Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Methods Research Articles

Solid–Liquid Extraction of Bioactive Molecules from White Grape Skin: Optimization and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

In this work, the solid–liquid extraction of bioactive molecules from grape skin was performed using water as the extraction solvent. The effects of extraction time (t = 60, 75, and 90 min), extraction temperature (T = 40, 60, and 80 °C), solid–liquid phase ratio (S/L = 10, 20, and 30 g/L), and mixing speed (rpm = 250, 500, and 750 1/min) on the total dissolved solids, extraction yield, concentration of total polyphenols, and antioxidant activity were determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. According to response surface modeling, the optimal extraction conditions were t = 75 min, T = 80 °C, S/L = 30 g/L, and rpm = 750 1/min, and under optimal process conditions, 8.38 mgGAE/gd.m. was obtained. Furthermore, the potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with artificial neural network (ANN) modeling for prediction of the physical and chemical properties of prepared extracts was also analyzed. The use of ANN modeling demonstrated highly favorable correlations between the NIR spectra and all the variables tested, particularly the total dissolved solids (TDS) and antioxidant activity measured using the FRAP method. As a result, ANN modeling proved to be a valuable tool for predicting the concentration of total polyphenols, the antioxidant activity, and the extraction yield of a plant extract based on its NIR spectra.

Comparison of Composition, Free-Radical-Scavenging Capacity, and Antibiosis of Fresh and Dry Leave Aqueous Extract from Michelia shiluensis.

Numerous plants of medicinal value grow on Hainan Island (China). Given the lack of knowledge on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Michelia shiluensis Chun and Y. F. Wu (M. shiluensis), the application of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in the food industry has attracted increasing interest. This study aimed to compare the chemical composition, free-radical-scavenging capacity, and antibiosis of aqueous extracts of the fresh and dried leaves of M. shiluensis. The aqueous extract of the leaves of M. shiluensis was obtained using steam distillation, and its chemical components were separated and identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The free-radical-scavenging capacity and antibiosis were determined. Further, 28 and 20 compounds were isolated from the fresh leaf aqueous extract of M. shiluensis (MSFLAE) and dried leaf aqueous extract of M. shiluensis (MSDLAE), respectively. The free-radical-scavenging capacity of MSFLAE and MSDLAE was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, which was 43.43% and 38.74%, respectively. The scavenging capacity of MSFLAE and MSDLAE determined by the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS)) method was 46.90% and 25.99%, respectively. The iron ion reduction capacity of MSFLAE and MSDLAE was determined by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method as 94.7 and 62.9 μmol Fe2⁺/L, respectively. This indicated that the two leaf aqueous extracts had a certain free-radical-scavenging capacity, and the capacity of MSFLAE was higher than that of MSDLAE. The antibiosis of the two leaf aqueous extracts on the three foodborne pathogenic bacteria was low, but the antimicrobial effects on Gram-positive bacteria were better than those on Gram-negative bacteria. The antibiosis of MSFLAE on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was greater than that of MSDLAE. Finally, MSFLAE and MSDLAE both had certain free-radical-scavenging capacities and antibiosis, confirming that the use of this plant in the research and development of natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents was reasonable. Plant aqueous extracts are an essential source of related phytochemistry and have immense pharmacological potential.

Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity by polyphenol compounds from C. occidentalis: Phytochemical screening and antidiabetic studies

