Field Situations Research Articles

Numerical Study on Water Sealing Effect of Freeze-Sealing Pipe-Roof Method Applied in Underwater Shallow-Buried Tunnel

The freezing-sealing pipe-roof method is a new presupporting technique, which fully combines the advantages of pipe-roof method and artificial ground-freezing method, and can adapt to the construction needs of underground projects in complex and sensitive strata. After the Gongbei Tunnel of Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge, this method will be applied for the first time in an underwater shallow-buried railroad tunnel, and there are still many urgent problems to be solved. In this article, based on the field situation and the preliminary design scheme, a convective heat transfer model under complex boundary conditions was first established. Then, the development of frozen wall thickness during the active freezing period was solved by numerical simulation for three different pipe filling modes, and the cloud map of temperature distribution in the whole section is analyzed. After that, the moving state of river water was characterized by different heat transfer coefficients, and the weakening effect of flow velocity on the top freezing wall was studied. Finally, six critical water sealing paths were selected, and the temperature differences of the frozen curtain were calculated. The results show that the mode with interval concrete filling can form a reliable frozen curtain within the scheduled time, whereas the nonfilling mode cannot achieve the water sealing requirement. River water has a large effect on the temperature at the boundary of jacking pipe and almost no effect on the center of the jacked pipe. It takes approximately 15 days from the frozen soil covering the pipe wall to reach the designed thickness, and the freezing effect of empty pipe lags approximately 28 days compared with that of solid pipe, which requires targeted enhancement measures in field projects.

Nesting System and Foraging Behaviour of <i>Crematogaster (Nematocrema) stadelmanni </i>Mayr, 1895 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Douala (Littoral-Cameroon)

Nesting system, diet behaviour, activity rhythm and predatory behaviour of <i>Crematogaster (Nematocrema) stadelmanni</i> Mayr, 1895 were studied in the field situation in suburbs of Douala (Littoral-Cameroon). Polycalic and polydomous nesting system were recorded. Large independent nests were positioned on the bark surface of trunks (50.8%) or the underside bark of the fork of large branches (49.2%) of cultivated or wild trees (45.8% and 54.2% respectively). Workers collected nectar from 18 plants from eight families: Asteraceae, Costaceae, Ehretiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Mimosaceae Phyllantaceae, Poaceae and Rutaceae. They collected honeydew from Aleyrodidae and four Hemipteran families from Sternorrhyncha suborder: Aphididae, Coccidae Pseudococcidae and Stictococcidae. These Hemipterans proliferated on 11 plant families: Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Costaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae and Urticaceae. Solid particles brought back to the nest were mostly from plants (72.5%) and weakly preys (27.5%). Sugary liquids were preferred over fats, carbohydrate sources, and even preys. Products were collected continuously (day and night) in the foliage of the host plant and neighbouring plants, shrubs and grasses. Workers occasionally brought back to the nest dead or dying larvae of grasshoppers and small particles of other arthropods (ants, flies, caterpillars). The sequence of behavioural acts recorded during the capture of larvae of <i>Ruspolia differens</i> (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and adults of <i>Zonocerus variegatus</i> (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) (3 to 5 mm and 15 to 20 mm long respectively) were compared. The main sequence presented succession of seven acts: (1) detection by contact; (2) antennation; (3) attack-seizure; (4) short-range recruitment of nestmates in the vicinity; (5) spread-eagling of preys; (6) cutting up the prey on the spot; and (7) transport of pieces or whole prey to the nest. The stinging phase was not recorded. The duration of the capture of small prey (66 min. to 1 hr. 25 sec.; mean ± se: 1 hr. 57 min. 25 sec. ± 12 min. 2 sec.; 10 essays) was lower than that of large preys (2 hrs. 33 sec. to 4 hrs. 16 sec.; 2 hrs. 58 min. 32 sec. ± 17 min. 15 sec.; 10 essays; Mann-Withney test: T = 72.00; p = 0.014). The long duration of captures suggested that spread-eagling and cutting up preys on the spot lasted a long time. <i>Cr. stadelmanni</i> is a poor predator indirectly harmful for wild or cultivated trees since their predatory aptitude is low compared to aggressive dominant arboreal-nesting ants and is counterbalanced by the propensity to honeydew.

Collection and administration of blood products in horses: Transfusion indications, materials, methods, complications, donor selection, and blood testing.

