Field Pea Genotypes Research Articles

Mean Performance of Field pea (Pisum sativum L) Advanced Genotypes for Yield and Yield-related Traits in Arsi Zone, Ethiopia

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the second most important cool-season food legume in Ethiopia after faba bean, both in terms of production area and annual yield. The study comprises 13 advanced field pea genotypes that were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications across four different environments during two consecutive main cropping seasons (2020–2021). The primary objectives were to identify a field pea genotype with a reliable, high grain yield that could be subsequently released as a new cultivar for farmers in specific areas of Ethiopia. A combined analysis of field pea grain yield revealed a significant difference (P < 0.01) between genotypes and environments, suggesting that the genetic composition of the genotypes varied and the environments were distinct. The average grain yield ranged from 1614 kg/ha to 2412 kg/ha, with a mean of 2032.69 kg/ha. Genotype G13 had the highest average grain yield (2412 kg/ha) compared to the standard check varieties Bilalo (2190 kg/ha) and Bursa (2100 kg/ha), indicating its potential for developing adaptable varieties suited to specific environments. This outcome may aid breeders in choosing the most appropriate cultivars for particular environments, resulting in higher field pea yields and productivity. Nonetheless, the research also indicates that to create broadly adaptable and climate-resilient varieties, it is crucial to carry out trials in various locations and across multiple years.

Genetic Variability and Characters Association for Lodging, Yield and Related Traits of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes in Contrasting Plant Types

A total of 49 field pea genotypes, belonging to two different plant types were evaluated for 13 traits at Bekoji and Kofele in 2020 to assess the extent of genetic variability and association among morpho-agronomic traits. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference between plant types and among the tested genotypes within each plant type for most of traits. Relatively, genotypes within prostrate type are more variable in thousand seed weight and genotypes within semi-leaf less type are more diverse in plant height, ascochyta blight and lodging severity score. Moderate to high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability in broad sense (H2b) and genetic advance as a percent of mean (GAM) combination were recorded from seed yield, thousand seed weight, plant height and number of seeds per plant in both plant types. The path and correlation analysis showed that lodging score had significant negative association and negative direct effect on seed yield in prostrate type. Number of seeds per plant and plant height had both positive direct effects and significant positive association with seed yield consistently in both plant types. Thousand seed weight also showed both positive direct effects and significant positive association with seed yield in semi-leaf less type. Therefore, great emphasis should be given for those traits while making selection of field pea genotypes for high seed yield. However, for the improvement of yield and lodging simultaneously there should be balance between yield and lodging related traits especially in prostrate type. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the first five principal component axes accounted for 71.67% of the total variability. Generally, the results suggested the possibility of further improvement of seed yield and associated desired traits through selection in both plant types.

Genetic Diversity of Field Pea Genotypes (Pisum sativum L.) in Relation to their Plant Type using Multivariate and Genotype-by-Trait Biplot Analysis

Genetic Diversity of Field Pea Genotypes (Pisum sativum L.) in Relation to their Plant Type using Multivariate and Genotype-by-Trait Biplot Analysis

Genotype × environment interaction and stability analysis of advanced field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes in Southeastern Ethiopia

Field pea is a leguminous crops that have a significant economic contributions to sustainable Ethiopian agriculture. The experiment was conducted at four location in 2015/16 to 2016/17 main cropping seasons with the objectives of to determine the magnitude of genotype by environment interactions and its stability of thirteen field pea genotypes using randomized complete block design with four replications. The AMMI analysis revealed that significant (p<0.01) differences between genotypes, environments and genotype by environment interactions for grain yield. This indicates the genotypes responded differently across environments. The highest mean grain yield was recorded from genotype G12 which records (2992 kg ha−1) followed by genotype G4 2974 kg ha−1 across environments. The AMMI analysis showed that genotypes, environments and there interaction accounted about 72.9 %, 1.2 % and 5.7 % of the total sum of squares respectively. The GGE biplot first two principal components explained about 57.42 % of the total sum square of GEI. The GGE biplot revealed that G4 and G12 were the most stable and high yielding genotypes, while G10 and G9 were the lowest yielder and stable genotypes. The results indicated that genotypes responded differently to environmental conditions and the environments influenced genotype performances.