Medicinal plants are recognized as a source of active molecules that can treat several diseases. Cassia occidentalis (C. occidentalis) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in rural areas of Burkina Faso for the treatment of diabetes. The objective of this work is to evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the fractions of this plant. The antidiabetic activity was investigated by following the inhibitory effect of the different fractions of plant extract on α-glucosidase. The antioxidant activities were performed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. TLC analysis revealed the presence of quercetin in the ethyl acetate fractions of stems and leaves of C. occidentalis. Ethyl acetate fractions of stems and leaves of C. occidentalis demonstrated significant antidiabetic properties with IC50 values ca. 0.274 ± 0.003 and 0.538 ± 0.011 mg/mL respectively compared to the reference acarbose with IC50 ca. 0.215 ± 0.004 mg/mL. The same fractions exhibited respectively the highest FRAP values close to 167.055 ± 0.008 and 128.490 ± 5.227 μg ET/mg and DPPH values of 114.062 ± 2.698 and 82.962 ± 3.189 μg ET/mg. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and quinones. These results show that C. occidentalis possess molecules with interesting antidiabetic properties and demonstrate its use in the treatment of diabetes.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Clove Essential Oil and its Effect on Stability of Sesame Oil under Accelerated Condition

Background: Recently due to adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants, there has been a growing interest in the application of natural essential oil in vegetable oils. The present study investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of clove essential oil (CEO) and its addition to sesame oil. Methods: composition and antioxidant activity of clove essential oil The CEO was prepared and analyzed by GC-MS. Then, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were determined. The CEO at different concentrations (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08%) and TBHQ (0.02%) were added to sesame oil and samples were stored at 60 °C for 5 weeks. Peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (p-AV), total oxidation (TOTOX) value and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) were determined in sesame oil samples every week for 35 days. A total of 5 components including eugenol (96.25%), eugenol acetate (1.88%), trans-Caryophyllene (1.66%), α-humulene (0.16%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.06%) were determined as the main components of CEO. Results: The TPC of CEO was 345.95±7.85 mg GAE/g. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of CEO for DPPH (IC50) and FRAP methods was estimated 0.83 ± 0.11 mg/ml and 112.37±8.81 mM Fe2SO4. It was shown that peroxide, p-AV, TOTOX, and TBARS values of all sesame oil samples increased during 5 weeks of storage at accelerated conditions. TBHQ showed better function in preventing oil oxidation, but CEO had acceptable function especially in 0.08% concentration. Conclusion: The CEO in vegetable oil due to high phenolic content could retard lipid peroxidation. It could be mentioned that CEO could be considered as an alternative of synthetics ones in vegetable oils.

Health Benefits, Antioxidant Activity, and Sensory Attributes of Selected Cold-Pressed Oils.

The consumption of cold-pressed oils (CPOs) has continuously increased due to their health-promoting compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), tocopherols, sterols, and polyphenols. This study focused on the estimation and comparison of the physicochemical properties and sensory quality of six CPOs: linseed oil (CPLO), pumpkin oil (CPPO), milk thistle oil (CPMTO), rapeseed oil (CPRO), camelina oil (CPCO), and sunflower oil (CPSO), which are the most popular in the Polish market. These oils were analysed for their fatty acid composition (FAC), their tocopherol, sterol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), water, and volatile matter (WVM) contents, as well as their antioxidant activity (AA) and oxidative stability parameters. Moreover, quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) was performed to obtain detailed information on the sensory profiles and quantitative data on the CPOs' attributes that affected consumer acceptability and purchase intent. All of the analysed CPOs were rich in PUFA (27.94-68.42%). They were characterised by the different total amounts of health-beneficial compounds, such as tocopherols (TTC = 44.04-76.98 mg/100 g), sterols (TSC = 300-684 mg/100 g), and polyphenols (TPC = 2.93-8.32 mg GA/100 g). Additionally, their AA was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, with results ranging between 185.36-396.63, 958.59-1638.58, and 61.93-119.21 µmol TE/100 g, respectively. However, the deterioration parameters of CPOs, such as peroxide values (PV = 0.24-4.61 meq O2/kg), p-anisidine values (pAnV = 0.39-4.77), acid values (AV = 0.31-2.82 mg KOH/g), and impurity amounts (Σ4PAHs = 1.16-8.76 μg/kg and WVM = 0.020-0.090%), did not exceed the level recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The obtained results indicated that all of the investigated CPOs are valuable sources of health-promoting bioactive compounds.

