Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the entrepreneurial intention of business students, with an emphasis on their masculine and feminine characteristics, instead of the usual classification male / female. While recent studies have increased the understanding of the implications of being a man or woman (sex differences) on entrepreneurial intention, papers which examine whether masculinity and/or femininity (gender differences) impact entrepreneurial intention are rare. The following paper offers insights into the latter research gap by quantitatively investigating the genderedness of intentions of business students, which is of particular importance for fostering entrepreneurship. The Theory of Planned Behavior is used as underlying framework, with entrepreneurial intention as dependent variable and its three antecedents (‘attitude towards behavior’, ‘subjective norms’, and ‘perceived behavior control’). A survey is administered and filled out by 501 Belgian business students of different universities. Masculinity and femininity are measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory Model. The results are analyzed by structural equation modeling. Students with high masculinity have significant higher entrepreneurial intentions than students with low masculinity. There is a significant association between masculinity and entrepreneurial intentions through the mediating role of attitude towards behavior and subjective norms. Furthermore femininity has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intentions with subjective norms as mediator. This study contributes to the debate which personality traits influence entrepreneurial intention and further deepens the discussion how educators could approach different types of students in order to stimulate their interest in entrepreneurship. Previously conflicting results about the impact of sex on entrepreneurial intention can perhaps be solved if studies are in the future enriched with socially constructed gender variables.
Highlights
The call for more entrepreneurs has found its way from a side note in economic research to a strategic topic of key importance in political mission statements of e.g. the United Nations [1] or the European Commission [2]
This paper aimed to investigate whether EI and its antecedents are affected by sex and/or gender
The present study finds a positive relationship between sex and entrepreneurial intentions via a positive direct impact (H1a) and indirect via attitudes towards entrepreneurship (H1b)
Summary
The call for more entrepreneurs has found its way from a side note in economic research to a strategic topic of key importance in political mission statements of e.g. the United Nations [1] or the European Commission [2]. Previous research has focused primarily on male entrepreneurs [5,6,7], which is surprising since women-owned businesses significantly contribute to wealth creation in all economies [8]. The socially constructed aspects of masculinity and femininity have become more prominent when analyzing the genderedness of entrepreneurial contexts [14,15,16,17], identities [18] or activities [19]. While this development of a new research agenda is promising, and a lot has happened in politics, academia
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