Feminine Gender Research Articles

Grammatical Gender: Acquisition, Attrition, and Change

This paper discusses grammatical gender in Norwegian by bringing together data from first language acquisition, Norwegian heritage language, and dialect change. In all these contexts, gender is often claimed to be a vulnerable category, arguably due to the relative non-transparency of gender assignment. Furthermore, the feminine gender is in the process of being lost in many Norwegian dialects, as feminine agreement forms (for example, the indefinite article) are merged with the masculine. The definite suffix, in contrast, is quite stable, as it is acquired early and does not undergo attrition/change. We argue that the combined data provide evidence that gender and declension class are separate phenomena, and we outline a possible formal analysis to account for the findings.*

Dead, but Won’t Lie Down? Grammatical Gender among Norwegians

This paper examines grammatical gender from the sociolinguistic perspective. The question pursued is to what extent exponents of grammatical gender are tied indexically to identity categories. Building on literature and corpus data, I claim that within the Norwegian context, grammatical gender is associated with sociolinguistic dimensions such as the urban/rural distinction, political views, class, ethnicity. The traditional three-gender system is being replaced by a two-gender system in several dialects, resulting in the loss of the feminine gender. Indexical values associated with the feminine gender features are still valid, though, and some forms take on new pragmatic functions. Once grammatical gender is viewed through a sociolinguistic lens, with the agency of speakers being recognized, it becomes clear that it may not be fully understood without taking into account the context of interaction at a micro-level, and the sociohistorical characteristics of—for instance—regions with language contact at a macro-level.*

Sesgos de género en las músicas de consumo: percepción lectora y musical de mensajes sexistas en estudiantes de magisterio

La prevención de la violencia de género constituye una preocupación acuciante para la sociedad actual. Lejos de ser innata, la violencia es un fenómeno aprendido a través de las vivencias cotidianas tales como las canciones actuales cuyas letras muestran un mensaje sexista que no todo el mundo identifica debido a la prevalencia de sus específicas características musicales (ritmos fáciles y constantes, melodías básicas y letras sencillas y pegadizas. Los docentes tienen un papel fundamental en la identificación del sexismo, si bien su formación en la detección de prejuicios de género es escasa. El presente estudio tiene como finalidad conocer la sensibilidad a los prejuicios de género adquiridos en el consumo musical de los futuros docentes, sobre una muestra de 78 estudiantes repartidos en tres grupos de la Facultad de Educación de Ciudad Real (UCLM). La investigación sigue una metodología mixta de carácter tanto cuantitativo como cualitativo, complementada con un estudio experimental asentado en la comparación de dos intervenciones, una con música y otra exclusivamente con la letra de las canciones, con el fin de conocer diferencias en los modos de percepción, la capacidad crítica para determinar sesgos de género y conocer cómo se perpetúan. Los resultados muestran que los sujetos que realizan el test en presencia de la música perciben en menor grado los sesgos de género que aquellos que solo leen la letra de la misma. Por otro lado, el sesgo de género es percibido de forma más evidente por el sexo femenino, especialmente en el estilo musical reggaetón, si bien las diferencias de apreciación entre ambos sexos disminuyen en la exposición a otros estilos musicales.

Prevalence and Co-occurrence of Alcohol, Nicotine, and Other Substance Use Disorder Diagnoses Among US Transgender and Cisgender Adults