Plant species richness regulated by geographical variation down-regulates triterpenoid compounds production and antioxidant activities in white birch bark

White birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) is a pioneer tree species widely distributed in the high northern hemisphere, and its bioactive compounds have ecological and traditional medicinal roles. How ecological factors impact triterpenoid production is not well understood yet. This study examined the effects of geo-climate, soil properties and plant community properties on triterpenoid compounds synthesis and antioxidant activities of white birch bark at eight locations (13° latitude and 6° longitude ranges) in Northeast China. The results showed that the contents of total triterpenoids, betulin and betulinic acid in white birch bark were high at higher latitudes, and low at lower latitudes. The antioxidant activity of the extracts analyzed by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2, 2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) methods varied across different locations and positively correlated with triterpenoid compound contents. Redundancy analysis indicated that more than 40% of the secondary metabolite variations could be explained by plant species richness in the community, largely regulated by geographical variation. Our findings highlighted that higher species richness reduced triterpenoid accumulation and antioxidant potential. At the same time, the harsh environments in cold and dry geo-climate increased triterpenoid production of white birch. This study favors the efficient use of white birch for triterpenoid production and implies that the stress of harsh environment will promote the synthesis of the secondary metabolite synthesis of dominant trees.

Profile of Bioactive Components of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) By-Products from Ecuador and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity.

The aim of the study was to determine the profile of bioactive compounds in cocoa residues (mucilage and bean shells), and to evaluate their antioxidant activity in two cocoa varieties, Nacional X Trinitario type (Fine Aroma) and the variety CCN-51. The extraction of phytonutrients from the residues was carried out selectively. The characterization and quantification of the total polyphenol content (TPC), and the total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the phenolic profile and methylxanthines. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of 2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation bleaching (ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The exudate mucilage samples from Nacional X Trinitario-type cocoa presented the highest content of TPC 105.08 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 mL, TFC 36.80 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/100 mL, catechin (CAT) 35.44 mg/g, procyanidins (PCB2: 35.10; PCB1: 25.68; PCC1: 16.83 mg/L), epicatechin (EPI) 13.71 mg/L, caffeine (CAF) 0.90% and theobromine (TBR) 2.65%. In the cocoa bean shell, the variety CCN-51 presented a higher content of TPC (42.17 mg GAE/100 g) and TFC (20.57 mg CE/100 g). However, CAT (16.16 mg/g), CAF (0.35%) and TBR (1.28%) were higher in the Nacional X Trinitario cocoa type. The EPI presented no significant differences between the two samples studied (0.83 and 0.84 mg/g). The antioxidant activity values (ABTS, FRAP and ORAC methods) were higher in the samples of CCN-51 than in the Nacional X Trinitario type. The bean shell samples presented antioxidant values of 171.32, 192.22 and 56.87 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively, and the bean shell samples presented antioxidant values of 167.06, 160.06 and 52.53 mg TE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and ORAC) of the residues was correlated with the bioactive compounds of the mucilage and bean shells, showing a strong positive correlation (<0.99) with the procyanidins (B1, B2 and C1), EPI and CAT and a positive/moderate correlation (0.94) with methylxanthines.

Design and synthesis of oxazepine derivatives from sulfonamide Schiff bases as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents with low cytotoxicity and hemolytic prospective

The eco-friendly sonication and microwave irradiation techniques were used for the straight forward synthesis of the Schiff base platform from sulfathiazole. Herein, Schiff bases were developed and converted to oxazepane derivatives. Compounds were tested for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, in vivo cytotoxicity activity. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking studies were also carried out to explore the structural prpoperties and interaction of compounds with the receptor molecules. In vitro antimicrobial activity was determined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains via microdilution technique, which showed that the synthesized derivatives exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, in vivo cytotoxicity activity of the compounds were carried out via intravenous injection in rats. The results were compared with negative controls and it was observed that most of the synthesized compounds displayed excellent antimicrobial activity and low toxicity in comparison to references and negative controls, respectively. Hemolysis test was carried out for bioactive compounds, and results showed higher hemolysis values of the Schiff bases than the correponding oxazepines and lower hemolytic effects. The free radical inhibittion and antioxidant activity was carried out by using 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods which suggested that the free radical scavenging activity increases with the presence of hydroxyl group. The Spectral measurements fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) confirmed the structure of the compounds.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Salen-type Schiff Base and Metal Complexes