Blood transfusion is a lifesaving treatment for horses with acute hemorrhage and other causes of anemia. Transfusions improve oxygen delivery to the tissues via increased blood volume and hemoglobin concentration. Certain aspects of equine blood transfusion are challenging, especially in the field situation, and practitioners may be unfamiliar or feel overwhelmed with the process. An understanding of the indications, materials, methods, and techniques as well as donor selection and possible complications will help practitioners successfully implement blood transfusion in clinical practice. Blood transfusion involves several steps including appropriate donor selection, cross-matching, blood collection, and administration, as well as monitoring and handling of transfusion reactions. Guidance for each of these steps are detailed in this review. Blood transfusion is an effective and often lifesaving treatment for managing diseases of blood loss, hemolysis, and decreased RBC production. Equine practitioners require a thorough understanding of the indications for blood transfusion, the immunological principles behind compatibility testing and transfusion reactions, and the technical skills to aseptically collect and administer blood products KEY POINTS: Equine practitioners require a thorough understanding of the indications for blood transfusion, the immunological principles behind compatibility testing and transfusion reactions, and the technical skills to aseptically collect and administer blood products. Because there are over 400,000 possible equine RBC phenotypes, no universal donor exists, and some blood type incompatibilities are likely between any donor and recipient. Therefore, prior to any blood transfusion, donor and recipient blood should be cross-matched Inadequate delivery of oxygen (Do2 ) to the tissues, resulting from low hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, is the most important indication for blood transfusion Neonatal isoerythrolysis most commonly occurs following an anamnestic response in late gestation; it rarely occurs following a primary exposure because the immune response is not strong enough to produce clinically significant alloantibody titers.

A review of heat pump research in China using bibliometric methods

The analysis of big data can reveal the macroscopic situation of a certain field from a relatively objective angle and indicate the potential development trends in the future. This study provides a novel approach to review the development of heat pump research from 1994 to 2020 in China using the bibliometric method which belongs to big data analysis. More than 15 000 references were selected, 2716 of which are from the Web of Science core collection and 13 183 of which are from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, including articles and reviews. Their knowledge maps and co-citation analysis were performed. Different major trends were identified for 15 clusters. Results showed that ground source heat pump (GSHP), air source heat pump (ASHP)-on frost, ASHP on heating, and solar-assisted heat pump are the most active research fronts. The studies on the GSHP account for the largest portion, reaching about 21%. Ground heat exchanger and thermal imbalance are the focus points. ASHP is the hottest research direction in recent years, mainly focusing on the technologies of frosting/defrosting and heating. The studies on defrosting experience a transition from the frosting/defrosting process and thermal energy storage for defrosting to frost-free ASHP. Besides, direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump water heater was becoming more and more active. Finally, industrial heat pump showed great development potential.

The effectiveness of metacognition training on motivational beliefs and self-regulated learning strategies of students with learning disorders

Background and Aim: Learning can be considered as the most fundamental process, as a result of which, a helpless and helpless creature, over time and in interaction and physical growth, reaches a transformed person whose cognitive abilities and power of thought knows no bounds. The aim of the current research was to investigate the effectiveness of metacognitive training on motivational beliefs and self-regulated learning strategies of students with learning disabilities. Method: The current research method is practical in terms of purpose and in terms of field situation and in terms of semi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test design was with the control group and random assignment. The statistical population of this research included all elementary school students aged 10 to 13 with learning disabilities in reading, writing and math in Juybar city in the academic year of 2019-20. Purposive sampling and 30 students were selected as a sample and then randomly assigned 15 students to the experimental group (related to metacognition training) and 15 students to the control group. The experimental group underwent metacognitive training based on Koziak's (2001) model for 10 one-hour weekly sessions; while the control group did not receive any intervention. Also, Harter's motivational beliefs questionnaire (1981) and Ryan and Connell's self-regulated learning questionnaire (1989) were used in the pre-test and post-test stages. Finally, the data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni's post hoc test. Results: The results showed that metacognition training has an effect on students' motivational beliefs (F=12.31; P=0.002) and self-regulation learning strategies (F=17.35; P=0.001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that metacognitive training is effective on students' motivational beliefs and self-regulation learning strategies, and this training can be used to reduce students' psychological problems.

