mitotic intervillus and postmitotic villus cells impaired, and the differentiation of secretory progenitors blocked. Thus, Foxl1 orchestrates key events during the epithelial transition of the fetal mammalian gut.

Metal-Encapsulated, Polymer-Containing Halide Salt Composites as Potential Long-Term Hosts for Radioiodine: Evaluating Halmets, Polyhalmets, and Halcermets.

This paper presents composite waste form concepts for radioiodine immobilization including halide-metal (halmet) composites, polymer-halide-metal (polyhalmet) composites, and halide-ceramic-metal (halcermet) composites with data from experiments to evaluate these ideas. The encapsulant metal of choice for the pellets was Bi0, and a cold-press-and-sinter approach was used for creating the pellets. A polymer (i.e., polyacrylonitrile or PAN) phase was included in some composite forms because this porous, passive polymer is used as a host matrix for active chemisorption-based getters. Metals of Ag0, Bi0, and Cu0 were separately embedded into PAN beads, which were loaded with iodine in static tests. Included are details of experiments where PAN removal from the iodine-loaded composite beads was evaluated to reduce the overall volume of the final waste requiring immobilization and to improve the thermal stability of the final composite form. While these experiments demonstrate new concepts for radioiodine immobilization, more work is needed to fully understand the limitations of these approaches and further optimizations are needed before implementation at larger scales is feasible.

Значение сущности права при рассмотрении конкретных дел в суде

The legislation is not able to fully reflect all the meanings necessary for law enforcement. This requires a court as the highest body of official law enforcement. There is a certain cycle of legal education, in the center of which is legal science. In this cycle, the law enforcement essence of law is revealed. That is, law through the category of essence must be considered as a result in which a certain certainty in a particular legal relationship is formulated in the final semantic legal form, and which (legal, semantic, essential certainty) appears when a legal, judicial act (decisions, resolutions, definitions) enters into final legal force. In other words, the essence (law enforcement) of law must finally manifest itself in the certainty of a specific law enforcement act.

Simulating the Morphological Changes of Facial Deformities after Using 3D-printed Polyether Ether Ketone Facial Implants.

Patient-specific implants (PSIs) have been presented as an effective solution for diseases that require reconstruction. PSIs are designed to precisely fit anatomical defects or deformities in terms of shape and size. In addition to the possibility of predicting the results of surgery regarding soft tissue changes. A research sample consisting of 10 patients with facial deformities underwent maxillofacial reconstructive surgery between 2020 and 2021 in the Tishreen University Hospital, Syria. All patients underwent computed tomography scans; then, the design of the required facial implant was carried out, and the three-dimensional soft tissues were reconstructed using the ExoCad 3.0 program based on the computed tomography. The final form of the facial implant was printed from polyether ether ketone, and then surgical work was performed. The patients were followed up after 6 months. Then, a comparison was made between the virtual design and the real result. The absolute difference between the expected soft tissue changes result and the actual result did not exceed three-tenths for all patients, and only two of 10 patients had measurements higher than 20%. This technique can be relied upon with the placement of implants to predict the outcome of the surgical procedure in terms of morphological changes in the facial soft tissues covering PSI polyether ether ketone. Therefore, it is possible to make a virtual design based on the cosmetic requirements of the patient.

Development and Implementation of a Safety Incident Report System for Health Care Discipline Students During Clinical Internships: Observational Study.

