Female Stereotypes Research Articles

Bias of responses to white and black dance companies and their dancers on Instagram

ABSTRACT In the historically elitist and predominantly White world of ballet, dance companies have attempted to increase diversity, with limited success. One contributing factor may involve differing levels of engagement with White and Black Dance Companies in social media environments. This study explores ‘macro conversations’ on Instagram across White vs. Black Dance Companies. A total of 445 ‘comments’ and 48,491 ‘likes’ across 28 dance-related Instagram posts were analyzed to compare rates of engagement and the types of comments (e.g. female stereotypes, physical attributes). Results indicated that White Dance Companies received significantly more engagement (defined as ‘likes’ and ‘comments’; M = 3,229) compared to Black Dance Companies (M = 274). Further, Males, compared to Females, used more female stereotypes on White Dance Company posts, whereas Females used more female stereotypes on Black Dance Company posts compared to Males. Despite efforts to enhance diversity, results show White and Black Dance Companies receive different levels and types of engagement on social media.

Analysis of the female stereotypes represented in the <i>Harry Potter</i> film saga

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo el analizar los estereotipos femeninos representados en la saga Harry Potter. La investigación es cualitativa. Se usa, como método, el análisis de contenido; y como técnica de investigación, la observación. Los resultados de la investigación indicaron que, las mujeres de estudio, aunque tienen variedad de color de ojos y cabello, todas son de piel blanca; incluso la mayoría solo usa el maquillaje natural para diferentes ocasiones. Por otro lado, la fuerza en los personajes femeninos es casi inexistente. Finalmente, la investigación concluye que las características ayudan a incentivar a que el espectador siga teniendo una mujer ideal en mente, y las descripciones físicas no ayudan a la identificación de las diferentes niñas del mundo con sus personajes femeninos favoritos.

The Dichotomous Assessment of the Historical Inaccuracies, the “White Savior” Trope and the Traces of Black Female Stereotypes in the Flagship Black Feminist Movie Hidden Figures

The analysis of Hidden Figures aims to discuss whether this flagship black feminist movie can really help the black feminist attempts by characterizing the events and characters with historical accuracy and without stereotypes. It will be showcased how the white savior trope presented in the film can undermine the successes achieved by black women at NASA while still being a somewhat positive component to the film. It will also be revealed that upon closer examination, the black female stereotypes persist even in this seemingly unprejudiced and flagship black feminist film. To corroborate this theory, the discrepancies of the biographical drama film adaptation and the nonfiction volume it is based on will be highlighted. The actions, diction, and body language of the movie's three protagonists will also be analyzed to demonstrate that they sometimes evoke the conventional black female stereotypes and/or their later variants. It will be concluded that although the criticism made in relation to the film may fall within today's exaggerated PC culture and/or Cancel culture — as the stereotypical traits can be justified in the narrative's context —, it is still important for filmmakers and even actresses to be aware of these stereotypical traces so that they do not perpetuate them, even unconsciously and unintentionally.

GENDER STEREOTYPES IN SPORTS DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to the study of gender stereotypes in sports discourse. Despite the fact that institutional analysisas already penetrated gender studies, there are very few studies devoted to such a truly ”masculine” activity as professional sports. This determines the relevance of the topic of this work. Sport as a social institution is an ideal opportunity to study male and female stereotypes. Gender stereotypes permeate every aspect of human personality and appearance, and dictate how men and women should act, think and behave. Gender embodies a pattern of relations that evolves over time to define masculinity and femininity, structuring and regulating people’s relation to society. Gender stereotypes are especially clearly visible in professional sports. Professional sports s seen as an activity in which the differences between males and females are manifested, as well as the dominance of the former over the latter. The study was conducted on the material of sports press in the period from 2018–2023.

What's in a Name? Experimental Evidence of Gender Bias in Recommendation Letters Generated by ChatGPT.

