Fillet Yield Research Articles

Zootechnical Fattening Protocol for Mixed Breed Young Bulls with Zoo-sanitary Management System

The objective of this study is to reduce the cost of raising beef cattle in Algeria by proposing a Zootechnical fattening protocol for breeders. The study was carried out on mixed-breed young bulls (Charolais x local breeds). Food rations were distributed daily; the first ration (F1) was made up of soybeans while the second ration (F2) was made of tomato pulp supplemented with sodium bicarbonate. Parameters calculated were the Average Daily Gain (ADG), quantity of faeces eliminated, and weight of each bull. The ADG results shown in F1 and F2 are close. The addition of Sodium Bicarbonate in the F2 ration helps to alleviate certain digestive disorders, particularly acidosis and diarrhoea; therefore, reducing the production costs per kg of meat obtained from bulls fed with tomato which was available annually. The proposed protocol improved fillet yield and lowered the cost per kg of meat. It can be applied internationally in any rudimentary livestock farm.

Rendimento de tambaqui em diferentes métodos de filetagem

O objetivo foi avaliar o rendimento de filé de tambaqui submetido a diferentes métodos de filetagem. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três métodos de filetagem e dezenove repetições. Os tratamentos foram baseados na retirada ou não da cabeça e nadadeiras do peixe antes do processo de filetagem e na forma de remover a pele, antes ou depois da remoção do filé. Os peixes apresentaram peso médio de 2620,81 g, comprimento total de 50,17 cm, comprimento padrão de 40,26 cm, largura do corpo de 19,32 cm. Os métodos de filetagem no tambaqui influenciaram significativamente (P<0,05) o peso do filé sem pele, filé com pele, pele bruta, pele limpa, carcaça, cabeça, resíduos totais. O método de filetagem PIVF apresentou maior peso do filé sem pele, filé com pele, pele bruta, pele limpa, carcaça, resíduos totais, mas não diferiu significativamente do método de filetagem PDEF. Os métodos de filetagem avaliados não influenciaram significativamente (P>0,05) o rendimento de filé sem pele, filé com pele, pele bruta, pele limpa, carcaça e dos resíduos totais. O método de filetagem com PIVF é o recomendado para a indústria de pescado para o aproveitamento de resíduos, pois apresenta maior volume de resíduos com potencial de matéria-prima de baixo custo para geração de novos produtos. Já o método de filetagem PDEN é o mais indicado quando a indústria de processamento não destina os resíduos para reaproveitamento.

Acceptance of a Protein Concentrate from Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) Fed a Formulated Diet

The majority of plant proteins used in aquatic feeds are derived from seed meals, which may contain antinutritional factors. Protein concentrates from plant foliage have received less attention in fish feeding trials. Alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) is derived from fresh alfalfa foliage that contains approximately 52% protein and is low in fiber. A feeding trial was done to assess growth and feed efficiency responses of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) fed a formulated diet with 180 g/kg APC replacing all fishmeal compared to a control isonitrogenous diet with fishmeal. Yellow perch accepted the APC diet but gained weight at a lower specific growth rate (−0.07% per day) and had an elevated feed conversion ratio (+0.32 g feed/g growth) than fish on the control diet containing fishmeal. There was no impact on survivorship or condition nor differences in fillet yield or composition in fish on the diet with APC compared to the control fishmeal diet. These findings indicate that although replacing fishmeal with APC in a perch diet resulted in slower growth rates, the APC was accepted and has promise as a sustainable protein in aquatic feeds.

Genome-wide association study reveals genomic regions and candidate genes for head size and shape in bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)