Assessment of phenotypic stability and adaptability of elite field pea (Pisum sativum L) genotypes in Arsi zone, Ethiopia

Field pea is a cool-season legume that thrives in cool, semiarid climates and can be grown in a wide range of soil types, from light sandy to heavy clay. Thirteen field pea genotypes underwent evaluation in seven different environments during the main growing seasons of 2016–2017. The study aimed to identify pea genotypes that are adapted and well-suited for commercial production for Ethiopian farmers and seed producers. The experiment was arranged using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The combined analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences (P < 0.01) for grain yield in all sources of variations (Genotype, Environment, and the interaction of genotype and environment) indicating that seed yield is affected by genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment interaction. The main effect of the environment explained 67.8 % of the total variation, while the genotype and interaction accounted for 2.3 % and 7.6 %, respectively. The highest average grain yield came from genotype G10, with 3448 kg/ha, followed by genotype G11 with 3371 kg/ha, compared to the other genotypes and with an overall average of 3051 kg/ha across seven environments while the lowest yield was from genotype G7. The GGE biplot of the first two principal components indicated that Component 1 explained 40.23 % and Component 2 explained 33.29 % of the genotype by environment interaction sum of squares. Some genotypes, such as G10, G1, G13 demonstrated significantly higher yields than the average, while others like G7, G2, G3, and G6 had yields lower than the average. Both AMMI and GGE bplot identifies Genotypes G1, G8, and G4 showed the highest stability, with G1 being identified as the most ideal genotype due to its high yield and stability. Conversely, G11 and G3 were considered to be unstable based on their positioning in the graph. The genotypes located at the peaks of the polygon, either lower or higher performance G2, G7, G3, G13, and G10, were considered the vertex genotypes.

Phenotypic diversity in qualitative and quantitative traits for selection of high yield potential field pea genotypes

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) needs improvement to increase productivity due to its high price and demand. However, the incidence of powdery mildew (PM) disease limits its production. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of qualitative and quantitative traits against powdery mildew resistance by utilizing cluster and principal component analysis to explore PM resistance high-yield potential field peas. Shannon–Weaver's diversity index (Hʹ) displayed high intra-genotype diversity for quantitative and qualitative aspects. Heterogeneity was identified for resistance against powdery mildew infections. Eighty-five genotypes were divided into five groups using Mohalanobis generalized distance (D2) statistics. The highest inter-cluster D2 value was observed between clusters 2 and 3 (11.89) while the lowest value was found between clusters 3 and 4 (2.06). Most of the genotypes had noticeable differences, so these could be employed in a crossing scheme. Twelve genotypes were extremely resistant, 29 genotypes were resistant, 25 genotypes were moderately resistant, 18 genotypes were fairly susceptible, and 1 genotype was susceptible to powdery mildew disease. Among 29 resistant genotypes, BFP77, BFP74, BFP63, BFP62, BFP43, and BFP80 were high yielders and, could be used directly and/or transferred through hybridization to high-yielding disease-susceptible genotypes. Among the 25 moderately resistant genotypes, BFP78, BFP45, BFP79, and BFP48 were found to be high yielders. In principal component analysis (PCA), the first four PCs with Eigen values > 1 accounted for 88.4% variability for quantitative traits. Clustering sorted genotypes into five groups, where groups 1 to 5 assembled 37, 28, 1, 8, and 11 genotypes, respectively. Genotypes of cluster 4 were identified as high yielders with its attributes. Pearson correlation significantly and positively correlated across all traits except for PM. This variation suggested that there is a mechanism to select promising genotypes for field pea breeding. Considering all features, BFP78, BFP77, BFP74, BFP63, BFP62, BFP45, BFP79, and BFP80 could be preferred as high yielders and PM resistance owing to longer pod lengths, seeds per pod and pods per plant.

Screening of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes for their Susceptibility against Pod Borers