Artificial intelligence chatbots such as ChatGPT (OpenAI) have garnered excitement about their potential for delegating writing tasks ordinarily performed by humans. Many of these tasks (eg, writing recommendation letters) have social and professional ramifications, making the potential social biases in ChatGPT's underlying language model a serious concern. Three preregistered studies used the text analysis program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count to investigate gender bias in recommendation letters written by ChatGPT in human-use sessions (N=1400 total letters). We conducted analyses using 22 existing Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count dictionaries, as well as 6 newly created dictionaries based on systematic reviews of gender bias in recommendation letters, to compare recommendation letters generated for the 200 most historically popular "male" and "female" names in the United States. Study 1 used 3 different letter-writing prompts intended to accentuate professional accomplishments associated with male stereotypes, female stereotypes, or neither. Study 2 examined whether lengthening each of the 3 prompts while holding the between-prompt word count constant modified the extent of bias. Study 3 examined the variability within letters generated for the same name and prompts. We hypothesized that when prompted with gender-stereotyped professional accomplishments, ChatGPT would evidence gender-based language differences replicating those found in systematic reviews of human-written recommendation letters (eg, more affiliative, social, and communal language for female names; more agentic and skill-based language for male names). Significant differences in language between letters generated for female versus male names were observed across all prompts, including the prompt hypothesized to be neutral, and across nearly all language categories tested. Historically female names received significantly more social referents (5/6, 83% of prompts), communal or doubt-raising language (4/6, 67% of prompts), personal pronouns (4/6, 67% of prompts), and clout language (5/6, 83% of prompts). Contradicting the study hypotheses, some gender differences (eg, achievement language and agentic language) were significant in both the hypothesized and nonhypothesized directions, depending on the prompt. Heteroscedasticity between male and female names was observed in multiple linguistic categories, with greater variance for historically female names than for historically male names. ChatGPT reproduces many gender-based language biases that have been reliably identified in investigations of human-written reference letters, although these differences vary across prompts and language categories. Caution should be taken when using ChatGPT for tasks that have social consequences, such as reference letter writing. The methods developed in this study may be useful for ongoing bias testing among progressive generations of chatbots across a range of real-world scenarios. OSF Registries osf.io/ztv96; https://osf.io/ztv96.

Model Revision of Female Identity and Mythical Images in Modern Woman Poets’ Fairy Tales: Anne Sexton and Carol Ann Duffy

This article explores the approaches that modern women poets use in their revised mythical notions to expose and implicate the inappropriate effects of patriarchal norms and conventions on women and gender inequality. This study addresses Anne Sexton and Carol Ann Duffy as modern woman poets who redefine archetypal myths and revise fairy tales to narrate the stories of those who have been left out of historical and cultural narratives within female characters. Sexton and Duffy shake up gender stereotypes with determined humorous plot complexities, allowing women to shed the secondary classic roles assigned to them. The female characters in the poems recapture their power through literary reconstruction, confronting male dominance and instilling guilt for feeling worthless. These modern women poets focus on what the female characters in their fairy tales think, feel, react, and decide what they look like in appearance, which is not employed in these writing norms in common fairy tales. Sexton and Duffy are the innovative versions of fairy tales, in which the poets not only satirize the patriarchal society in which they grew up but also reject the female stereotype that their upbringing assumed. This study examines the feminist messages that Sexton and Duffy's fairy tales intended to convey to reveal the poets' position on feminism and their relationship with the female role models and male characters they portray in their fairy tales. The findings confirm that these revising approaches and changing writing fairy tale norms can aid in creating a female identity and generate a critical return to the patriarchy’s despotic discourse.

Women who cry to manipulate others face more backlash than men

AbstractTwo studies and one pilot study (Ntotal = 531) explore how observers react to men and women who cry in either good faith or in bad faith (i.e., with intention to manipulate). Using role congruity theory as a framework, we theorize that crying perceived as manipulative is less congruent with female stereotypes compared to male stereotypes. Accordingly, we find that women who cry in bad faith evoke less empathy and more anger from observers, who in turn judged them more harshly and are less willing to support them on a series of organizational outcomes. The same pattern did not emerge for men, for whom crying in good or bad faith did not seem to matter. This is in line with the idea that crying is overall less acceptable for men. In sum, we suggest that crying can have negative repercussions at work. This calls for greater attention to crafting interventions that can reduce discrimination and biases, ultimately fostering more positive workplace climates.