2-Aminobenzylamine based unsymmetrical salen type Schiff base and its Cu(II), Ni(II),Co(II) and Fe(III) metal complexes were researched in terms of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities in this study. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) method, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method were carried out for determination of antioxidant effects of compounds. The antioxidant activity of the compounds were compared with the standard antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Fe, Ni and Cu complexes exhibited more scavenging activity than BHT. All compounds exhibit lower ferric reducing activity than BHA and BHT. Fe complex, Ni complex and the ligand have more antioxidant capacity than corresponding to BHT according to CUPRAC method. These assays showed that all compounds researched can use as synthetic antioxidants. Antibacterial effects of Schiff base and its metal complexes were investigated by agar disc diffusion method. Antibacterial studies of the compounds were achieved against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were used as bacterial strains. The beneficial datas were acquired.

Optimization of Conditions for Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Olive Pomace of Žutica Variety: Waste Valorization Approach.

Olive pomace is a by-product of olive oil production that is toxic to the environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methods of olive pomace valorization through the implementation of novel technology, the so-called microwave-assisted extraction process. To determine the total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA), polyphenol extraction using MAE was performed. Response surface methodology was used to determine the best extraction conditions, whereby the effects of three factors, solid ratio (g/50 mL), time (s), and power (W), were measured. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was used to assess AA, whereas the spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method was used to determine TPC. The highest TPC of 15.30 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried weight (mg GAE/gdw) was generated after 105 s at 450 W, with a solid concentration of 1 g/50 mL, while the maximum AA was 10 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of dried weight (mg AAE/gdw). Numerical optimization revealed that 800 W, 180 s, and 1 g/50 mL were the best conditions for obtaining maximum TPC and AA.

Association between dietary antioxidant capacity and atherosclerotic carotid stenosis in patients with ischemic stroke

Background and PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and atherosclerotic carotid stenosis in patients with ischemic stroke. MethodsPatients with acute ischemic stroke were consecutively enrolled. Daily food consumption was estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). DTAC was calculated based on classified food intake. Antioxidant potential value was measured by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods. Evaluation of carotid artery stenosis was based on computed tomography angiography (CTA). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between DTAC and degree of carotid stenosis. ResultsOf the 608 enrolled, 232 patients (38.2%) had moderate or severe carotid stenosis. After adjusting for major confounding factors, FRAP (OR =0.640; 95% CI: 0.410-0.998; P =0.049) and ORAC (OR =0.625; 95% CI: 0.400-0.976; P =0.039) were associated with lower degree of carotid artery stenosis (third vs first tertile). Spearman analysis indicated that FRAP (r =-0.121, P =0.003) and ORAC (r =-0.147, P <0.001) were correlated with degree of carotid stenosis. ConclusionsDTAC may influence the initiation and development of atherosclerosis, and, therefore, the risk of ischemic stroke.

Antioxidant activity of 1.3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)urea by CUPRAC and FRAP methods

An imbalance in the number of free radicals produced in the body can result in oxidative stress. Excessive oxidative stress can lead to chronic inflammation, which in turn can lead to most chronic diseases. Inflammation is related to oxidation through increased reactive oxidative stress, which can target modulators associated with inflammation, such as inflammatory cytokines. Antioxidants can inhibit or stop oxidation by protecting the body and neutralizing free radicals. 1.3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)urea is a modification of p-aminophenol and has hepatotoxic side effects such as those caused by acetaminophen. This compound can relieve pain, is anti-inflammatory, and has fewer side effects. This research was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 1.3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)urea using the CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) method and the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method. The results of the CUPRAC method research show that the 1.3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)urea compound has an IC50 value of 4.40 ± 0.07 μg/mL. Meanwhile, the FRAP method was 29.36 ± 1.20 μg/mL. Apart from suppressing inflammation, this compound has the potential to be an antioxidant compound.