The present investigation on the varietal screening of 13 pea genotypes including a check was carried out at Agricultural Research Farm, RAK College of Agriculture, Sehore, M.P. during Rabi 2020-2021. The larval population of H. armigera was found to be minimum in Pant P 484 with 1.21 larvae/ plant, with a pod damage of 2.28%, and maximum in KPMR 942 with 2.01 larvae/ plant, with a pod damage of 12.82% which was found statistically at par with HFP 16-02 with 1.91 larvae/ plant (12.37% pod damage). The maximum population of L. boutiques was also recorded on KPMR 942 (2.22 larvae/ plant) with pod damage of 15.00% followed by HFP 16-02 (13.40%) while it was minimum in Pant P 484 (1.36 larvae/ plant) with 2.83% pod damage. The result on the yield was maximum in Pant P 484 with 2818 kg/ha and the minimum yield was recorded in KPMR 942 with 919 kg/ha during the crop period. Out of a total of 13 varieties tested for infestation by the pod borers, three varieties (Pant P 484, IPFD 20-03 and IPFD 12-02) were found to be highly resistant, two varieties (Pant P 480 and IPFD 11-05) were least susceptible, four varieties (Pant P 479, RNCP 14-13, IPFD 20-09 and IPFD 20-02) were considered to be moderately susceptible, and four varieties (KPMR 942, HFP 17-11, HFP 16-02 and IPFD 10-12) were reported to be highly susceptible. By identifying resistant genotypes, we can adopt more targeted and sustainable strategies to combat pod borers, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides and minimizing crop losses. These resistant genotypes could also serve as valuable genetic resources for future breeding programs aimed at developing improved cultivars with enhanced resistance and contribute to the broader field of integrated pest management in field pea cultivation.

Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes for grain yield in a multi-environment trial in Southeastern Ethiopia

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a key cool-season food legume grown in Ethiopia, particularly in the Southeastern Arsi Zone. Although there is potential for field pea production in the area, adopting new and improved varieties is challenging because local farmers frequently prioritize cereal crops over field peas. To tackle this issue, a study was conducted to identify and promote high-yielding, improved field pea varieties suitable for the Southeastern farming community and similar agro-ecologies. The study focused on assessing the relationship between genotype and environment as well as the stability pattern of 14 advanced field pea genotypes. The genotypes were evaluated in eight environments in two consecutive cropping seasons (2014–2015) in southeast Ethiopia. The study utilized a randomized complete block design consisting of four replications. Various parametric stability analyses were used, including joint regression, additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), and additive main effect and multiplicative interaction stability value (ASV). The grain yield was significantly influenced by genotype, location, and their interactions. The average grain yield ranged from 2809.5 kg ha−1 to 3509.1 kg ha−1. Eberhart's stability analysis identified stable genotypes: G3, G4, and G8, while G14 was unstable. According to additive main effect and multiplicative interaction stability value (ASV) and yield stability index (YSI), genotypes G12 and G13 had very low ASV values, whereas genotype G4 had very low ASV and YSI values. The AMMI and GGE biplot graphs showed that the principal component axes (PC1) and (PC2) accounted for 64.1 % and 61.36 % of the total variation, respectively. The results indicated that genotypes responded differently to environmental conditions and that the environment also influenced genotype performance. Genotypes G4 and G3 consistently performed well and exhibited remarkable stability, making them excellent cultivars for improving field pea productivity.

Biological nitrogen fixation in field pea and vetch: Contribution from above and belowground structures to the partial nitrogen balance

ContextIncluding winter legumes during fallow periods in crop rotations may add nitrogen (N) to the agroecosystem through biological N fixation (BNF). This gain will depend on management practices and whether the crop is planted for grain production or as a cover crop. Despite many studies quantified the partial N balance of different legume crops, very few considered the contribution of BNF from belowground structures, which is necessary for more accurate estimations. ObjectiveTo estimate biomass, N uptake, and BNF in field-grown field pea and vetch, and study the impact of including belowground structures in the partial N balance of both crops. MethodsA two-year field study evaluating two genotypes of field pea (semi-leafless and conventional-leaved) and vetch was performed under field conditions in the Pampean Region (Argentina). Above and belowground biomass (measured in field monoliths to 0.3 m depth), N uptake and 15N abundance were quantified for determining BNF, and the partial N balance. ResultsThe partial N balance of field pea as grain crop was negative in most cases (average −7 kg N ha−1), but, was positive when vetch was evaluated as cover crop (average 51 kg N ha−1). Including belowground components, BNF improved the partial N balance by 1 and 6 kg N ha−1 in field pea and vetch, respectively. In field pea, the proportion of N uptake derived from BNF (%Ndfa) averaged 43 %, and was not affected by genotype or year, whereas for vetch represented 40 and 18 % of total N uptake in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In field pea, belowground BNF averaged 1.2 kg N ha−1, and represented 0.9 % of the total N uptake at maturity. In vetch, belowground BNF averaged 6.3 kg N ha−1 and accounted for 3.8 % of total N uptake at full bloom. ConclusionsBiomass and the proportion of N derived from BNF were not affected by the different genotypes in field pea, while in vetch, the environmental conditions that increased %Ndfa were more important than those that affected biomass production for increasing the partial N balance. ImplicationsAlthough field pea as a grain crop did not provide a consistent N input to the agrosystem, it arises as a convenient crop in terms of N balance compared to other cash crops. Vetch stands as an attractive cover crop, contributing 46–57 kg N ha−1 and 6–9.5 Mg ha −1 of residues to the agrosystem.