Metaphors and masculine language as breaking female stereotypes in dangdut songs lyrics with vulgar content

Masculine refers to a specific construction of masculinity that is targeted towards men. Men do not inherently possess masculine traits; instead, masculinity is moulded by cultural influences. The association of masculinity with gender stereotypes in Indonesia arises from a subjective misunderstanding of the qualities of a particular group. Song lyrics containing explicit content, particularly those portraying women in derogatory or overly sexualised ways, might contribute to the establishment and perpetuation of detrimental gender stereotypes. The objective of this study is to examine the manifestation of masculinity in the explicit lyrics of dangdut songs and explore their potential to challenge gender stereotypes associated with women. This study uses a content analysis methodology to deconstruct the symbolic significance of masculine language in music lyrics. Data is collected with songs picked based on three factors (kind of music, song words, and song aspect). The music included are dangdut songs, specifically the three most widely circulated songs in 2023. The selected song lyrics consist of words, phrases, and sentences employed in a vulgar manner. The utilised aspects pertain to masculine attributes, gender-based archetypes, explicit content in song lyrics, and metaphoric expressions. Data analysis procedures carried out using qualitative data analysis approaches might include flexibility. Dangdut employs explicit content as a means of challenging gender norms using a qualitative descriptive method. The research findings indicate that the filthy dangdut songs titled "Ngidam Pentol," "Becekin Adek Bang," and "Jagung Rebus" exhibit different expressions of feminine masculinity. These expressions can be observed through the symbolic significance of the song lyrics, specifically in the form of sulking due to unfulfilled ambitions. Women engage in sexual activity with males, therefore challenging the idea that women are meek, courteous, and well-behaved.

Female stereotypes and female empowerment in advertising: A systematic literature review and future research agenda

AbstractThis systematic literature review (SLR) seeks to foster the presence of feminism and women's diversity in advertising through a systematic, transparent, and rigorous framework‐based review and the 4Ws1H (What, Where, Why, and HoW) analysis. The study provides three main contributions. First, it offers an innovative conceptual framework for examining female stereotypes and female empowerment in advertising by categorizing the 21st‐century literature into the four evolutive eras of feminism: prefeminism, feminism, postfeminism, and the fourth wave of feminism. Second, this SLR reveals prevailing research trends, predominant research methodologies, frequently explored geographical regions, and industries of focus while providing a roadmap for future research endeavors. Finally, it acknowledges the lasting impact of femvertising as a response to consumer demands during the fourth wave of feminism and its role in promoting diversity and inclusion in advertising, encompassing disabilities, ethnicity, age, and gender identity. The main research trends uncovered in this study encompass the effects of female stereotypes, the sexualization of women in advertising, attitudes related to the brand, and the exploration of female empowerment. Qualitative methodologies emerged as the dominant approach in this research landscape, with a particular focus on countries boasting high gender equality. Furthermore, industries that predominantly target women in their advertising campaigns, such as fashion, luxury apparel, beauty, and personal care, occupy a central position in the existing body of literature. These findings encourage scholars to embark on future research aligned with the proposed research trends, particularly in regions characterized by lower gender equality and within gender‐neutral or male‐dominated industries.

Perils of the princess 2.0: an (auto)ethnographic study of girls playing Super Mario Bros. 2

ABSTRACT This article uses elements of both ethnography and autoethnography to evaluate the role of Princess Toadstool (aka Princess Peach) in the 1988 game, Super Mario Bros. 2. The analysis is primarily qualitative and uses an anonymous online survey. It answers the question of how Princess Toadstool’s presence in the game affected American female players in the 1980s and 1990s when the overarching American message was that “thin,” “white,” and “pretty” are best. The author examines the history of the game, 1980s and 1990s American “princess” culture, and game accessibility for American girls in the 1980s and 1990s. Character choices in game play are then assessed with the aforementioned information in mind. The author concludes that Princess Toadstool’s inclusion as a female option may have been an important first step toward inclusion of female heroes, but Nintendo’s continued use of female stereotypes and beauty standards undermines her move from the damsel in distress to a playable hero.