Head-related traits are economically important in fish because they will essentially affect fillet yields. Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) is an important aquaculture fish, and interestingly its head has higher culinary and market values than its fillet in China. In this study, using 776 bighead carp individuals and high-throughput SNP genotyping technology, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genomic regions and candidate genes potentially associated with head-size and head-shape traits such as head length (HL), head width (HW), head height (HH), head length/head height ratio (HL/HH), head length/head width ratio (HL/HW) and head length/body length ratio (HL/BL). The morphometrics of most of these traits were significantly correlated (P < 0.01). GWAS detected eleven significant SNPs and twelve suggestive SNPs associated with head size of bighead carp, which were mainly located on linkage group (LG) 16 and four of these SNPs were commonly shared among three head-size traits. For HL, four significant and three suggestive SNPs were on LG16. For HW, five significant and four suggestive SNPs were identified on LG3, LG16 and LG21, respectively. For HH, two significant and five suggestive SNPs were detected on LG11 and LG16. Genes involved in cell proliferation and bone development, such as cc2b, prdm1b, fndc5b, lbr, bmp8a and ATP6v1cb, were found surrounding SNPs in the QTL regions. For head shape, seventeen and six SNPs were significantly related to HL/HH and HL/HW, respectively, and underlying candidate genes were identified from genomic regions of bighead carp surrounding these SNPs, including ptch1, col9a1a, tgfbr2, hecw2a, zbtb42 and sema7a. This study shed lights on understanding genetic architecture of head size/shape traits in fish and facilitated to identify candidate genes for marker-assisted selection towards breeding bigger headed carp in future.

Dietary supplementation with l-carnitine for Nile tilapia juveniles

This study evaluated the influence of dietary supplementation with l-carnitine on growth performance, gut and muscle histological parameters, blood hematology and plasma biochemical parameters, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of Nile tilapia juveniles. Three inclusion levels of l-carnitine were evaluated (500; 1000; and 2000 mg kg−1 of diet), in addition to a basal diet. Groups of 12 fish were randomly assigned in 12 experimental units, and fed four times a day until apparent satiety, for 100 days. The fish fed diets containing either 500 or 1000 mg kg−1 of l-carnitine presented higher weight gain, specific growth rate, and filet yield, while the inclusion of 1000 mg kg−1 of l-carnitine reduced the lipid content of the filet. Regardless of the level of inclusion of l-carnitine, there was an increase in the enzyme catalase in the liver. With increasing levels of l-carnitine in the diets, reductions of the gut fold size and tunic thickness were also observed, while the growth of muscle fibers was not influenced by supplementation. The highest inclusion level (2000 mg kg−1) has negatively influenced weight gain, fat deposition and triacylglycerol. It was concluded that the inclusion of the l-carnitine in the diets resulted in higher activity of the enzyme catalase, while a 1000 mg kg−1 dietary supplementation with l-carnitine improves growth performance and reduces the lipid content of the filet of Nile tilapia.

Genetic parameters for growth and fillet traits in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) population from Thailand

This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for growth and fillet traits of Asian seabass using REML method and Bayesian approach via Gibbs sampling. Seabass fry were produced by mass spawning of 20 males and 24 females and reared as mixed families. At 120 days post hatch (dph) 3000 fish were measured, fin-clipped and marked with PIT tags in the body cavity and distributed equally into two earthen ponds. During grow-out, fish were measured at 270 dph. At 390 dph, fish were harvested, measured and filleted by skilled processors. Pedigrees were reconstructed using eleven microsatellite loci. A total of 1750 fish used in the analysis were progeny of 16 sires and 18 dams. A multivariate animal model with the fixed effect of earthen pond was used to estimate variance components. Heritability estimates for body weight (BW) were low to moderate and increased with age. The REML (and Gibbs sampling) estimates were 0.06 (0.26), 0.16 (0.31) and 0.45 (0.48) for BW120, BW270 and BW390, respectively. Heritability for total length (TL) followed the same trend, with REML (and Gibbs sampling) estimates of 0.07 (0.26), 0.11 (0.28) and 0.37 (0.40) for TL120, TL270 and TL390, respectively. The REML and Gibbs sampling estimates for fillet weight were high (0.50 and 0.52) and low to moderate for fillet yield (0.16 and 0.31). Genetic correlations were high and close to unity between BW at different ages and fillet weight (0.85–0.98). Results indicate a selection potential in this Asian seabass population and that use of weight at younger age (120 dph) as a selection criterion would result in increased body weight at harvest (390 dph) along with increased fillet weight.