Oil withdrawal technological advancement for multilayer field

The authors discuss the technology for dual pumping technology of oil-producing wells and show its advantages and shortages. It is concluded that the simultaneous-separate oil production project proposed is economically attractive due to increment in oil production, high income terms and short pay-off period even in small and depleted reservoirs. Furthermore, the potential of the proposed project is evaluated in terms of the required facilities and incremental oil production. Dual pumping technology becomes of ever-more use today, since unified well-spacing pattern envisioned for multilayer fields development and operation ensures feasibility of multiple-zone production, and, as a consequence, ramp-up of reserves recovery and oil drainage amount as well. At the same time, practicability of multiple-zone production depends on a number of fraught factors and requires thereof appropriate inventory and current status analyses to be fulfilled with regard to reserves recovery operations. As influx performance study and fluid-bearing characteristic of reservoirs are often incomplete due to field situation, the authors, therefore, follows the task to carry out an efficiency analysis of multi-zone productions based on dual completion technologies. [Received: August 4, 2020; Accepted: August 21, 2021]

Groundwater table fluctuations in a coastal unconfined aquifer with depth-varying hydraulic properties

While many analytical studies have been carried out to examine groundwater table fluctuations in tidally-influenced coastal unconfined aquifers, they generally focused on homogeneous aquifers and overlooked actual field situations with sound physical underpinnings. Taking the inelastic intergranular movement into account, this study presented a new governing equation under the Dupuit assumption, in which the compressibility factor was considered to incorporate the vertical variations of both effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity. An analytical solution was derived using Taylor expansion and the perturbation method. Time-varying groundwater table from the present model lies in between the homogeneous solutions predicted using grain parameters in the upper and bottom aquifer layers, which is almost overlapped with the homogeneous solution if applying the grain parameters in the middle layer. Effects of depth-varying hydraulic properties were further examined with respect to the total fluctuation range and phase shift of the groundwater table, which quantitatively present the differences between the present solution and Nielsen (1990) homogeneous solution. Such differences become significant for the large compressibility factor. In addition, it was mathematically proved that compressibility factor has no effect on the mean water surface as landward distance approaches infinity.

Asphaltic Concrete Pavement Strength and the Impact of Rainfall

Studies have shown that moisture impacts on the strength of flexible pavement surface of asphaltic concrete. Several investigations and relevant researches treated the effect of subsurface and surface water sources, on the durability of flexible pavements. This study is focused on the surface water sources, as a result of precipitation (rainfall), on the surface of flexible pavements. To conduct this experiment, the considerations made include (i) the continuous exposure of the pavement surface to annual rainfall (ii) application of pavement exposure to moisture in the field. This study considered the amount of rainfall each day, as the duration (age) of pavement exposure to moisture (being under water during rainfall). For the purpose of this experiment, the Owerri to Onitsha about 90km of dual carriage way in south east of Nigeria, was considered. This is a flexible pavement that traverses through the rain forest belt, characterized with high amount of annual rainfall values. Flexible pavement specimens from this road were obtained, cleaned and immersed in water after weighing, to keep vital records of the necessary parameters, before further tests at 7days intervals. Values of strength obtained after days in water, that approximated to the appropriate field situation of exposure to rainfall, showed a consistent loss of strength, from the crushing strength results.

MICRO- AND MACROGENESIS OF SEMANTIC ARCHITECTONICS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

The purpose of the article is to highlight the genetic and functional plans of the semantic architectonics of human consciousness. The procedure of theoretical and methodological research is based on the methodological background of the genetic and modeling approach of S.D. Maksymenko, cultural and historical concept of L.S. Vyhotskyi, activity and system paradigms. It is defined the concept of “semantic architectonics of consciousness” as a multidimensional semantic construction that “puts” traces of fixed previous interactions and attitudes into events and situations in the semantic fields and mnemic contexts. It is specified that the “world picture” is a system of variable and objective cases of conceptualization of semantic architectonics of individual’s consciousness - intentionally activated dynamic semantic network with multiformat structure of plurality of individually set images of the world and oneself in it and hierarchical semantic connections (relations) between all specific elements that make up partial images and the network as a whole. The sources of the unique emotional color of crystallized patterns are revealed. These sources determine the detail and scale of a person’s subjective reality, his or her subjective personal response to the influence of objective reality. It is proved that the genesis of new semantic connections creates internal conditions to act in an active way, changing one's life world (subjective reality), “setting” it for the real world in a more specific way. It is substantiated the procedural chain of finding of the meaning, the progress-movement of which as an instrument of man’s discovery of oneself and the world, has a transitional but inverse form, namely: “world” ← → “unconscious connotations of non-verbal experiences” that have somatopsychic manifestation ← → “necessity” ← → “interiorisation” (which is combined with the selectivity of perception of another person due to the action of imprintings and mnemic contexts) ← → “intention” ← → “attitude, activity” ← → “understanding and interpretation” ← → “meaning” ← → objectified “intersubjective meaning” ← → “world”.