Enhancing Gender Inclusion in Financial Autonomy of the Female Stereotype in Sustainable Medium and Small Enterprises in Nigeria

Women entrepreneurs in Nigeria face deeply entrenched gender stereotyping that constrains their financial autonomy and inclusion in the micro, small and medium enterprise (MSME) sector. This paper examines barriers stemming from discriminatory socio-cultural norms and economic institutions that limit women’s access to formal financial services, assets, networks, and critical business support. It also outlines multi-pronged strategies to promote gender equality in MSME development policies and programs. These include: expanding collateral-free lending by financial institutions, strengthening access to productive resources, bolstering entrepreneurial skills training tailored to women, facilitating peer networks and mentoring, deploying ICTs to assist women-run enterprises, enacting legal/regulatory reforms, engaging men as partners, and robust monitoring mechanisms. The analysis found that targeted interventions to ease constraints around credit, asset ownership, biases in training, isolation from growth opportunities, and legal discrimination are vital to dismantle constraints inhibiting women entrepreneurs. Constructive male engagement also assists to transform misconceptions around female dependence and

Study on the Symbolic Construction of Female Stereotypes in TV Advertisements

Since television advertisements entered the field of mass communication in the 20th century, the presentation of female images in advertisements has been influenced by gender stereotypes for a long time. Despite the recent increase in female subjectivity, the values behind them still face the problem of “breaking without standing.” This study suggests that the impact of stereotypes on the portrayal of women in television advertisements from the early 20th century to the present is mainly due to their goal of promoting consumption and not making necessary adjustments to their values. This study found that using visual and auditory symbols deepens the impact of gender stereotypes on television advertising communication, and consumerist values influence current advertising communication.

Femininity vs Masculinity: Re-Defining (Gender) Roles in Alobwed’ Epie’s The Lady with a Beard

Gender bias has remained a pervasive problem worldwide, till this era. In line with the recent “UNDP Gender Inequality Index” which ranks Cameroon 141st among a total of 162 classified world countries, Cameroon is determined a heavily patriarchal society. Developing gender as a social construction rather than a biological attribute is a powerful achievement that determines roles being awarded accordingly and not based on genetic traits. The foregoing declarations put this paper in perspective. Gender can grow beyond any limit if it is not tied down to sex. Therefore, gender should be redefined as a process of activity and not a static label. However, this paper aims to show that in spite of the position which Cameroon occupies, Cameroonian writers like Alobwed’ Epie in his novel, The Lady with a Beard, redefines male and female stereotypes and roles. With a remarkable representation of his heroine in an evolving Cameroon, Emade surges her femininity through freedom of choice. The qualitative research method has been employed through document analysis, and in re-defining both gender roles, this study has adopted the Postmodern theory to debunk perspectives of a grand narrative, universality and stability in the novel to enhance gender configurations. In all, this paper confirms a radically budding change in stereotypical notions of gender, especially the female, in the Cameroonian and Bakossi setting.

