Fender System Research Articles

Ship Collision Accidents and Simulation of Small Ship Collision to Fender System of Bridges

First of all, ship collision accidents in Japan are collected and analyzed. Experimental results by the hydraulic model test for ship's impact force to fender systems which protected piers of bridges from ship collision are discussed. The numerical simulation model to evaluate ship motions and fender deflections by ship collision are also presented and evaluated.

Design of a High Energy Absorbing Urethane Cylinder for Ship Fendering Systems

A new design for a urethane cylinder is presented which exhibits very high energy absorption for a given maximum compressive force and for a given amount of urethane. These characteristics are obtained by altering the buckling response of the cylinder by casting in place equally spaced annular steel rings along the cylinder’s length and by introducing a small concave curvature to the cylinder’s walls. This geometry has been analyzed using nonlinear finite element analysis and confirmed with experiment for up to a 50 percent decrease in the cylinder’s original length. The comparison between theory and experiment is good.

Added Mass in Ship Collisions with Structures in Shallow Water

The added-mass coefficients for a tanker ship in sway motion are examined experimentally for plastic impact in very shallow water. Marked differences between the elastic and plastic cases are found. Al-though energy and momentum coefficients have similar values in elastic impacts, they differ increasingly in plastic impacts as the duration of impact increases. Unexpectedly, the energy added-mass coefficient does not appear to be sensitive to underkeel clearance, which has a significant effect on the coefficient in elastic condition. There is no difference between current-driven and wind-driven tests for the plastic case. However, in the elastic case there is an increase in the energy added-mass coefficient as the ratio of current velocity to ship speed increases, suggesting added care is needed in designing elastic fendering systems against impact from a drifting ship.

AN ADJUSTABLE MARINE FENDER SYSTEM PROGRAMMED WITH THE AID OF NUMERICAL MODELS IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE BERTHING AND MOORING LOADS

An adjustable marine fender system, programmed with the aid of mathematical models, can substantially contribute to safer berthing and mooring of ships with various water displacements, operating at high or at low speed under varying wind, wave and current conditions. This doesn't only imply a reduction of risks to vessel and terminal structures but also in case of exposed sites or of unruly waters, a - possible substantial - reduction of ship's costly down-time.

Discussion of “ Fender System Problems in U.S. Ports ” by Dennis V. Padron and Edward H. Y. Han (August, 1983)

Discussion of “ <i>Fender System Problems in U.S. Ports</i> ” by Dennis V. Padron and Edward H. Y. Han (August, 1983)

Discussion of “ Fender System Problems in U.S. Ports ” by Dennis V. Padron and Edward H. Y. Han (August, 1983)

Discussion of “ <i>Fender System Problems in U.S. Ports</i> ” by Dennis V. Padron and Edward H. Y. Han (August, 1983)

Discussion of “ Fender System Problems in U.S. Ports ” by Dennis V. Padron and Edward H. Y. Han (August, 1983)

Discussion of “ <i>Fender System Problems in U.S. Ports</i> ” by Dennis V. Padron and Edward H. Y. Han (August, 1983)

Closure to “ Fender System Problems in U.S. Ports ” by Dennis V. Padron and Edward H. Y. Han (August, 1983)

Closure to “ <i>Fender System Problems in U.S. Ports</i> ” by Dennis V. Padron and Edward H. Y. Han (August, 1983)

A SIMULATION METHOD FOR SMALL CRAFT HARBOUR MODELS

A simulation method is presented to improve small craft harbour design by studying the behaviour of moored vessels in small craft harbours, using physical modelling in medium size wave basins, available at most laboratories. Instead of carrying the study in an agitation model with noored vessel models and built in a large wave basin at a large geometric scale, it is performed in two consecutive models of different scales, in a medium size basin. Transfer functions of vessel movements and mooring and fender forces are determined in the first model, for representative types of vessels moored alternately at a solitary berth, under simulated inside harbour conditions and for various sea states and directions. Near berth wave spectra are obtained in the second (agitation) model for sea states covering the local climate. Integration of the wave spectra with the transfer functions leads to response spectra of vessel movements and forces. Finally, maximum movements and forces are determined from the response spectra and are used together with limiting criteria and the long term wave statistics to choose the optimum configuration of: harbour layout, types of berth structures and mooring and fendering systems.

Fender System Problems in U.S. Ports

Marine fender systems at U.S. ports are subject to significant damage resulting in high repair costs and other operating difficulties. The problems resulting in this damage are identified and categ...