Patient safety is a fundamental aspect of health care practice across global health systems. Safe practices, which include incident reporting systems, have proven valuable in preventing the recurrence of safety incidents. However, the accessibility of this tool for health care discipline students is not consistent, limiting their acquisition of competencies. In addition, there is no tools to familiarize students with analyzing safety incidents. Gamification has emerged as an effective strategy in health care education. This study aims to develop an incident reporting system tailored to the specific needs of health care discipline students, named Safety Incident Report System for Students. Secondary objectives included studying the performance of different groups of students in the use of the platform and training them on the correct procedures for reporting. This was an observational study carried out in 3 phases. Phase 1 consisted of the development of the web-based platform and the incident registration form. For this purpose, systems already developed and in use in Spain were taken as a basis. During phase 2, a total of 223 students in medicine and nursing with clinical internships from universities in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Spain received an introductory seminar and were given access to the platform. Phase 3 ran in parallel and involved evaluation and feedback of the reports received as well as the opportunity to submit the students' opinion on the process. Descriptive statistics were obtained to gain information about the incidents, and mean comparisons by groups were performed to analyze the scores obtained. The final form was divided into 9 sections and consisted of 48 questions that allowed for introducing data about the incident, its causes, and proposals for an improvement plan. The platform included a personal dashboard displaying submitted reports, average scores, progression, and score rankings. A total of 105 students participated, submitting 147 reports. Incidents were mainly reported in the hospital setting, with complications of care (87/346, 25.1%) and effects of medication or medical products (82/346, 23.7%) being predominant. The most repeated causes were related confusion, oversight, or distractions (49/147, 33.3%) and absence of process verification (44/147, 29.9%). Statistically significant differences were observed between the mean final scores received by country (P<.001) and sex (P=.006) but not by studies (P=.47). Overall, participants rated the experience of using the Safety Incident Report System for Students positively. This study presents an initial adaptation of reporting systems to suit the needs of students, introducing a guided and inspiring framework that has garnered positive acceptance among students. Through this endeavor, a pathway toward a safety culture within the faculty is established. A long-term follow-up would be desirable to check the real benefits of using the tool during education. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05350345; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05350345.

Developing and delivering a migraine disparities and diagnosis undergraduate medical educational program to underrepresented in medicine medical student members of the Student National Medical Association: A pilot project.

Migraine is underdiagnosed. On average, medical students have approximately 3 h of exposure to headache education throughout medical school training. Moreover, some medical students have racially-based biases in pain. There is a paucity of underrepresented in medicine (UIM) headache practitioners. UIM practitioners are more likely to practice in underserved communities and provider-patient ethnic concordance may help eliminate healthcare disparities. The Student National Medical Association (SNMA) is an organization committed to supporting current and future UIM medical students and addressing the needs of underserved communities. The goal of this project was to develop and deliver a brief Migraine Diagnosis and Disparities Undergraduate Medical Education Program (MD2UMEP) to increase awareness of migraine diagnosis and disparities in UIM medical students in the SNMA. For connecting/relationship-building with SNMA, the SNMA Region V website was reviewed. Calls were made to Wayne State University School of Medicine (WSUSOM) Office of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (ODEI) explaining the educational initiative with subsequent emails to the Director of WSUSOM's ODEI followed by a video-conference meeting (VCM). VCMs were conducted with two SNMA member leaders from WSUSOM. A local and regional presentation/delivery of the MD2UMEP was planned. Communication was maintained electronically. For development/delivery of the MD2UMEP, headache literature was reviewed for key concepts underpinning migraine diagnosis and migraine disparities with a focus on African Americans. Slides with talking points were developed with references. Pre- and posttest questions were drafted and made accessible via a QR code. The MD2UMEP was presented and students completed the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify responses. The MD2UMEP work began July 31, 2021, with program delivered in final form on October 1, 2022. A professional relationship was established with SNMA leadership. A MD2UMEP was developed then administered at the 2022 SNMA Region V Medical Education Conference. Headache medicine was introduced to UIM SNMA medical students. Anonymously, nine individuals responded to the MD2UMEP pretest questions. Eight individuals answered the posttest questions. At the program's conclusion, UIM student performance improved on seven of 10 test questions on migraine diagnosis and disparities and remained at 100% on one of 10 test questions. On two of the questions, the number correct remained the same (although percentage overall increased due to the smaller denominator). There was a higher proportion of correct responses on the posttest. There is great need for migraine diagnosis and disparities education among medical students. A new migraine diagnosis and disparities program was developed for medical students. SNMA members were receptive to the MD2UMEP and it strengthened their knowledge of migraine diagnosis and disparities. This program exposed UIM medical students to headache medicine.