Genotype × Environment Interaction and Stability of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes for Seed Yield in Northwestern Ethiopia

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a self-pollinated diploid (2n=14) annual cool-season pulse crop. It is a major food legume with a valuable and cheap source of plant protein having essential amino acids that have high nutritional value for resource poorhouseholds. Biotic stress such as weed and insect pests and abiotic stresses like water logging, soil acidity, and low soil fertility are the major constraints to field pea production and productivity. Fourteen field pea genotypes, obtained from Holeta Agricultural Research Center, were evaluated in eight environments in Northwestern Ethiopia in the main production season (2018-2019) to identify stable and high-yielding field pea genotypes. The trial was laid out using a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Combined analysis of variance for seed yield revealed that genotype, environments, and genotype-by-environment interaction effects were significant (P &lt; 0.05). The lowest hundred seed weight value (12.83 g) was manifested by the local check, while the highest value (20.73 g) was revealed by EH 07007-3 genotype from the overall mean of location. The highest mean grain yield of 2400 kg.ha-1 was obtained from the EH08003-2 genotype, while the lowest yield 1660 kg.ha-1 was obtained from EH 08041-3. The maximum grain yield of 4140 kg.ha-1 was recorded from Debark by EH 09015-3 genotype, while the minimum grain yield of 560 kg.ha-1 was revealed by EH 08041-3. The environments, GxE, and genotypes accounted for 74.8%, 16.3%, and 7.0% of the total sum squares, respectively, indicating that field pea seed yield was significantly affected by the changes in the environment, followed by GxE interaction and genotypic effect. The candidate genotype, EH08003-2, was the most stable genotype followed by EH 09068-2 and EH 08042-2 having an IPCA score closer to zero with a yield advantage of 26.3% and 36.4% over the standard and local checks, respectively. Considering the eight environments’ data and field performance evaluation during the variety verification trial, the National Variety Releasing Committee has approved the official release of EH08003-2 for kik seed utilization class with a vernacular name of Hasset for high potential areas of Northwestern Ethiopia and similar agro-ecologies.

Germination Ability of Different Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes Under Salinity Stress

Germination Ability of Different Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes Under Salinity Stress

Studies on Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Advance for Certain Quantitative Traits in Fieldpea (Pisum sativum L. var. arvense)

Twenty two field pea genotypes were evaluated for estimation of variability, heritability and genetic advance. The Fieldpea genotypes were sown in, Randomized Block Design with three replications at the experimental farm of department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences Sultanpur 228118 (U.P.) India, during Rabi, season 2022-2023. Phenotypic data were recorded for nine characters viz. days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight, grain yield per plant and biological yield per plant. It was reported that in general the value of phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) is slightly higher than the value of genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) indicating the importance of environment in the phenotypic performance of the genotypes studied. The maximum value of GCV was observed for plant height (31.94), grain yield per plant (20.02). High estimates of heritability in broad sense (h2b) were recorded for plant height (97.28), days to 50% flowering (83.96), 100-grain weight (78.48) and days to maturity (64.83). High estimates of genetic advance as percent of mean were recorded for plant height (64.89), 100-grain weight (25.28) and grain yield per plant (25.15). Thus, the characters (plant height, days to 50% flowering, 100-grain weight etc) having high value of GCV, heritability as well as genetic advance may be exploited in Fieldpea breeding program for further improvement in grain yield.