Substance use disorders are a major source of morbidity and mortality in the United States. National data comparing the prevalence of substance use disorder diagnoses (SUDDs) among transgender and cisgender individuals are lacking in the United States. To investigate the prevalence of SUDDs among transgender and cisgender adults and to identify within-group and between-group differences by age, gender, and geographic location. This cross-sectional study used the OptumLabs Data Warehouse to analyze deidentified claims from approximately 74 million adults aged 18 years or older enrolled in commercial or Medicare Advantage insurance plans in 2017. A total of 15 637 transgender adults were identified based on a previously developed algorithm using a combination of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) transgender-related diagnosis and procedure codes and sex-discordant hormone prescriptions. A cohort of 46 911 cisgender adults was matched to the transgender cohort in a 3:1 ratio based on age and geographic location. SUDDs, based on ICD-10 codes, were assessed overall and compared between transgender and cisgender cohorts and by geographic region (ie, Northeast, Midwest, South, and West); age groups (eg, 18-25, 26-30, 31-35 years), and gender (ie, transfeminine [TF; assigned male sex at birth, identify along feminine gender spectrum], transmasculine [TM; assigned female sex at birth, identify along masculine gender spectrum], male, and female). In this study of 15 637 transgender adults (4955 [31.7%] TM) and 46 911 cisgender adults (23 247 [50.4%] men), most (8627 transgender adults [55.2%]; 51 762 cisgender adults [55.2%]) were aged between 18 and 40 years, and 6482 transgender adults (41.5%) and 19 446 cisgender adults (41.5%) lived in the South. Comparing transgender to cisgender groups, significant differences were found in the prevalence of a nicotine (2594 [16.6%] vs 2551 [5.4%]; P < .001), alcohol (401 [2.6%] vs 438 [0.9%]; P < .001), and drug (678 [4.3%] vs 549 [1.2%]; P < .001) SUDDs. Among transgender adults, cannabis was the most prevalent drug SUDD (321 [2.1%]), followed by opioid SUDD (205 [1.3%]) and cocaine SUDD (81 [0.5%]), whereas among cisgender adults, cannabis and opioid SUDDs were equally prevalent (cannabis, 186 [0.4%]; opioid, 207 [0.4%]), followed by cocaine SUDD (59 [0.1%]). In this study, the prevalence of SUDDs was significantly elevated among transgender adults relative to their cisgender peers. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored clinical interventions to treat substance use disorder in transgender populations.

Feminine gender norms and syndemic harmful drinking, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infections among Black women at risk for HIV

BackgroundThis study examined the associations between feminine gender ideologies (i.e., socially constructed attitudes and beliefs of women’s appropriate behavior and roles) and the syndemic comorbidities of harmful alcohol use, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infections (STI), which disproportionately affect Black women. MethodsBlack women, aged 18–44 (n = 305) were recruited from STI clinics in Baltimore, MD into a retrospective cohort study. A survey assessed feminine gender ideologies using a measure of hyperfemininity and sexual hyperfemininity (subscale of sexual domains), harmful drinking (AUDIT), lifetime STI (Y/N and count), and syndemic burden (no burden [0−1 morbidity] and syndemic burden [2−3 comorbidities]). Multivariable regression models identified correlates of harmful drinking, STI, and syndemic burden. The analytic sample included (n = 231) women with complete data. ResultsNearly half of our sample reported high hyperfemininity and high sexual hyperfemininity, 23% reported harmful drinking, 39% experienced sexual violence as an adult, and 74% reported a lifetime STI. High sexual hyperfemininity (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.94, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.00–3.76) and sexual violence (AOR = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.43–5.58) were associated with greater odds of harmful drinking. Experiencing sexual violence in adulthood was associated with an increased count of lifetime STIs (Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio [AIRR] = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.06–1.68). Syndemic burden affected 41% of our sample. High sexual hyperfemininity was associated with experiencing syndemic burden in unadjusted models (OR = 1.98, 95%CI: 1.16–3.37), but was not significant after controlling for confounders. ConclusionsInterventions to reduce harmful drinking and STIs among Black women in the U.S. should address sexual gender ideologies and sexual violence.

Концепт «Смерть» В Українській Народній Казці

The article analyzes the concept of «death» in folklore (fairy tale) text at three levels: 1) as an object (embodied in a concrete character); 2) as a process (implemented through a motive); 3) as a spatial concept (expressed through the locus). 1) Anthropomorphic image of death in folk fairy prose functions in samples of novels. In the Ukrainian folk fairy tale tradition, the character of death is represented only as feminine gender. Unlike the western European tradition of depicting Death in the form of a skeleton with a scythe, in the Ukrainian tale it is an anthropomorphic character without any signs of decomposition (the scythe as its attribute occurs very rarely in the texts). The fairy tale emphasizes on such features of the death character as inevitability, justice, courtesy and nobility. 2) The motive of the death of the protagonist is frequent for a magic types of fairy tale. The motive of dying are mainly concerns protagonists and is realized through the motives of the hero’s journey to the otherworld. It is noteworthy that such a trip is stratified according to the gender principle: the voluntary journey of the hero, connected with the conflict in which the woman is mostly involved, and the forced journey of the heroine, who often does not suspect its true reason - the intention of the antagonist / evil stepmother who wants to see her perish. The motive of the death of the protagonist is predominantly in the enchanting heroic fairy-tales, where it is realized: a) through the swallowing of the hero by a monster, often a fish; b) petrification of the hero as a result of violation of the prohibition of keeping silence made by demonological beings; c) the murder of a hero by a traitor or antagonist (as a rule, with the further resurrection of the protagonist with the help of «healing and living water»). 3) The analysis of the texts confirms the presence of both vertical and horizontal planes with the semantics of the space of death. The horizontal plane does not have any vector (the fairy tale does not emphasize the eastern, western, southern or northern directions of the hero’s movement to the otherworld), but these planes always belong to the boundary space (the most frequent locus is the forest). The vertical plane of the death locus is located in the underground (lower projection of the vertical vector) and the celestial (upper projection of the vertical vector) worlds with the domination of the lower projection.