When to generalise and when to specialise? Climate change and hominin biocultural adaptability in the African early and middle stone age

A growing number of authors have discussed the role of climate change in periods of important biological and cultural transition along the hominin lineage. This paper establishes a biocultural framework elucidating human behavioural adaptations during the African Early and Middle Stone Age, centred on three crucial dimensions of hunter-gatherer adaptation: mobility, social network dynamics, and technology. We contend that landscape properties, specifically resource diversity and seasonal to inter-annual resource variability, can be used to model the specific responses of hominin groups to climate change over time, based on their awareness of these properties. Specifically, we focus on hominin technological generalisation and specialisation, meaning the extent to which there is a high degree of specificity (or fit) between final tool form and the task(s) in which the tool is deployed.In this regard, we argue that the archaeological record reveals punctuated and discontinuous specialisation during certain phases of the Early Stone Age driven by landscape predictability. These periods encourage the expression of relevant innovations and stepwise increases in technological complexity. While some of them become lost to demographic or cultural stochasticity, others end up forming the basis for a standardisation of generalised forms within the context of unexpected climatic deterioration. This is highlighted by the late Acheulean: following a period of greater generalisation in the late Early Pleistocene correlating with repeated and severe orbitally-forced periods of aridity, smaller biface forms become more common (or absent) and regional experimentation with prepared-core technology in Eastern Africa takes place in the context of a return to more humid and stable climatic conditions. The onset of more arid and variable climates associated with the emergence of the Middle Stone Age led to the continental expansion of the prepared-core technological substrate underpinning generalised assemblages. The cycle continues in the Middle Stone Age with a return to climatic stability in the Late Pleistocene and subsequent regional diversification of this techno-complex, in which hominins responded with greater toolkit specialisation in a number of different ways. In this context, we support the existence of a cyclical and non-linear relationship between environmental adaptation and cognitive evolution, as part of a wider biocultural feedback loop, which contributes to explain the evolutionary roots of our “generalist specialist” niche.

Evaluation of the Ability to Sing Easily: Adaptation and validation to the European Portuguese language

Purpose: To adapt and validate the Evaluation of the Ability to Sing Easily (EASE) to the European Portuguese language; to compare scores according to singing style, voice use, and demography variables; to conduct psychometric tests. Methods: A five-step approach was adopted to ensure the cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument including forward translation, backward translation, committee opinions, and pilot testing. Results: The pilot test was conducted with ten singers, which determined the reformulation of seven items, thereby, allowing the formulation of the final form. The EASE-PT was completed by 120 singers, age range 18–72 and 58.3% were female. Median results were significantly higher for Choir singers except for one item where the median was significantly higher for Fado singers. High internal consistency was obtained, Cronbach’s alpha &gt; 0.80 for EASE scale for both Fado and Choir singers, and its sub scales were close to or exceeded 0.80. Conclusion: EASE-PT may be considered a reliable tool to apply in the case of Portuguese singers as the outcome supports the ability of EASE-PT to measure the same constructs in a way similar to that of the original version.

Effect of Teaching with Six-Dimensional Strategy in Mathematics to Developing Creative Thinking among Sixth Grade Students

The research aimed to identify the effect of teaching with the six-dimensional strategy (PDEODE) in mathematics in developing creative thinking among a sample of sixth-grade students in the city of Damascus for the academic year (2022-2023 AD). The researcher used the quasi-experimental approach through an experimental design with two experimental and control groups, and tested Students on Torrance’s formal creative thinking scale in the two stages before and after the lessons. The sample of students in its final form consisted of (72) male and female students, who were divided into (36) male and female students for the control group who studied according to the followed teaching methods, and (36) male and female students for the experimental group who taught according to the dimensional strategy. Hexagram. After analyzing the results, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the scores of the answers of the students of the experimental and control groups on the post-application of the creative thinking scale, and the presence of a different effect size according to its components (fluency, originality, flexibility, and details), which indicates the positive impact of teaching according to the six-dimensional strategy in developing creative thinking. The researcher recommended using the six-dimensional strategy in the basic education stage in various academic subjects, introducing the strategy into teachers’ manuals, and suggested conducting studies on the six-dimensional strategy and building a measure of creative thinking. Keywords: Basic learning, Constructivist Teaching, Fluency, Flexibility, Authenticity, Detail.