Fillet Yield and Length-Weight Relationship of Five Fish Species From Lower River Benue, Makurdi, Nigeria

The body characteristics and yield indices of Clarias gariepinus, Bagrus bajad, Synodontis nigrita, Labeo senegalensis and Mormyrus rume from lower Benue River in Nigeria were determined in this study using 60 samples each for the fish species. Length, weight and fillet correlations were also determined during the study. Results obtained showed that M. rume, L. senegalensis and C. gariepinus had the highest percentage of edible parts (≥ 55%) compared to the other species (≤ 39%). Concerning correlations of the fillet with the morphological variables, results obtained suggest that fillet yield is independent of fish size (except for C. gariepinus which was positively correlated). Also, only samples of L. senegalensis showed isometric growth pattern; the other fish species had either positive (C. gariepinus and B. bajad) or negative (S. nigrita and M. rume) allometric growth. While the difference in fillet yield and body characteristics was attributed to the structural anatomy and other biological dynamics of the fishes, this study could not establish a connection between fillet yield and the length-weight relationship. It was concluded that M. rume, L. senegalensis and C. gariepinus would be better export products because of their higher fillet yields.

Response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to lysine: Performance, body composition, maintenance and efficiency of utilization

The purpose of the three trials reported here was to measure the efficiency of lysine utilization for growth and lysine requirement for maintenance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during three growing stages. For the initial phase, a total of eight treatments (4.04, 6.63, 9.80, 13.3, 16.6, 20.7, 25.6 g lysine kg−1 and an additional diet containing 6.79 g lysine kg−1 called counter-proof) were randomly distributed among 36 experimental units, each containing 15 fishes of 2.35 ± 0.05 g. The grower and finisher phase consisted of seven treatments (4.13, 7.99, 11.7, 15.3, 19.4, 22.9 g lysine kg−1 and an additional diet containing 7.75 g lysine kg−1) randomly distributed among 21 experimental units of eleven (433 ± 12.49 g) and nine (733 ± 11.24 g) fishes, respectively. The counter-proof treatment confirmed that lysine was the first-limiting amino acid in all three growing stages. Overall, growth performance, feed efficiency and fillet yield were improved with lysine intake. In the grower and finisher phase, Nile tilapia fed diet containing the lower level of lysine exhibited reduction in protein weight and increase in body lipid content, indicating that the reminiscent energy, once used to deposit protein in fish consuming sufficient amount of lysine, was used for lipid deposition. The efficiency of lysine utilization of 0.60, 0.60 and 0.59 during the initial, grower and finisher phase, respectively, equating to approximately 115 mg lysine/g protein, proved to be the same (P > 0.05) and independent of the growth stage. The requirement for maintenance was estimated as 22.7, 45.1, and 56.3 mg lysine/kg0.8 body weight in the initial, grower and finisher phase, respectively, suggesting that maintenance requirements change with age or size (P < 0.05). These coefficients may be used for calculating the daily lysine requirements for maintenance and growth of Nile tilapia.

Bromatologia, morfometria e rendimento corporal de Crenicichla punctata: alternativa para sustentabilidade da pesca incidental

Os recursos naturais estão se esgotando, enquanto que peixes oriundos da pesca incidental acabam sendo descartados por não apresentarem importância econômica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o rendimento de filé e as características físico-químicas da espécie nativa Crenicichla punctata de grande ocorrência na pesca incidental artesanal em regiões tropicais e subtropicais do cis-Andina América do Sul do Rio Orinoco e Trinidad, no norte da bacia do Rio Paraná, no Sul, para que possa ser utilizada para alimentação humana ou ser aproveitada em vários nichos do mercado consumidor. Os exemplares foram capturados nas coordenadas 33°16’41.94”S e 52°54’16.67”O, com redes de emalhe de 45mm entrenós, na qual a joaninha (Crenicichla punctata) é mais recorrente, sendo que o alvo de captura são as espécies de importância econômica traíra (Hoplias malabaricus) e jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). O rendimento de filé foi superior a 53% e apresentou características físico-químicas relevantes. O filé é considerado magro e de alto valor proteico, características que demonstram que a espécie é uma fonte de proteína de baixo custo e uma alternativa para a sustentabilidade da pesca

Genomic predictions for fillet yield and firmness in rainbow trout using reduced-density SNP panels