Revealing gender discourses in the Qurʾān: An integrative, dynamic and complex approach

This study examines the Qurʾān’s view towards gender and argues that all three masculine, feminine and egalitarian (gender-inclusive) discourses exist in its text, and that these discourses do not follow a simple and linear model but rather a nonlinear and complex one. It also provides evidence, showing that gender equality in the Qurʾān is achieved in two ways: firstly, through linguistic devices that are devoid of gender distinctions, and secondly, through concurrent use of masculine and feminine gender markers in one context. The masculine discourse is, however, more prominent in the verses of this book and manifests itself to varying degrees in three ways: (1) in some verses, only masculine indicators are used but it can be inferred based on the (Taghlīb) principle that both men and women are the intended addressees; (2) in some verses, rules regarding women are stipulated, whilst men are, in fact, the main addressees and (3) in verses that state rules on reciprocal issues such as divorce and marriage but these rules are addressed to only men. The feminine discourse is also present in the Qurʾān and can be seen in verses that address women. Contribution: Revealing gender discourses in the Qurʾān requires not only a historical but also an integrative and holistic understanding of its text. This study attempts to identify the relation of the Qurʾān to the three gender discourses based on the linguistic elements of the text and their classification.

Маркирование женского рода в наименованиях лица в английском и татарском языках

The paper aims to identify and classify means of gender representation in the English and Tatar languages. Scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that the means to indicate the feminine gender of a person in the languages under study are for the first time considered in the comparative-contrastive aspect. The following conclusions are justified: in both the languages, the gender category is generally represented by lexical units with the semes of human being and gender; in the English language, these lexical units are placed before the personal name, and in the Tatar language - after it. The English language has a wider range of feminine suffixes in comparison with the Tatar one. In both the languages, kinship terms are gender-marked at the lexical level.

Hvorfor er Berit farmasøyt mens Brigitte er pharmacienne? Om kjønnsspesifikke betegnelser for yrker og funksjoner i norsk og fransk

In French, nouns denoting occupations and offices usually have different forms for males and females (e.g. pharmacien 'male pharmacist' - pharmacienne 'female pharmacist'). In Norwegian, this is a very marginal phenomenon. We discuss this difference between the two languages, and propose that it must be understood on the background of their systems of grammatical gender. The forms for males and females find a natural place in French, with its clear distinction between masculine and feminine gender. The situation is different in Norwegian, where this distinction is marginal or non-existing in central varieties.

Assessment of the Anemic Conditions during Pregnancy: A Study of Sukkur City, Sindh, Pakistan

Background: Anemia is pathological disorder caused by mal nutrition and it is very common among feminine gender during gestational period.&#x0D; Objective: To investigate the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women, and identify the risk factors and symptoms of anemia in pregnancy.&#x0D; Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out for 12 months from June 2018 to June 2019 at Sukkur Blood and Drugs donating Society Hospital in Sukkur Sindh. A total of 300 pregnant women with anemic condition were selected by purposive sampling method. Structured questionnaire was designed in order to collect nominal and ordinal information after getting consent from included patients. The collected information was interpreted by using statistical software SPSS version 24.00&#x0D; Results: The result revealed that 82.3% of the women were diagnosed as anemic, categorized as mild, moderate and severe. Anemic condition was common among pregnant women with ages 26-35 years, 63.9%. Women with primary or secondary education were more prone to anemia. The pregnant women belongs to rural areas were more forwarded to anemia, 86.6%. The numbers of patients were seen more in second and thirds trimester of gestation while rate of anemia in primary gravida was 75.0% that increased to 81.8% in multigravida, and further increased to 91.5% in grand multiparity.&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia was high in rural area of Sindh. Haemoglobin concentration was very much low in most of the pregnant female. The major cause of anemia in pregnant women was mal nutrition.