Agronomic Performance and Grain Yield Stability of Elite Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Genotypes Tested at Various Potential Growing Environments in Ethiopia

Field pea is a multipurpose crop. Despite its diverse benefits, its production and productivity in Ethiopia has remained low compared to its potential due to several biotic and abiotic constraints. Hence, this experiment was carried out with the objective to select best field pea genotypes in terms of yield potential, stability, pest resistance and other desirable agronomic traits for high potential production areas of the country. A total of 17 field pea genotypes including two standard checks, Burkitu and Bursa were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications over nine locations in 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons. The computed analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (p &lt; 0.01) among the genotypes for all studied agronomic traits. One field pea genotype, GPHA-38 found better having 4 and 5%grain yield advantage over the two checks, Bursa and Burkitu, respectively. Additionally, GPHA-38 had comparable performance on the other agronomic traits with standard checks. Moreover, this genotype was found stable in grain yield among the test entries based on GGE biplot stability analysis. However, this genotype may not fulfill the criteria to present as candidate for variety verification trial due to low grain yield advantage and other agronomic traits compared with the checks. Therefore, considering its consistent performance and relatively better yielding capacity, the line GPHA-38 can alternatively be used as a trait donor parent in the pre-breeding programs.

Evaluating Field Pea Genotypes for Resistance against Key Insect Pests

In the rabi season of 2020-21, a field trial was executed at the Breeder Seed Production Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur, M.P., aimed at assessing the resistance of 71 field pea genotypes against Aphid, Leaf hopper, and Gram pod Borer. Through weekly observations and subsequent statistical analysis, genotypes were categorized into distinct resistance groups. Prominent findings revealed that JP-180, Matar Rangpur, and Aman 1-206 exhibited high resistance to aphids and pod borers. Additionally, Kashi Samriddhi, JP-180, and Matar Rangpur demonstrated resistance to leafhoppers. Conversely, B-22, DDR-39, and KPMR-485 displayed high susceptibility to Aphids, while Batri patiram, VL-3, and VL-3 were highly susceptible to Gram pod borer. KPMR-485, VL-3, and VL-1 were found to be susceptible to both Aphid and Gram pod borer. The study further revealed that the genotype KPMR-485 achieved the highest pea yield, closely followed by Jayanti and IPF-99-25. In contrast, Safed Batra Gudda, Matar Rangpur, and Aman 1-206 exhibited the minimum yield. These findings provide valuable insights into the resistance patterns of field pea genotypes, aiding in the selection of cultivars with enhanced resistance and productivity for sustainable agricultural practices.

Stability Analysis in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes under Various Environmental Conditions

Present study was undertaken to estimate the G x E interactions and identify the stable genotypes for yield traits in field pea. A total of 43 field pea genotypes were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replications along with three different dates of sowing at BSP Soybean Unit, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur during Rabi Season 2022-2023. The analysis of variance was applied on 16 different quantitative traits both individually and pooled under various environmental conditions. The stability analysis for seed yield per plant was assessed using Eberhart and Russell's model, revealing significant variations among different genotypes and environmental conditions. The mean squares attributed to both environments and genotype-environment interactions (E + G x E) indicated significant interactions between genotypes and environments. Further, partitioning of genotype-environment (linear) interactions was found to be highly significant for seed yield per plant. Genotypes Shikha, KPMR 485 and HFP 94-12 were found ideal and stable genotypes for seed yield per plant as that possessed mean value higher than general mean, regression coefficient near to unity (Bi=1) with minimum deviation from regression (S2di~0). Thus, identified stable genotypes can be utilized for different seasons and regions for obtaining the stable yield performance.

Yield Adaptability and Stability in Field Pea Genotypes Using AMMI, GGE, and GYT Biplot Analyses

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a vital leguminous crop farmed worldwide. Pea plays an essential role in China’s crop rotation system, but the major restrictions to its cultivation are stability and low yield. Breeding for promising cultivars with a significantly high yield will impact the sustainability of pea production. Additionally, diverse environment trials are crucial in determining the best genotype. The new cultivar “Yunwan 52” was developed by hybridization and subsequently evaluated through yield trials among six pea genotypes across 14 environments during the 2016–2018 growing seasons. The results showed that the average yield of “Yunwan 52” for all tested environments was 2.64 t ha−1 compared to the control cultivar (Yunwan 18, 1.83 t ha−1). Analysis of AMMI variance showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.01) between genotypes, environments, and their interaction. Based on the GGE biplot, some genotypes possessed wide and narrow adaptability to environments, such as Yunwan 52 was considered the most stable and ideal gen-otype across all tested environments. GYT biplot analysis also revealed that this realized cultivar was a superior and stable genotype that can be identified visually by combining all characters in breeding programs. Yunwan 52 distinguishes with purple blossoms and seed coat peas. It is possible to infer that the newly released cultivar “Yunwan 52” has outstanding yield performance and wide adaptability to multiple environmental conditions (resilience to abiotic stress). It will contribute to developing nutritional pea genotypes and increase pea production in irrigated areas.