BackgroundOne of the most important goals for the rainbow trout aquaculture industry is to improve fillet yield and fillet quality. Previously, we showed that a 50 K transcribed-SNP chip can be used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with fillet yield and fillet firmness. In this study, data from 1568 fish genotyped for the 50 K transcribed-SNP chip and ~ 774 fish phenotyped for fillet yield and fillet firmness were used in a single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) model to compute the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV). In addition, pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (PBLUP) was used to calculate traditional, family-based estimated breeding values (EBV).ResultsThe genomic predictions outperformed the traditional EBV by 35% for fillet yield and 42% for fillet firmness. The predictive ability for fillet yield and fillet firmness was 0.19–0.20 with PBLUP, and 0.27 with ssGBLUP. Additionally, reducing SNP panel densities indicated that using 500–800 SNPs in genomic predictions still provides predictive abilities higher than PBLUP.ConclusionThese results suggest that genomic evaluation is a feasible strategy to identify and select fish with superior genetic merit within rainbow trout families, even with low-density SNP panels.

Научные аспекты эффективности использования макруруса, ставриды исардинеллы втехнологии пищевых продуктов

An increase in the Russian catch of aquatic biological resources may be provided by the underutilized resources of the World Ocean, which include such fish species as, horse mackerel, round sardinella and giant grenadier. Studies were carried out to study the size-mass composition of horse mackerel, round sardinella and giant grenadier, which showed that fillet yield when cutting giant grenadier was 61.2%, large horse mackerel 63,3%, shallow horse mackerel 47,9%, and round sardinella 54.8%. Based on the data on the fractional composition of proteins and the structural and mechanical properties of muscle tissue, the expediency of manufacturing various molded products and minced products such as sausages and sausages from horse horse mackerel and round sardinella, and dietary pasty food products from giant grenadier was established. Rational parameters of muscle tissue grinding of horse mackerel, round sardinella (2 min at 3000 rpm) and giant grenadier (6 min at 3000 rpm) have been scientifically substantiated. It has been established that the creation of stable protein-fat emulsions based on minced giant grenadier, horse mackerel and round sardinella is possible when the ratio of protein, fat and water is 1: 2.1 v 3.5: 9 for giant grenadier; 1: 0.3: <13.2 for horse mackerel and round sardinella.

Flesh quality recovery in female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after spawning

In fish rearing industry, sexual maturation results in loss of profit or at least in a delay to valorize spawning fish. Indeed, many edible fish display poor fillet quality after sexual maturation and as such cannot be processed immediately after spawning. So, a post-spawning rearing period may allow the recovering of an acceptable fillet quality. So far, flesh quality restoration after spawning has received little attention. In the present study, the evolution of technological and organoleptic qualities was investigated in diploid autumnal strain female rainbow trout (24 months of age) after spawning. Immediately after spawning, nine groups of trout (n = 25) from the same cohort were placed separately into circular tanks and fed ad libitum. Fish were then sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 13, 16, 24, and 33 weeks after spawning (PS0, PS1, PS2, PS4, PS8, PS13, PS16, PS24, and PS33). Immature (no egg produced) female trout from the same cohort were also sampled as controls at the beginning (C0) and at the end (C33) of the experiment. Immediately after spawning, PS0 trout showed a significantly lower raw fillet yield than control (C0). Furthermore, raw fillet from these trout was less colored (lower redness a*) and presented higher lightness L* value than raw fillet from C0 trout while their fillet mechanical resistance was similar. Raw fillet yield increased after the 16th week post-spawning. The fillet lightness steadily decreased from the 4th week to the 24th week post-spawning and did not change afterwards, whereas fillet redness increased from the 8th week to the 24th week after spawning. Fillet mechanical resistance declined progressively after spawning with a significant change from the 13th week. Concerning the smoked fillet, the smoking yield of PS0 trout was significantly lower than that of C0 trout. Thereafter the smoking yield of post-spawning trout slowly increased until reaching a significantly higher value at the 24th week. The evolution of smoked fillet color and mechanical resistance after spawning was similar to that of raw fillet. At the end of the experiment, most quality parameters of PS33 trout fillet were similar to those of C33 trout. We discuss the post-spawning quality parameters recovery in three sequential phases. On the whole, our study reports that the technological and organoleptic properties of the flesh were recovered in female trout 24 weeks after spawning (≈1400 °C.day).