Why Are Women Underrepresented in the American IT Industry? The Role of Explicit and Implicit Gender Identities

Gender inequality in the IT profession is an acute issue with major individual, societal, and national implications. In this study, we build on the individual differences theory of gender and IT and extend it to account for subconscious processes that may drive women away from IT university majors and IT career choices. We specifically theorize on how the asymmetric roles of explicit and implicit gender identity facets impact the major selection of men and women students and affect their decisions to pursue the IT profession. To do so, this study introduces the concept of implicit gender identity, defined as the degree to which men and women subconsciously, automatically, and uncontrollably associate themselves with the masculine and feminine gender groups, respectively. We obtained data from 185 pre-major selection university students by means of a survey and the Implicit Association Test. The findings revealed that implicit gender identity was a significant predictor of IT major and career choices for women but not for men university students. Explicit gender identity had no influence on IT major and career choices for men or women university students. Nevertheless, men’s and women’s IT major and career choices appear to be similarly influenced by normative pressures. IT skills and IT work experience also impact such choices. Ultimately, this study shows that implicit gender identity can be a factor that drives women university students away from the IT profession and contributes to the gender gap in the field.

LINGUISTICALLY JUSTIFIED USE OF GENDERED FEMININE NOUNS OF THE CATEGORY NOMINA AGENTIS ET PROFESSIONIS CREATED BY SUFFIX -KINJA

This paper is considering scientific well-foundedness of arguments in favour of the use of generic forms and against the use of gendered feminine nouns from the word-formation semantic category of professions and ranks, using examples of the nouns derived by suffix -kinja (psiholog/psihološkinja, vodič/vodičkinja i dr.). Following the introductory part displaying her motives for choosing this topic, the author reminds us that the investigations so far have shown that the main reasons against the feminine gender nouns quote their more restricted range in comparison to their generic forms, thier complex sound structure and problematic word-formation model as well. Linguists supporting these attitudes find certain feminine forms impermissible because of their forms being derived according to unaccredited wordformation pattern. The possibility of having homonymy and double meaning happen, considering semantic heritage of certain feminine gender nouns (nouns like ministarka, trenerka), sometimes makes them unsuitable and inefficient. The arguments listed here are particularly related to the abstract communication, i.e. competitions, printed forms and so on, whereas it is more suitable to use generic forms due to their more extensive semantic range and eligibility to refer to persons of both gender, being considered gender-neutral. The author is also reminiding us of completely opposite views according to which, in the mass media, by the predominanted use of generic names for professions and ranks for feminine persons, it is clear the tendency to make women invisible in the social and political field. Supporters of such approach find it necessary, when it comes to the question of gender sensitive language, to implement codification aiming to provide humane and tolerant communication, and visibility of women in the society as well, i.e. her gender equality The author gives advantage to the pragmatic and balanced approach in resolving this problem, according to which in concrete situations the feminine forms are found necessary, i.e. situations when with a feminine personal name ought to be used a feminine gender noun indicating her profession. On the other side, in situations when neutral or common use is necesseray, generic forms can be a tool for language efficiency (for example in competitions, printed forms and so on). The author in a latent manner debates with the opinion that the generic, i.e. common forms are gender-neutral, reminding us of the morphological features of the masculine gender nouns of the first category being their charateristic, supporting it with the example: Vodič nam je davala uputstva. The author emphasises that the necessity of the existence of the feminine gender forms for professions and ranks is unquestionable for both – from the point of view of ensuring equality of genders in the society, and respecting principle of congruency point of view as well, focusing on the central part of her research afterwards. On the basis of all aforementioned in the paper it can be finally concluded that the profession nouns of the feminine gender appeared when the need for them came up and also that the tendency of their expansion is evident and proportional with the enhancement of the position of the woman in the society. The use of the feminine gender nouns denoting professions and ranks, as well as those with the suffix mentioned earlier, is necessary and practical in concrete situations. If we bear in mind that there are no liguistically justified arguments against the use of gendered feminine nouns with the suffix -kinja the categories nomina agentis et professions, it is to be expected the continuation of their expansion.

Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business Students: A Matter of Masculinity and Femininity

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the entrepreneurial intention of business students, with an emphasis on their masculine and feminine characteristics, instead of the usual classification male / female. While recent studies have increased the understanding of the implications of being a man or woman (sex differences) on entrepreneurial intention, papers which examine whether masculinity and/or femininity (gender differences) impact entrepreneurial intention are rare. The following paper offers insights into the latter research gap by quantitatively investigating the genderedness of intentions of business students, which is of particular importance for fostering entrepreneurship. The Theory of Planned Behavior is used as underlying framework, with entrepreneurial intention as dependent variable and its three antecedents (‘attitude towards behavior’, ‘subjective norms’, and ‘perceived behavior control’). A survey is administered and filled out by 501 Belgian business students of different universities. Masculinity and femininity are measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory Model. The results are analyzed by structural equation modeling. Students with high masculinity have significant higher entrepreneurial intentions than students with low masculinity. There is a significant association between masculinity and entrepreneurial intentions through the mediating role of attitude towards behavior and subjective norms. Furthermore femininity has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intentions with subjective norms as mediator. This study contributes to the debate which personality traits influence entrepreneurial intention and further deepens the discussion how educators could approach different types of students in order to stimulate their interest in entrepreneurship. Previously conflicting results about the impact of sex on entrepreneurial intention can perhaps be solved if studies are in the future enriched with socially constructed gender variables.

Thyroid dysfunction in patients undergoing Nivolumab cancer treatment: Case reports and review of literature

Introduction: The recent development of anticancer treatments focused on disrupting the signaling pathways has arrived as a promising alternative for conditions previously untreatable. Nivolumab is a second-generation monoclonal antibody that works as a negative regulatory agonist of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor expressed by B and T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, preventing the binding of PD-1 to its ligands programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death ligand-2 (PD-L2), therefore protecting healthy tissues. As a result of an increased immune system activity, this may provide inflammatory side effects known as immune-related adverse events (IRAEs). Thyroid dysfunction (TD) is frequently observed in patients using Anti-PD-1. Case Report: Our case report refers to two patients of 67 and 75 years old, feminine and masculine genders, respectively, that developed Nivolumab-induced TD with transient hyperthyroidism and posterior evolution to hypothyroidism. Both were treated with Levothyroxine after thyrotoxicosis phase. Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction has been a recurrent IRAE described in patients using Anti-PD-1 and it is usually a treatable condition. Our patients manifested a less common TD known as lymphocytic thyroiditis. Because there is an increased tendency of using immune checkpoint inhibitors, both cases highlight the importance of close monitoring to detect the development and progression of TD, avoiding preventable morbidity and allowing to maintain cancer therapy.

Structural Variations of Adjective in English and Okpameri

Adjectives indicate grammatical property of language. They give more information about nouns. The usage of adjective in utterances varies in languages. These variations often pose problem to ESL learners. Predicating on Contrastive Analysis, the study generated Okpameri data from oral sources and participatory observation. English data were got from the English grammar texts. From the findings, the two languages are grammatically marked for pre/post modifying adjective, predicative adjective, degree of adjective and order of adjective. However, the grammatical structure and usage of these adjectives differ. While English adjectives often pre-modify the headword, Okpameri adjectives usually post-modify the headword. Also, while English distinguishes between the use of “beautiful” and handsome for feminine and masculine genders respectively, Okpameri language resorts to using uni-gender “shemilushe” which its equivalent translation in English is either “beautiful or handsome”. As in the case of degree of adjective, suffixes are attached to the root-word to form comparative and superlative adjectives of the two languages. It has been observed that English adjectival pre-modification is consistent. However, Okpameri adjectives function as pre/post-modifiers. The study, therefore suggests that language teachers, particularly English language experts, should adopt systematic approach to the teaching of adjectives as this will broaden the knowledge of Okpameri ESL learners.

Unfinished “verbization” process: the development of predicative constructions with an adjective of the feminine gender in the 17th and 18th centuries in the light of corpus data

The article is devoted to the changes in the Middle Polish syntactic construction in which the predicative function was performed by the nominative, singular, feminine form of the adjective. The research carried out on the corpus data was aimed at tracing the process that led to the transformation of those adjectival forms into defective verbs (verbization). The analysis covers six predicative adjectival forms most popular in the 17th and 18th centuries: MOŻNA ‛it is possible’, NIEMOŻNA ‛it is impossible’, NIEPODOBNA ‛it is impossible’, WIELKA ‛it is great’, PEWNA ‛it is certain’ and SŁUSZNA ‛it is right’. The first three of them changed their grammatical status, whereas for the rest the verbization process stopped. The 2nd half of the 18th century and the 1st half of the 19th century were decisive in this respect.