Chemical and Rheological Characterization of a Facial Mask Containing an Olive Pomace Fraction

Cosmetic interest in agro-industrial byproducts is growing. In fact, many studies have shown that these residues present bioactive compounds with several skincare applications. One example is olive byproducts, such as olive pomace, which has a composition rich in phenolic compounds. As the production of olive oil is increasing, the amount of byproducts being generated is escalating, with significant constraints in their safe disposal due to their phytotoxic nature. The present study aimed to, from a zero-waste perspective, characterize and add value to a sub-byproduct, a semi-solid paste (SSP) derived from a patent process of olive pomace extraction. The chemical analysis of this residue revealed high moisture and significant protein, fat, and ash contents. Furthermore, vitamin E total phenolics and flavonoid content were assessed, as well as antioxidant activity, using DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods. Based on this primary assessment, a facial mask with antioxidant properties was developed. Rheological analysis showed that the developed mask presented shear thinning behavior, thixotropy, and texture characteristics desirable for skincare use. The results of this study showed the successful incorporation of SSP into facial masks and provides a preliminary assessment of this byproduct’s impact on the appearance and performance of these formulations.

Potential Ethanol Extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Stem Bark as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP IV) Activity

Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz is a plant that has long been used by people in Southeast Asia, India, and China as traditional medicine. R. nasutus plant preparations have been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. This study aims to reveal: the content of a group of secondary metabolite compounds in the extract of the stem bark R. nasutus; The extract's potential as an antioxidant with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition parameters and ferric-reducing power, and it's potential as an antidiabetic by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) activity. Phytochemical screening results on the ethanol extract of the stem bark of R. nasutus found the presence of steroid glycosides, phenolic, alkaloids, and tannins. The antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods gave an IC50 valuesof 90.668±0.084 mg/L and 8.91±0.023mg/L, respectively. In addition, the ethanol extract of the stem bark can inhibit the activity of DPP IV with a % inhibition of 52.19±1.667. From this study, we can conclude that the ethanol extract of the stem bark R. nasutus can potentially be a source of antioxidants and antidiabetes.

Assessment of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Ptychotis verticillata Duby Essential Oil from Eastern Morocco: An In Vitro and In Silico Analysis.

Ptychotis verticillata Duby, referred to as Nûnkha in the local language, is a medicinal plant that is native to Morocco. This particular plant is a member of the Apiaceae family and has a longstanding history in traditional medicine and has been utilized for therapeutic purposes by practitioners for generations. The goal of this research is to uncover the phytochemical makeup of the essential oil extracted from P. verticillata, which is indigenous to the Touissite region in Eastern Morocco. The extraction of the essential oil of P. verticillata (PVEO) was accomplished through the use of hydro-distillation via a Clevenger apparatus. The chemical profile of the essential oil was then determined through analysis utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The study findings indicated that the essential oil of P. verticillata is composed primarily of Carvacrol (37.05%), D-Limonene (22.97%), γ-Terpinene (15.97%), m-Cymene (12.14%) and Thymol (8.49%). The in vitro antioxidant potential of PVEO was evaluated using two methods: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical trapping assay and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. The data demonstrated considerable radical scavenging and relative antioxidative power. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most susceptible bacterial strains tested, while Geotrichum candidum, Candida albicans, and Rhodotorula glutinis were the most resilient fungi strains. PVEO had broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial properties. To elucidate the antioxidative and antibacterial characteristics of the identified molecules, we applied the methodology of molecular docking, a computational approach that forecasts the binding of a small molecule to a protein. Additionally, we utilized the Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) algorithm; Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME); and Pro-Tox II (to predict the toxicity in silico) tests to demonstrate PVEO's identified compounds' drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic properties, the anticipated safety features after ingestion, and the potential pharmacological activity. Finally, our findings scientifically confirm the ethnomedicinal usage and usefulness of this plant, which may be a promising source for future pharmaceutical development.