Anti-Unruh effect in the thermal background

We study the influence of the thermal background on the existence of the anti-Unruh effect. For the massless scalar field, we present that the anti-Unruh effect can appear when the detector is accelerated in the thermal field, which is shown to be absent when accelerating in the Minkowski vacuum. For the massive scalar field, it is found that the anti-Unruh effect which exists in the case for accelerated detectors in the vacuum can disappear when the background temperature increases. We use the many-body entangled quantum state to study the situation of the massive scalar field. When the many-body state is accelerated, its entanglement is decreasing with the increase of the background temperature and the phenomenon of the sudden death for entanglement occurs. This provides a valuable indication that the anti-Unruh effect can exist below some specific background temperature, dependent on the actual experimental environment.

Quantification of Advective Transport Phenomena to Better Understand Dispersion in the Field.

Observation of dispersion in field situations has left three issues that may be better understood by applying advective transport phenomena. (1) In some experiments, the longitudinal dispersivity becomes constant with increasing pathlength and in other cases it remains growing. (2) Dispersivities reported from multiple comprehensive observations at a single site differ at similar pathlength in some cases more than a factor two. (3) The observed difference between the plume fronts and plume tails is not represented in the reported parameters. The analytic equations for advective transport phenomena at macroscale of De Lange (2020) describe the thickness of the affected flow‐tube and the spread of the plume front and tail. The scale factor defines the size of the averaging domain and so of the initial phase. The new macroscale correlation coefficient relates the growth of the longitudinal dispersivity beyond the initial phase to the aquifer heterogeneity. Using stochastic parameters for the aquifer heterogeneity, the parameters are quantified at 14 field experiments in the United States, Canada and Europe enabling the comparison of calculated and reported final dispersivities. Using the quantified parameters, 146 reported and calculated dispersivities along the traveled paths show a good match. A dispersivity derived from the local plume growth may differ a factor of two from the aquifer‐representative value. The growths of plume fronts and tails between two plume stages are assessed in 14 cases and compared to calculated values. Distinctive parameters for the plume front and tail support better understanding of field situations. A user‐ready spreadsheet is provided.

Phenotypic Assortment Changes the Landscape of Selection.

Social interactions with conspecifics can dramatically affect an individual's fitness. The positive or negative consequences of interacting with social partners typically depend on the value of traits that they express. These pathways of social selection connect the traits and genes expressed in some individuals to the fitness realized by others, thereby altering the total phenotypic selection on and evolutionary response of traits across the multivariate phenotype. The downstream effects of social selection are mediated by the patterns of phenotypic assortment between focal individuals and their social partners (the interactant covariance, Cij', or the multivariate form, CI). Depending on the sign and magnitude of the interactant covariance, the direction of social selection can be reinforced, reversed, or erased. We report estimates of Cij' from a variety of studies of forked fungus beetles to address the largely unexplored questions of consistency and plasticity of phenotypic assortment in natural populations. We found that phenotypic assortment of male beetles based on body size or horn length was highly variable among subpopulations, but that those differences also were broadly consistent from year to year. At the same time, the strength and direction of Cij' changed quickly in response to experimental changes in resource distribution and social properties of populations. Generally, interactant covariances were more negative in contexts in which the number of social interactions was greater in both field and experimental situations. These results suggest that patterns of phenotypic assortment could be important contributors to variability in multilevel selection through their mediation of social selection gradients.

Causes of Sustainable Tourism Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe. The Case of Three Countries: Romania, Bulgaria and Poland

Abstract Resilience is a concept that reflects the ability to cope with change; sustainability is the ability to preserve the beneficial aspects associated with economic activity. Regarding the last decades, we assess the extent to which the resilience of sustainable tourism depends on labour market, economic growth, energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption. We used Granger causality applied to indicators correlated with sustainability (number of international tourism arrivals, labour force, GDP, total energy consumption, renewable energy consumption) for the period between 1995 and 2014. The time interval could not be extended because of the lack of recent data. The main result is that for Romania, Bulgaria and Poland the resilience of sustainable tourism depends on the indicators we analyzed, all of which playing the role of generator or “cause” for the numbers of arrivals. Bicausality was noticed for Romania and Poland and partial bicausality for Bulgaria because labour force and economic growth are not the causes of total energy consumption and neither are the number of tourists, labour force and economic growth the causes of renewable energy consumption. The resilience of sustainable tourism is dependent on the situation in other fields of activity since the tourism sector does not have the capacity for self-regeneration.