DESEMPEÑO PRODUCTIVO BAJO CONDICIONES COMERCIALES DE CULTIVO DE LA PROGENIE DE MACHOS YY DE TILAPIA DEL NILO Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background.&lt;/strong&gt; Nile tilapia (&lt;em&gt;Oreochromis niloticus&lt;/em&gt;) is one of the most important species worldwide for aquaculture; however, the use of steroids to masculinize large volumes of fry is seen negatively by the market and environmental groups. The use of the progeny of YY males is a recent alternative that, in theory, allows to maintain the same yields, with the advantage of marketing a product free of hormones. &lt;strong&gt;Objective.&lt;/strong&gt; To evaluate the performance during growth, the gonadosomatic index, the biochemical composition, as well as the percentage of males obtained in the progeny of YY males and compare them against those obtained in a commercially masculinized progeny using flouxymesterone. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology.&lt;/strong&gt; Juveniles produced from a YY male and masculinized juveniles were stocked in external tanks of 3 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (in triplicate) and were cultivated for 105 days following a commercial type feeding protocol. &lt;strong&gt;Results.&lt;/strong&gt; No significant differences were detected between both progenies with respect to productive performance during growth, including fillet yield. However, the progeny of YY males showed significantly higher values (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt; 0.05) of moisture, ashes and lipids in muscle, as well as in the gonadosomatic index, probably due to the presence of a small percentage of females (8%). &lt;strong&gt;Implications.&lt;/strong&gt; The study contributes to the insertion of YY technology into the commercial culture of Nile tilapia. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion.&lt;/strong&gt; The performance shown by the progeny of YY males compared to that of a masculinized line is similar in terms of growth, yield and survival; therefore, its implementation in the region could reduce production costs and environmental contamination, thanks to the reduction in the use of hormones.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparative performance, biochemical composition, and fatty acid analysis of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) during grow-out in RAS fed different commercial diets

ABSTRACT Commercial feeds, encoded by letters A, B, and C, with crude protein between 49.1% and 52.9% and crude fat between 13.0% and 22.2% produced especially for percids were fed to European perch (Perca fluviatilis) with an initial body weight of 91.9 g in a 106-day trial during grow-out in a recirculating aquaculture system. A feed manufactured and declared for sturgeon and sea bass farming but traditionally used for percids served as control diet (feed D). In comparison to the best performing percid feed, the sturgeon/sea bass feed D showed similar results. Feed A showed best results in terms of weight gain (14.6 kg), food conversion ratio (1.65), specific growth rate (0.74%/day) and second best survival rates, (98.1%). Differences in slaughter yield were significant only regarding the viscerosomatic index, whereas fillet yield, condition factor (K), hepatosomatic index, and proximate composition of whole body and fillet were comparable for all diets. In conclusion, three different commercial feeds specialized for percid production revealed significantly different production success in a recirculating aquaculture system. On the other hand, a commercial feed with similar composition sold for sturgeon/sea bass also achieved acceptable results.

Influence of seasonality on the development and quality of wild Pimelodus britskii fillet

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the morphometric and yield characteristics and the chemical composition of Pimelodus britskii in two seasons (winter or summer) to provide information for its industrialization and commercial use. For this trial, 72 individuals were collected from either winter or summer. The fish were distributed to three length classes (<20 cm, 20 to 23 cm, >23 cm), for a total of 24 fish per class. Evaluation of total weight, total and standard length, head length and height, and the relationships between these characteristics were recorded. Clean trunk and fillet yields, visceral fat percentage, and head weight percentage were also evaluated in this study. Chemical composition of the fillets was analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, lipid content, and ash. The fatty acid profile of fillets from fish caught in the winter was higher in this study: 24:0, 14:1 n − 5, 16:1 n − 7, 18:1 n − 9, 24:1 n − 9, 18:2 n − 6, 18:3 n − 3, 20:4 n − 6, 20:5 n − 3, and 22:6 n − 3 (P < .05). Seasonality affected total weight, head weight, visceral fat percentage, and fillet yields (P < .05). The fatty acid profile of P. britskii (increased n − 3/n − 6 lipids) caught during the winter shows great potential for human consumption. The results show that seasonality can affect the morphological characteristics and chemical composition of P. britskii.