In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Chemically Characterized Essential Oil of Artemisia flahaultii L. (Asteraceae).

The present study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as characterized the chemical composition of the essential oils (EO) isolated from Artemisia flahaultii (EOF). EOF was extracted using hydro-distillation, and the chemical composition of EOF was ascertained by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). To assess antioxidant capacity, three tests were used: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test. The antimicrobial activity of EOF was investigated using the diffusion assay and minimal inhibitory concentration assays (MICs). By use of in silico structure-activity simulations, the inhibitory potency against nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), physicochemical characters, pharmaco-centric properties and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) characteristics of EOF were determined. GC/MS analysis reveals 25 components majorly composed of D-Limonene (22.09%) followed by β-pinene (15.22%), O-cymene (11.72%), β-vinylnaphthalene (10.47%) and benzene 2,4-pentadiynyl (9.04%). The capacity of DPPH scavenging by EOF scored an IC50 of 16.00 ± 0.20 µg/mL. TAC revealed that the examined oils contained considerable amounts of antioxidants, which were determined to be 1094.190 ± 31.515 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g EO. Results of the FRAP method showed that EOF exhibited activity with EC50 = 6.20 ± 0.60 µg/mL. Values for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against certain clinically important pathogenic bacteria demonstrate EOF's potent antibacterial activity. MIC values of 1.34, 1.79, and 4.47 μg/mL against E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus were observed respectively. EOF exhibited significant antifungal activities against two stains of fungi: F. oxysporum and C. albicans, with values of 10.70 and 2.23 μg/mL, respectively. Of the total, 25 essential oils were identified. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol and capillin were the most active molecules against NADPH. The ADME prediction revealed that EOF was characterized by useful physicochemical characteristics and pharmaco-centric properties. The findings of this study show that the EOF can be used as an alternative to treat microbial resistance. Based on the in silico studies, EOF can be used as an "eco-friendly" NADPH inhibitor.

Citrus × paradisi L. Fruit Waste: The Impact of Eco-Friendly Extraction Techniques on the Phytochemical and Antioxidant Potential

Citrus fruits have been the subject of extensive research over the years due to their impressive antioxidant properties, the health benefits of flavanones, and their potential use in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Grapefruit have been shown in studies to improve overall health, with numerous potential benefits, including improved heart health, reduced risk of certain cancers, improved digestive health, and improved immune system function. The development of cyclodextrin complexes is an exciting approach to increasing the content of flavanones such as naringin and naringenin in the extraction medium while improving the profile of beneficial phenolic compounds and the antioxidant profile. This research aims to optimize the extraction conditions of the flavanones naringin and naringenin with additional compounds to increase their yield from different parts of grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi L.) fruits, such as albedo and segmental membranes. In addition, the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts produced conventionally and with -cyclodextrin was examined and compared. In addition, antioxidant activity was measured using the radical scavenging activity assay (ABTS), radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The yield of naringin increased from 10.53 ± 0.52 mg/g to 45.56 ± 5.06 mg/g to 51.11 ± 7.63 mg/g of the segmental membrane when cyclodextrins (α, β-CD) were used; naringenin increased from 65.85 ± 10.96 μg/g to 91.19 ± 15.19 μg/g of the segmental membrane when cyclodextrins (α, β-CD) were used. Furthermore, the results showed that cyclodextrin-assisted extraction had a significant impact in significantly increasing the yield of flavanones from grapefruit. In addition, the process was more efficient and less expensive, resulting in higher yields of flavanones with a lower concentration of ethanol and effort. This shows that cyclodextrin-assisted extraction is an excellent method for extracting valuable compounds from grapefruit.

Determination of phytochemical content by LC-MS/MS, investigation of antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibition effects of nettle (Urtica dioica).