Development of a Preoperative Screening Tool to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality of COVID-19-positive Hepatobiliary Patients

PurposeThis study aimed to create a preoperative risk assessment form for COVID-19-positive hepatobiliary patients to guide further prevention of complications after surgery and reduce morbidity and mortality. DesignBased on the literature, focus groups, and case studies, a multidisciplinary panel of 15 experts conducted three rounds of a Delphi study that resulted in the development of a preoperative risk assessment form to be used by healthcare professionals in the treatment of COVID-19-positive hepatobiliary patients. MethodsA preoperative risk assessment form for health professionals to use among COVID-19-positive hepatobiliary patients was developed based on literature, focus groups, and case studies. A 3-round Delphi study was conducted to validate and revise the risk assessment form using a multidisciplinary panel of 15 experts involved in hepatobiliary surgery. FindingsThe experts demonstrated high cooperation and familiarity with the research topic, with positive coefficients ranging from 93.33% to 100% and authority coefficients ranging from 0.83 to 0.86. The coordination coefficients were 0.33, 0.26, and 0.22, respectively, indicating good coordination among expert opinions. The final risk assessment form included 9 primary (first-level) indicators, 38 secondary (second-level) indicators, and 122 tertiary (third-level) indicators. ConclusionsThe preoperative risk assessment form for hepatobiliary surgery patients infected with COVID-19 is scientifically rigorous, reliable, and valid. This screening tool may be used by health providers to identify high-risk patients, prevent postoperative complications, and reduce morbidity and mortality.

The effectiveness of the differentiated education strategy of Basic Grade Female students for acquiring the concepts

The aim of this research was to identify the effectiveness of the differentiated education strategy in providing eighth grade students with the foundation of concepts and developing their cognitive curiosity. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated four main hypotheses, and the researcher used the experimental method for the two equal groups, with the pre and posttest, which requires the presence of two groups, one experimental and the other a control group. The researcher randomly chose two divisions of four divisions to represent the research sample, which is Division (D) to represent the experimental group, and Division (A) to represent the control group, which included (66) female students distributed over the experimental group of (33) students, and the control group with ( 33) female students, and the researcher studied the experimental group according to the strategy (differentiated education), while the researcher studied the control group according to the traditional (ordinary) method. Its final form consisted of (50) paragraphs, of the type of objective tests (multiple choice) and its number was (47) paragraphs, while the essay tests were (3) paragraphs, and The researcher distributed the paragraphs according to Bloom's cognitive levels (remembering, understanding, application, analysis) and according to their percentage in the specification table. The coefficient of ease, difficulty, discriminatory strength of the paragraphs and the effectiveness of the wrong alternatives were extracted. The researcher also made sure of the validity and reliability of the test by using the Facrotbach coefficient and Crinbach’s alpha formula -20. . The value of the stability coefficient calculated by this equation was (0.89) for the test items. Among the most important findings of the researcher are the following: - There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (a = 0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in the acquisition of historical concepts test, in favor of the experimental group. In light of the results that the researcher has reached, she recommends the necessity of activating the differentiated education strategy in the educational process.

The effective of a training program to improve self-concept among students with speech disorders in the primary school

This study aims to measure whether a training program for children with impairments in early stages is useful at enhancing their sense of self-concept. To accomplish research’s objective, two hypotheses were formulated; one alternative and the other one invalid. The empirical method was used in which the design was to select one group with pre and post-test. The procedure requires the presence of one group for which a pre-test is conducted and then exposed to the training program, after which a post-test and a follow up test are conducted one month after the end of the application. The research participants consisted of the students of the third, fourth, and fifth grades in the primary stage at the Emirati Dar Al-Ataa Center affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in the center of Erbil Governorate for the academic year (2021-2022). The study sample consisted of (5) students, with (4) males and one female, from the age groups (9-12) years. The researchers prepared the self-concept scale and the number of its items in its final form reached (34). The scale was applied to the main sample after calculating the validity and correlation coefficient for each dimension of the scale and its total score, extracting the discriminatory power, ensuring its stability by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of (0.850), and calculating the half- segmentation of it which was (0.827). The data was analyzed based on a fundamental sample, the statistical package program (SPSS) to reach the results of the research. According to the study’s findings, the post-test significantly improved self-concept compared to the pre-test, while there was no statistically significant difference between the two tests in terms of enhancing self-concept (post and follow up). The researchers made several recommendations and other ideas in light of the research findings.