RENDIMENTO E COMPOSIÇÃO CENTESIMAL DE FILÉS E CARNE MECANICAMENTE SEPARADA DE SARAMUNETES (Pseudupeneus maculatus BLOCH, 1793)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o rendimento e a composição centesimal de filés de saramunetes (Pseudupeneus maculatus) e da carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) sem lavar, com uma e duas lavagens com água. Os saramunetes apresentaram rendimento de filés ligeiramente inferior quando comparados com outros peixes. Por outro lado, o rendimento da CMS foi próximo ao observado em outros peixes comerciais. A umidade das CMS foi maior (P &lt; 0,05) que a dos filés, sendo que o aumento do número de lavagens daCMS causou aumento da umidade. Os filés apresentaram alto teor proteico, superior (P &lt; 0,05) ao da CMS, e baixa porcentagem de lipídeos. A CMS apresentou porcentagem de lipídeos superior à dos filés, e o aumento do número de lavagens da CMS causou diminuição (P &lt; 0,05) na porcentagem de lipídeos. A porcentagem de cinzas da CMS foi superior à dos filés e houve também diminuição (P &lt; 0,05) após a lavagem. A composiçãocentesimal da CMS sem lavar foi próxima à do filé. Portanto, recomenda-se a não lavagem da CMS de saramunetes para evitar perdas de compostos nutricionais (proteína, lipídeos e cinzas) e a formação de resíduos líquidos.

Polyploidy affects fillet yield, composition, and fatty acid profile in two-year old, female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Gonadal development in fish is a dominant physiological process that alters growth and fat metabolism, thereby affecting fillet quality. Sterile, triploid (3 N) female rainbow trout are generated by pressure-induced shock of zygotes (3NP), and by crossing a diploid (2 N; fertile) female and a tetraploid (4 N; fertile) male to produce triploid offspring 100% of the time (3NC; sterile). We have shown female intercross-triploids (3NC) have faster growth rates than pressure-induced triploids (3NP). Using a subset of these animals, we examined fillet yield, texture and fatty acid composition; additionally, fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phospholipids was determined. Variables were measured immediately prior to ovulation of (2 N; fertile) animals. Separable muscle as a percent of whole body weight was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in 3NC (46.5%) compared with 3NP (43.6%) fish, and both had higher yields than 2 N (38.3%) individuals. Fillets from 3NC fillets contained more (P ≤ 0.05) intramuscular crude fat than 3NP and 2 N fillets (13.4%, 11.2%, 8.17%, respectively). Also, 2 N fillets contained (P ≤ 0.05) fewer total saturated fatty acids (29.2%) compared to 3NP (33.4%) fillets which in turn, had fewer than 3NC (34.9%) fillets; suggesting diploids that stored SFA were used for egg development. Although 2 N fillets contained more (P ≤ 0.05) total polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to all fatty acids (PUFA, 28.7%) than 3NC and 3NP fillets (23.6% and 24.8%, respectively), the 3NC had the highest concentration per gram of fillet. 3NC and 3NP muscle had higher (P ≤ 0.05) levels of C12:0, C14:0, compared to 2 N. Fatty acids, C16:0 and 16:1, were highest (P ≤ 0.05) in 3NC, and 2 N muscle contained more (P ≤ 0.05) C22:6n3, C20:3n6 and C18:1n9c compared to 3NC and 3NP. Linoleic acid (18:2n6c) was highest in 2 N followed by 3NP and 3NC muscle (P ≤ 0.05). Thin Layer Chromatography plates were used to separate lipid classes and to evaluate the fatty acid composition of each lipid class. Ploidy did not affect (P > 0.05) fatty acids present in triglyceride and phospholipids. Albeit, triglycerides had higher (P ≤ 0.10) levels of C16:1, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C18:3n3 and C22:1n9 compared to the phospholipids; whereas phospholipids contained higher levels of C16:0, C20:4n6, C20:5n3, and C22:6n3. Notably, phospholipids contained 3 times more C22:6n3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to triglycerides. Overall, intercross-triploids (3NC) exhibited superior growth and fillet yields and higher concentrations of intramuscular crude fat compared to 3NP and 2 N females, fillet texture and fatty acid profile were not different, with the exceptions of C18:2n6c, C16:0, and C16:1.