船舶の衝突に対するバリヤー型緩衝工の効果に関する基礎研究

船舶の衝突に対するバリヤー型緩衝工の効果に関する基礎研究

沈錐の運動を利用する間接防衝工の効果に関する模型試験

沈錐の運動を利用する間接防衝工の効果に関する模型試験

Avalon Transportation Wharf

Removal of the old steamer pier in Avalon Bay, Santa Catalina Island, CA, and conversion of the entire bay to a small craft mooring area required the construction of a new transportation wharf on the seaward side of a bay-mouth mole for use only in calm seas. The deck of this wharf spans from the massive edge beam on the mole, over a quarrystone seawall, to a single row of piles along the A-stone toe, with grated openings to release storm wave energy. The unusual design problems posed by such construction are considered. Ship dockings under surge conditions damaged the initial timber-pile fender and rubber shock absorbers, indicating that ship response under the existing mooring-line restraints greatly exceeded design criteria. Modifications to the fendering and mooring system prevented further damage.

All-Weather Tanker Terminal For Cook Inlet, Alaska

This paper describes the design and construction of a 30,000 DWT to 60,000 DWT capacity tanker loading facility constructed in Cook Inlet, Alaska for year-round operations. Particular emphasis is placed on the environmental conditions and resulting design criteria which led to the conception of the unique structure. Large diameter steel tubes, supported by underwater bracing, were used as the main structural members which extended through the ice zone. A movable fender system was designed to remain a few feet above the water level and thus provide a uniform fendering capability at all tidal levels without exposure to ice damage. The dock components were prefabricated in large units to reduce on-site work to a minimum.

Waterfront Development for New Cement Plant

A cement manufacturing plant located with access to deep navigable water has economical advantages and marketing potential for its product. The site of Ideal Cement Company's new Seattle, Washington Plant was small and not located adjacent to raw materials, therefore, economical transportation and handling of materials was essential. A waterfront bulkhead consisting of 17 steel sheet pile circular cells and connecting arcs was provided with a bulkhead height of 50.5-ft. The waterfront bulkhead, retaining the site adjacent to the Duwamish Waterway for a distance of 1,100-ft allowing maximum utilization of the property, is subject to the surcharge loads of a 70,000 ton windrow raw material storage adjacent to the waterfront and a 750 tph capacity traveling barge unloading tower crane located over the cells. It also serves as a dock with a fender system and mooring devices on the water side of the bulkhead. The waterfront design considerations, descriptions, and construction are briefly reviewed.

DESIGN CRITERIA RECOMMENDED FOR MARINE FENDER SYSTEMS

This paper summarizes the world-wide effectiveness of marine-fender systems A design criteria is recommended as a result of an extensive research and development program executed at the U S Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, California, under the sponsorship of Naval Facilities Engineering Command Pertinent information includes analytical treatment and experimental investigation of the effects of berthing impact on the design of berthing structures, definition, function, and types of fender systems, advantages and disadvantages of various fender systems, cost-effectiveness and design procedures for different marine environment and exposure conditions. The energy absorption characteristics, berthing velocity, and virtual mass of ship are discussed in detail Energy capacity requirements for marine fender systems are illustrated in both graph and monograph forms. This paper is intended to provide guidelines to coastal engineers who may be involved in design of fender systems for waterfront and offshore structures.

Navy's New Carrier Berthing Facilities at San Diego

Planning and construction of Navy's new berthing facilities for Forrestal-class aircraft carriers at San Diego are described; facilities include installation of retractable fender system, camels, and cranes, modification of utilities at existing wharf, and dredging of turning basin and of 6.7 mi deep draft channel in SAN Diego Bay.

A Breasting Dolphin for Berthing Supertankers

Design of flexible dolphin type structure, using high tensile steel cylinders, for berthing 100,000 ton supertankers in deep-water locations; application of gravity type fender system; energy absorption qualities of both dolphin and fender system; design criteria for various site conditions; energy calculations; prefabrication of frame and fender units reduces construction costs; system permits simultaneous berthing of vessels.

Oil Loading Terminal for Pakning, Sumatra

Terminal, designed to accommodate simultaneously two 50,000 dw ton tankers, consists of wharf supported on steel piles in deep water about 1800 ft off-shore; 22 in. diam submarine pipeline delivers crude oil from shore to wharf; paper describes construction of wharf, pipeline, fender system and means employed to protect steel in structure against corrosion.

New Retractable Marine Fender System

Description of construction and operation of new timber type retractable fender system for piers, originally installed at New York Naval Shipyard; tests performed on system for determination of impact energy absorption capabilities, fender stresses, and reactions within piers reported.