Urtica dioica L. Subsp. dioica is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Urticaceae family that has an important place in ethnobotany. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical content and the inhibition effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which interact with beta-amyloid to promote the deposition of amyloid plaques and paraoxonase (PON1). This plays a role in the regulation of HDL and LDL and an antiatherogenic, and antioxidant capacity of Urtica dioica. Phytochemical content was determined by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and to assess the enzyme inhibition and antioxidant capacity the spectrophotometer technique was used. The antioxidant capacity of U. dioica extracts (methanol, hexane, and water) was determined by applying 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•+), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. The methanol extract of the U. dioica exhibited significant inhibition on the AChE (IC50= 0.098 ± 0.011 mg/mL). However, methanol and water extracts of the U. dioica did not exhibit the inhibition effect on PON1. The highest activity for ABTS•+ was in the hexane extract (55.97%), and for DPPH•+ was in the methanol extract (62.42%). Compared to other solvents (hexane and water), the methanol extract of the U. dioica showed the highest activity for FRAP and CUPRAC methods. Results (as absorbance) were 0.302 for CUPRAC and 0.147 for FRAP in the methanol extract of the U. dioica. The acetohydroxamic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and quercetin were qualified and quantified in LC-MS/MS analyses of Urtica dioica extract. U. dioica, which has antioxidant, anti-atherosclerotic and neuroprotective effects, has a natural medicine potential if compared to synthetic drugs used in Alzheimer's patients.

Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic, and Potential of Methanol Extract Musa balbisiana Colla as Antioxidant and Anti-Gout

In this study, Musa balbisiana Colla seeds were extracted using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction method. it was found that seeds extract of Musa balbisiana Colla contained alkaloid, phenolic, saponin, tannin and steroid glycoside compounds by phytochemical test. Antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazil and ferric reducing antioxidant power method while allopurinol was used to determine non uric acid capacity of Musa balbisiana Colla seeds extract. The total phenolic content of Musa balbisiana Colla seeds extract was 375mg/mg gallic acid. Antioxidant activity test was carried out using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazil method and ferric reducing antioxidant power method with the result in the form of Inhibitory Concentration 50. Inhibitory Concentration 50 value of Musa balbisiana Colla seeds extract was around (94.27±0.22) mg/L by 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazil method which was classified as a very strong antioxidant activity. Inhibitory Concentration 50 value of Musa balbisiana Colla seeds extract using ferric reducing antioxidant power method was around (409.91±2.35)mg/L which was classified as very weak antioxidant activity. Anti-uric acid activity of Musa balbisiana Colla seeds was higher than the synthetic anti-uric acid drug allopurinol, which was around 38.27% and allopurinol was about 2.80%. These results illustrate that the seeds extract of Musa balbisiana Colla have the potential material as an ingredient in treating diseases caused by gout.

Investigation of the effects of bovine collagen peptides and mixed berries on rheological properties and biological activity of egg white-based beverage via central composite design.

Modern consumer expectations have become highly diversified: they want more opportunities to meet diverse family needs (diversity of family members in age, gender, physical activity, etc. ,) and individual health goals with a huge variety of sensorial preferences. Our research is aimed to develop a protein-dense, highly bioactive, lactose- and whey protein-free beverage applying a central composite rotational design (CCRD) with 2 factors. For this purpose, an egg white-based beverage was flavored with mixed berries (factor A) and enriched with bovine collagen peptides (factor B). After suitable sample preparation, the rheological properties were investigated by an Anton Paar MCR 92 rheometer (with CC 27 system, and flow behavior was analyzed with a Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) model). The antioxidant capacity of samples was investigated by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method, the total anthocyanin content was estimated based on a spectrophotometric method, and the total phenolic content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method. Our results are figured on response surfaces demonstrating that both factors and their interactions show a positive correlation with the examined parameters. Based on the CCRD, all investigated parameters are significantly influenced by at least one aspect and can be adequately estimated for further product development.