Organizational Resilience of Public Sector Organizations Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Czechia and Key Influencing Factors: Use of the Nograšek and Vintar Model

ABSTRACT This manuscript maps the modes of dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic by two public organizations in the Czech Republic from its beginning to the present day to identify the final form of their organizational resilience and key factors that influenced it. The Nograšek and Vintar organizational model, which relies on the crucial role of ICT and its dependence on people, processes, structure, and culture, was utilized to achieve this objective. Data were gathered from interviews, organizations’ websites, and internal statistics. The results show both organizations are characterized by “bounce forward” resilience influenced by a high level of digitization, democratic/emancipatory leadership style, professional staff, and supportive organizational culture.

Neural Network-Based Hypersonic Crossflow Transition Model

A model is proposed for predicting crossflow transition in hypersonic flows. The model is based on transport equations for the crossflow amplification factor and a modified intermittency. The instability onset is estimated with a correlation function. The form of the transport equations is identical to that of typical transport equations for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence models, thus facilitating an easy integration into existing RANS codes. The crossflow amplification factor is estimated from local flow quantities using a neural network. The neural network is trained with a comprehensive database of linear stability theory data. The sensitivity of the amplification factor growth rate prediction to different dimensionless input parameters is evaluated. The input parameters that provide the most-accurate growth rate predictions are selected for the final form of the model. Based on the volume of the training data set, the model is expected to perform reliably for Mach numbers between 5 and 11 and within given upper bounds of the stagnation temperature and pressure. The model is validated for the HiFiRE-5 geometry, a circular cone at angle of attack, and a blunt swept flat plate. The amplification factor distributions obtained from the model are in good agreement with experimental data and linear stability analysis results.

A Study on the discussions about the Two Hindrances of the Fǎxiaàng Yogācāra Buddhism: Focusing on the contents of Chéng wéishì lùn and Dasheng fayuan yilin zhang

The purpose of this paper is to examine the discussion of the Two Hindrances in the Fǎxiàng Yogācāra Buddhist treatise Chéng wéishì lùn(成唯識論) and Kyu-ji's Dasheng fayuan yilin zhang(大乘法苑義林章). It is through Abhidharma Buddhism and then the Yogācāra Buddhism that the concept of the relationship between affliction and awakening was formulated as the Two Hindrances. The discussion of the Two Hindrances in the Yogācārabhūmi is organized in its final form through the Fódìjīng lùn(佛地經論) and the Chéng wéishì lùn. As a result, the Two Hindrances of the Chéng wéishì lùn are associated with two kinds of attachment, two kinds of emptiness, and two kinds of achievement, and play a central role in the Affliction theory and the Practice theory of Yogācāra Buddhism. This study focuses on the discussion of the Two Hindrances interspersed within the Chéng wéishì lùn, reorienting the development of the Chéng wéishì lùn around the Two Hindrances. This reveals that the Two Hindrances play a central role not only in Yogācāra Buddhism's Affliction theory, but also in its Practice theory and Becoming Buddha. In fact, the Five stage division of the Yogâcâra path of practice also centers on when and how to eliminate and end the afflictive hindrances and obstacles to understanding rather than on specific practices. Finally, Wonhyo gave a very original interpretation in reconciling Yogācāra sūtras and śāstras with the discussion of the Two Hindrances in the Doctrine of the Two Hindrances(Ijang ui, 二障義) and the Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith(大乘起信論). But in Dasheng fayuan yilin zhang, Kyu-ji considered that the interpretation of the Two Hindrances discussed in Chéng wéishì lùn was no more than an interpretation of the Two Hindrances. Unlike Wonhyo, Kyu-ji's discussion of the Two Hindrances merely summarizes Yogācāra Buddhism's discussion of the Two Hindrances and adopts Chéng wéishì lùn's discussion as it stands, and Kyu-ji's position is confirmed by Dasheng fayuan yilin zhang's discussion of the Two Hindrances.

Academic Failure among University Students from the Perspectives of Instructors

The research aims to identify the reasons for academic failure among students of the College of Education for Human Sciences at the University of Basrah from the perspective of their instructors and the severity of each reason. The researcher distributed a questionnaire (open-ended question) to teachers to write the reasons for their students' failure, and in light of the teachers' responses and the researcher's review of the literature and previous studies, a questionnaire consisting of (18) items was prepared in its final form after verifying its psychometric properties (validity and reliability).