The Role of Digital Talents in the Transition to Circular Business Models for Environmental Conservation

The problem of environmental conservation and resource-efficient functioning of enterprises is currently one of the most urgent for developed and developing economies of the world. The opportunities for improving the efficiency of companies' activities in the field of environmental conservation in Industry 4.0 conditions are strongly connected with new business models and technologies of the digital economy. The use of digital solutions can significantly reduce emissions, increase the rational use of resources, improve energy efficiency, etc. Moreover, the whole concept of interaction of economic agents with each other and with the environment is changing. In general, this allows, firstly, deploying different solutions to improve the interaction of economic entities with the environment due to the application of different digital technologies (deep technologies, including Artificial intelligence, Industrial Internet of Things, Blockchain, Additive manufacturing, etc.). Secondly, to switch to new business models those are most effective in the context of human interaction with the environment. An example is the circular business model. However, the implementation of both options requires the availability of appropriate specialists in the field of the digital economy – digital talents. Now there is a significant gap in this area between demand and supply in the labor market. A shortage of digital talent exists. The distribution of digital talents in enterprises is unreasonable. The lack of digital talent, especially high-end technical specialists, is prominent, as is the lack of low-end technicians and technicians familiar with the industry. The core characteristic of digital talents is the ability to quickly and accurately find out novel information and new situations in the information field amidst the constant renewal of information technology. This requires the ability to learn continuously and independently. The training of these technicians in universities is essential. The solution to existing challenges is possible based on the development of effective interaction between educational institutions and the subjects of the labor market. The paper contains the main directions of digital talents cultivation in the context of transition to circular sustainable business models.

Optimal design of the high geogrid-reinforced slope at the airfield of an airport

Geogrid reinforced soil slope is a new type of slope supporting structure, which is of great significance for improving the slope stability, saving construction land and preserving the ecological environment. In order to provide the optimal design solution of the reinforced soil slope for high fill slopes, a case study is conducted on the No.6 slope at the northwest corner of the airport runway. Three design schemes with different slope ratios are carried out firstly based on the geological conditions of the slope and the field situation of the high fill slope. Secondly, the simplified Bishop method, Spencer wedge method and Morgenstern price method are used to calculate the stability factors of the reinforced slopes under the natural, rainstorm and earthquake conditions. Finally, the deformation characteristics of the slope and tensile force in reinforcements are investigated based on the finite element method under the natural conditions. The results show that all the proposed design schemes can meet the requirements of slope stability under different working conditions. A zigzag distribution of the tensile force in reinforcements in the multi-stage reinforced soil slope is observed along the slope height, and the maximum axial force of reinforcement increases abruptly at the toe of each slope. Compared with the design scheme of the gentle reinforced soil slope with the slope ratio of 1∶1.5, the reinforced retaining wall with the slope ratio of 1∶0.25 shows obvious advantages in reducing the slope height, consumption of geosynthetics, filling and excavation amount as well as slope protection area. The key issues including the slope stability, construction cost and duration are comprehensively considered, and the design scheme of the reinforced earth wall is reasonable.

Rapid reverse transcriptase recombinase polymerase amplification assay for flaviviruses using non-infectious in vitro transcribed RNA as positive controls

West Nile virus (WNV) and Wesselsbron virus (WSLV) are mosquito-borne viruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus, family Flaviviridae and cause outbreaks in southern Africa after heavy rain. Isothermal assays have been proposed for application in field situations as well as low resource settings and hence we developed a reverse-transcriptase recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) to detect WNV and WSLV known to occur in South Africa, causing sporadic outbreaks usually associated with good rainfall favouring mosquito breeding. Infectious virus can only be handled within a biosafety level (BSL) 3 facility, hence we opted to validate the assay with transcribed RNA. Specific RT-RPA primers and probes were designed for detection of WNV and WSLV and products detected using a rapid lateral flow device. The assay was performed in 30 min and detected 1.9 × 10¹ copies of WNV and 3.5 × 10° copies WSLV using noninfectious transcribed RNA controls. In addition, the assay was not inhibited by the presence of mosquito extracts in spiked samples. Mismatches between the WNV and WSLV probes and other flaviviruses will likely prevent cross reactivity. The sensitivity, low RPA incubation temperature and rapid processing time makes assay systems based on RPA technology ideally suited for fieldable diagnostics.