Influence of branched chain amino acid inclusion in diets varying in ingredient composition on broiler performance, processing yields, and pododermatitis and litter characteristics

The inclusion of L-Val and L-Ile is progressively becoming an economically feasible strategy to reduce the dietary CP content of broiler diets. In the current experiment, the influence of supplementing the feed-grade branched chain amino acids ( BCAA ) Val and Ile was evaluated in corn and soybean meal–based ( CSBM ) diets, with or without the inclusion of either peanut meal ( PM ) or an animal protein blend ( APB ), on broiler growth performance (0–48 D), processing characteristics, and incidence of pododermatitis and litter characteristics. Supplementation of BCAA reduced analyzed CP by an average of 1.62 percentage units across 4 feeding phases. Overall (0–48 D), broiler body weight gain and FCR were unaffected when fed supplemental BCAA; however, feed intake was increased for those supplemented with BCAA. Overall growth performance was similar when including either PM or APB in CSBM diets. At processing, broilers fed BCAA diets had increased relative and absolute breast fillets and total white meat weights, as well as heavier fat pad weights. Nitrogen excretion was reduced when BCAA were supplemented, but no differences were observed for footpad dermatitis ( FPD ) lesion scores. Interestingly, APB supplementation did not impact litter moisture or nitrogen but improved FPD scores compared to birds fed CSBM, with PM-fed birds having intermediate FPD scores. In conclusion, these data indicate that BCAA inclusion can support CP reductions while maintaining growth performance, improving breast fillet yield, and reducing nitrogen excretion in broilers reared to market ages.

Effects of long‐term restricted feeding followed by full feeding on growth, processing yield, fillet proximate composition, and economics of market‐size hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus

AbstractA pond study examined the effects of long‐term restricted feeding followed by full feeding on production and processing characteristics, fillet composition, and economics of market‐size hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus. Market‐size fish averaging 674 g were stocked into 24 ponds (0.04 ha) at 17,300 fish/ha. Fish were either fed once or twice weekly for 4 months or once or twice weekly for 4 months followed by 15‐ or 30‐day daily full feeding. All fish were fed to apparent satiation on days fed. Fish fed once weekly for 4 months gained about 30% weight and those fed twice weekly gained 70% weight. Feeding once or twice weekly for 4 months followed by 15‐ or 30‐day full feeding did not significantly affect carcass yield compared with the initial sample (overwintered fish). At least 30 days of full feeding were needed to restore fillet yield to normal levels. Based on economic analysis and processing yield, it is suggested fish fed once weekly should be given full feed for 15 days or so to improve fillet yield before harvest. Fish fed twice weekly can be harvested with or without 15 days full feeding.

Swimming Performance and Oxygen Consumption as Non-lethal Indicators of Production Traits in Atlantic Salmon and Gilthead Seabream.

The aim of this study was to investigate swimming performance and oxygen consumption as non−lethal indicator traits of production parameters in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and Gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. A total of 34 individual fish of each species were subjected to a series of experiments: (1) a critical swimming speed (Ucrit) test in a swim-gutter, followed by (2) two starvation-refeeding periods of 42 days, and (3) swimming performance experiments coupled to respirometry in swim-tunnels. Ucrit was assessed first to test it as a predictor trait. Starvation-refeeding traits included body weight; feed conversion ratio based on dry matter; residual feed intake; average daily weight gain and loss. Swim-tunnel respirometry provided oxygen consumption in rest and while swimming at the different speeds, optimal swim speed and minimal cost of transport (COT). After experiments, fish were dissected and measured for tissue weights and body composition in terms of dry matter, ash, fat, protein and moist, and energy content. The Ucrit test design was able to provide individual Ucrit values in high throughput manner. The residual Ucrit (RUcrit) should be considered in order to remove the size dependency of swimming performance. Most importantly, RUcrit predicted filet yield in both species. The minimal COT, the oxygen consumption when swimming at Uopt, added predictive value to the seabream model for feed intake.