«Я женщина — твердый воин…»: образ воительницы в лирике А. А. Барковой

This paper deals with the figure of a female warrior in the lyric of Anna Barkova. The author analyzes constant features and the evolution of this image, demonstrates its peculiarities and reveals Barkova’s sources. It also involves describing the main “power lines” of Barkova’s creative reception of this archetypal image. First, it is the motif of sacrifice, of renouncing the feminine gender role (represented not as externally imposed, but as a part of the very essence of the lyrical heroine) in the name of a higher calling; second, the motif of love-hate, love-enmity expressed through the topos of duel with the heroine’s beloved; third, the motifs of overflowing strength, prowess, brigandism. While in 1921–1922 the image of a female warrior appears in Barkova`s works as an ideal worth of any sacrifices, later it becomes ambivalent emphasizing its destructive and self-destructive intentions. Still, even in the late gulag and post-gulag lyric the implicit self-identification of the lyrical “I” with this figure does occur — due to the deepest, unaffected by any external circumstances personality traits which are also reflected in the poet’s letters and documents.

"НО ВИЖУ ТВОЙ ЖРЕБИЙ НА СВЕТЛОМ ЧЕЛЕ…": ТОПОС «ПРОРИЦАТЕЛЬ НА ПУТИ ВОЙСКА» В ГЕРМАНСКОЙ И КЕЛЬТСКОЙ ТРАДИЦИИ - ИСТОРИЯ И/ИЛИ МИФ

The paper analyses the structural changes introduced by A.S. Pushkin into the original text: the description of prophesying “death by the horse” to Prince Oleg in Russian Primary Chronicle. The author points out that, in contrast to the chronicle, the ballad’s text depicts not the Prince’s own prophet but an ethnically alien Slavic wolkhv. Thus the prophecy through the mouth of a foreign magus can be regarded as a kind of a curse. Apart from this, in contrast to the depiction of the episode in Russian Primary Chronicle, Pushkin describes encountering the wolkhv who appears on the marching troops’ way. The paper provides parallels to this model found by its author and also describes similar episodes from both the history of Rome and epic texts (“Nibelungenlied”, Irish sagas). As Pushkin’s ballad’s major differences from the given episodes which do not contradict the clusters of motifs of the narrative scheme, the paper points out the following: 1. In all the given examples the encounter takes place at a ford. 2. In all the given examples the prophet is of feminine gender. The author attempts to find sources for Pushkin’s text outside the actual Russian history. The question of possibility of unconscious realising of motif schemes is posed as a preliminary conclusion

Гендерні сопозиції, що відносяться до осіб, в ліриці Марлени Рахліної

The analysis of grammatical units, the basis of which is the category of gender of nouns is given. These units denote living beings that have gender correlates. The article examines the functioning of gender correlates referred to persons based on the lyric works by Marlena Rakhlina. The object of analysis is morphological categories in Rakhlina’s poetry. The subject of the research is gender juxtapositions related to persons in poems by Rakhlina. The poetic potential of linguistic units in literary functioning is revealed by means of the functional method; the distributive method made it possible to consider morphological units in a poetic text based on contextual correlation and compatibility; with the help of context-interpretation analysis morphological ways of implementing the author's intention to create poetic meaning are characterized. Among the nouns referred to living beings in the lyrics by Rakhlina gender correlates that denote persons are presented. Four different types of such gender correlates have been revealed. Gender semantics is realized in pairs of one-root personal substantives with derivational suffixes of feminine gender; in gender correlates, systemically reflecting family relationships; in opposites that denote various age groups; in oppositional pairs, expressed in different parts of speech. The types of gender juxtapositions identified in the poems by Rakhlina can be expressed in different parts of speech and reflect the meanings of not only unification in a married couple or a pair of lovers, but also unification along the same type of people. Such consolidation quite often indicates family relationships between the lyric character of the poem and her children, which go through different age phases. The materials of this article can be used in classes on grammar and stylistics of the Russian language.

Muslim women-heroines

As is known that the role of women in science and other fields is becoming more visible today; it is especially prominent in literature and politics. Many of the women who have a place in the past work literature can be cited as examples. HAZRAT AYISHA: “Learn half of your religion from this Humayro.” UMMUSALAMA Hind binti Abu Umayya (Mother of the Believers), UMMU HABIBA (Mother of the Believers) whose real name was Ramla, said that Hazrat Maymuna's acceptance of Islam was a means of goodness and blessing for both the religion and the Muslims. The comparison of “woman-nafs (soul) ” plays an important role in the literature. The word “nafs” is a word in feminine gender meaning “soul, spirit” or “self.” This seems to indicate that women played an important role in poetry. (Shimmel “Jonon mening jonimdadir” 1999 14. b)