The development of measures supporting the Northern Caucasian Federal Okrug with qualified medical personnel using trchnologies and resources of the Scientific Educational Medical Cluster "Northern-Caucasian"

The article presents the results of analysis of educational activities of a medical University. Among the issues that need to be resolved, quality of professional selection of applicants to medical universities, backwardness in time management skills, stress coping and leadership qualities in students are noted. The mechanisms for solving these issues are proposed on the basis of "puzzle technology" - embedding in existing matrix those activities that are capable to qualitatively change the situation in a particular field of higher education. Based on functioning of cluster technologies in the SEMC "Northern Caucasian", joint measures are developed to optimize educational activities not only in educational organizations subordinated to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, but also those in the structure of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation that include medical faculties and/or institutes. The conclusion is made that the inclusion of educational organizations of any departmental affiliation into scientific educational medical clusters has positive effect on quality education of future physicians.

Irrigation control and image acquisition for rice cultivation in UAE desert soil

Precision water management and crop growth monitoring are essential where water is a scarce, especially in desert soils. The purpose of the study was to control the irrigation and real-time image acquisition for monitoring the rice cultivation inside the net house under the UAE desert soil. An automated data acquisition system was constructed, installed, and tested in the experimental site at Al-Foah, Al-Ain. Soil water content sensors were placed in the different depths of desert soils, and an automatic irrigation logic was implemented to maintain the average of 30% desired water content level in desert soils. The irrigation rate was controlled based on the sensor data and the on/off of the pump and valves. When the average soil water content percentage level exceeds 30%, the pump and solenoid valve automatically turned off and vice versa. A Raspberry Pi operating system was used to control the irrigation, and a Raspberry Pi camera system was used to capture the real-time images for monitoring the rice growth and development. A web server was developed to upload and display the sensor values and images using python programing language through the embedded Wi-Fi network service. The web-based monitoring system was allowed to monitor the rice field situation from anywhere and download data from the site. The existing irrigation technique would help to grow the rice in UAE desert soil environments.

DAMPAK FRAMING PEMBERITAAN KEBIJAKAN PELARANGAN MUDIK DI TIRTO.ID TERHADAP KEPERCAYAAN MASYARAKAT KEPADA PEMERINTAH

This study aims to see the impact of the framing of the homecoming prohibition policy on public trust in the government considering that this topic is in accordance with the current situation (according to the context of the era). This study uses the Robert N. Entman model by paying attention to the Define Problems scheme, Diagnose Causes, Make Moral Judgment, and Treatment Recommendations. The results of this study indicate that the presentation of information through infographic media can provide a more interesting experience as well as can understand information easily because this infographic media contains the essence of the information itself. This shows that tirto.id has been able to provide objective information based on a number of factual things such as policies, field situations, and statements from experts. The impact is that the government is not consistent in implementing a policy, making people's trust in the government decrease, due to facts on the ground which show that there are still differences in treatment of someone in implementing a policy. This is shown in several warganet comments on the tirto.id Instagram account.

The bioprotective effect of root endophytic Serendipita herbamans against Fusarium wilt in tomato and its impact on root traits are determined by temperature

Environmental conditions such as temperature can be important determinants for the success of biocontrol agents in field situations. On the one hand temperature affects biocontrol strains on the other plant–pathogen dynamics. In order to understand these dynamics, driving factors behind these interactions need to be fully characterized. Here, we i) investigated the effect of two temperature treatments on the biocontrol activity of the root endophyte Serendipita herbamans against the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) in tomato and ii) assessed the impact of this biocontrol system on root morphological traits. The results of this study indicate that inoculation with S. herbamans stimulated shoot length and enhanced the shoot and root dry mass in tomato plants across both temperatures. Furthermore, S. herbamans inoculation decreased disease incidence from 67% in the Fol only treatment to 22% at lower temperatures (24 °C). At 28 °C, disease incidence was around 41% and no reduction could be seen; however, root morphological traits such as root length, root surface area and root volume were not affected at 24 °C but severely reduced under 28 °C upon Fol inoculation. A reduction of root morphological parameters was not observed in S. herbamans + Fol treated plants at 28 °C indicating a protective effect against Fol. Moreover, root morphological traits appear to be more influenced by the different temperatures than root dry weights. In additional in-vitro experiments, growth promoting effects of S. herbamans on root traits without direct contact were evident indicating the involvement of volatile organic compounds in growth promotion. In conclusion, S. herbamans provides protection against the temperature-dependent damage Fol inflicts on the tomato plants by reducing disease development under 24 °C and by mitigating reduction in root morphological parameters under 28 °C in the early weeks of interaction.