Genetic variability studies in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) for yield and associated characters

The prime and foremost objective of the study was to estimate the genetic variability for yield and its associated characteristics among the 23 genotypes of field pea and also to engender information regarding genetic parameters like range, mean, phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability and genetic advance as a percentage over means for the18 traits under consideration. It was disclosed from the results of the analysis of variance that there exists a difference among the 23 genotypes for all the 18 traits under consideration. The trait including primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, plant height, swelling capacity, swelling index, biological yield per plant, and seed yield recorded high amounts of GCV and PCV. High heritability combined with high genetic advance was documented for the trait’s plant height and seeds per plant, whereas high heritability coupled with low genetic advance, was recorded for the trait’s days to fifty % flowering, days to maturity, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, pod length, 100 seed weight, percent disease incidence and seed yield per plant. The existing variability identified can be further exploited in crop improvement of field pea

Delineating the role of plant stature towards heat stress tolerance in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Terminal heat stress severely affects field pea production in tropical climates. Identifying and characterizing marker-trait(s) remain vital for breeding heat-tolerant cultivars of field pea. Field pea genotypes are highly variable for plant stature; however, the significance of plant stature for yield stability under high-temperature conditions is not yet well understood. The study aimed to investigate the sensitivity and significance of plant stature toward yield sustainability of field pea under high-temperature environments. A panel of 150 diverse genotypes with variable plant statures [dwarf (<50 cm), semi-dwarf (50–80 cm), medium-tall (80–150 cm)] were grown under late sowing-induced high-temperature environments for two consecutive years (2017–2019). During the first year of the experiment, the late sown crops (15 and 30 days) were exposed to high-temperatures at flowering (+3.5 to +8.1 °C) and grain-filling (+3.3 to +6.1 °C) over timely sown crops. Likewise, elevated temperature during flowering (+3.7 to +5.2 °C) and grain filling (+5.4 to +9.9 °C) were recorded in late-sown environments (delayed by 27 and 54 days) in the next year. Medium-tall genotypes had longer grain-filling duration (7–10%), higher pod-bearing nodes (8–18%) and yield (22–55%), and lower yield losses (13–18%) over semi-dwarf and dwarf genotypes under high-temperature environments. Significant associations of plant height with yield, yield loss, and heat-susceptibility index in high-temperature environments suggested higher heat tolerance capacity of tall-type plants compared to dwarf and semi-dwarf types. GGEbiplot analysis revealed that the heat-tolerant genotypes were all medium tall-type (mean = 108 cm), while the heat-susceptible genotypes were mostly dwarf in stature. Hence, tall-type genotypes had better adaptability to high-temperature environments. Henceforth, the breeding approach for high-temperature tolerance in field pea may be designed by embracing tall-type backgrounds over dwarf plant to develop climate resilient cultivars.

Morphophysiology and Yield Variability of Fieldpea Genotypes in Rainfed Rice Fallows

Morphophysiology and Yield Variability of Fieldpea Genotypes in Rainfed Rice Fallows

Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Field Pea Genotypes under Terminal Heat Stress.

Field pea is one of the important short-duration cool season pulse crops which contributes significantly towards food and nutritional security. Two heat-susceptible (HS) and two heat-tolerant (HT) genotypes were selected from the previous study for further characterization. A significant variation was observed for morpho-physiological traits studied. Principal component analysis explained that first two principal components, i.e., PC1 and PC2 showed 76.5% of the total variance in optimal condition, whereas 91.2% of the total variance was covered by the first two PCs in heat stress environment. The seed yield per plant determined significant and positive association with superoxide dismutase and number of seeds per pod under optimal conditions, whereas under heat stress condition, it was positively associated with number of effective pods per plant, biological yield per plant, proline, pod length, number of seeds per pod, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase. The significant reduction was noticed in the susceptible genotypes, whereas tolerant genotypes showed stable and non-significant reduction in chlorophyll content. Further, minimum cell damage and higher hydrogen peroxide production was noticed in the susceptible genotypes. In addition, the biochemical characterization of HS and HT genotypes revealed that the higher expression of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase modulates the tolerant responses in HT genotypes. These genotypes were further used in developing heat-tolerant field pea genotypes.