Семантика повитухи в родильных обрядах традиционной культуры бурят

The study of maternity rituals in the traditional culture of the Buryats makes it possible to identify preserved and actively functioning archaic traces of the mother cult. Maternity rituals are associated with a developed complex of initiation rituals, when a large-scale change of spatial, temporal and cultural paradigms occurs for a newborn. This process takes place under the guidance of a midwife, who is the figurative embodiment of the cult of the Mother ancestor. According to mythological and ritual views, from the first moments of the birth of a child, thanks to the midwife, the sphere of the iconic is actualized when the newborn undergoes the processes of ritual transformation necessary for his socialization and integration into society. The analysis of the structure of maternity rituals revealed the semantic connection of the midwife with the archaic image of the Mother ancestor. This can be seen, firstly, in the special requirements – “to be a prosperous woman”. These include age, health, but most importantly, “offspring without loss”. Secondly, the concept of a midwife as a “utoodai” (grandmother) made it possible to identify the motive of the ancestry of the Mother Earth in the image of a “gray-haired old woman”, which is simultaneously identified with the image of a hoofed animal “possessing an udder”. Such a woman, with qualities and linguistic definitions corresponding to the characteristics of the maternal cult (“Mother Earth”, “Mother Beast”), conducted, firstly, the ceremony of transferring a newborn from another world to this one, fixing it as a living person, and secondly, constructing sexual identification, launched a male coding program or female stereotypes of behavior, introducing a newborn into the members of the generic society and the corresponding gender and age group. The use of modern research methods allowed us to substantiate the ancient traces of the mother cult preserved in the traditional Buryat society, associated with the vital activity of society, which was a key basis in the formation of such vital elements as external structures, linguistic definition, and internal sacred content.

Research on English Translation of Movie Subtitles - Based on the Analysis of the Movie “Mulan”

The English translation of movie subtitles is vital for cross-cultural communication in films. Analyzing the translation of the movie "Mulan" allows for an understanding of the challenges faced in conveying cultural elements, character traits, and plot nuances. This research explores effective translation strategies and techniques, considering factors like humor, slang, and language styles. Evaluating audience feedback further enhances subtitle quality. By focusing on "Mulan," this study aims to improve the accuracy, readability, and naturalness of English movie subtitle translations. This study is based on the film "Mulan" and explores the English translation of film subtitles. Firstly, the background and content of the film are introduced to provide the context for the research. Subsequently, the study focuses on translation strategies for film subtitles and the societal issues present within them, such as gender inequality and stereotyping of women. By analyzing examples of direct translation, adaptation, and subtitles that showcase gender inequality, the challenges and solutions in the translation process are revealed. Based on this analysis, some translation approaches are proposed with the aim of conveying the theme of gender inequality in the film more effectively and reducing the emphasis on female stereotypes. Through the analysis and discussion of this study, theoretical and practical guidance is provided for film subtitle translation and serves as a reference for translating films that address societal issues.

Female Language in Popular Science

Abstract Fewer women than men are involved in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields and one of the reasons might be a lack of exposure to familiar linguistic structures in reading materials designed to spark interest and to recruit new scientists. Popular science, as a multifaceted genre, creates an accessible kind of exposure to the scientific world that can potentially lead to a career in that field. Considering this potential of the genre and keeping in mind that most popular science is written by men, the present study examined fifteen articles (five written by men, five by women, and five co-written by authors of both genders) for the presence of female language. Female language was differentiated from gendered language (which is tied to female stereotypes) and identified based on the frequency of certain linguistic markers found in texts produced by women. The results demonstrate that women and teams of authors that include women write differently than men do, thus confirming previous investigations into differences in linguistic production between men and women. The study suggests that exposing young women considering a career in science to popular science written by females might be beneficial in cementing their aspirations, as language has a strong connection to self-perceived gender identity.

Tidak Kompeten! Bagaimana Laki-Laki Memandang Perempuan dalam Game Online Valorant?

Online games are an activity that male players dominate. However, Valorant is a game that is also popular with female players. This often gives rise to stereotypes among men. This research investigates female stereotypes in the online game Valorant. This research uses virtual ethnographic methods. Data collection was carried out using participant observation and in-depth interviews. Gender stereotypes believed by male players in the online game Valorant are assessed from cognitive, affective, and conative aspects. This research found that female gender stereotypes, from a cognitive aspect, are incompetent in playing, do not accept input, and have good teamwork. From the affective aspect, female players are identified as being sensitive, easily irritated, lacking confidence in their playing performance, communicating aggressively, and often saying rude things. From the conative aspect, male players always take action to ensure that female players are protected and led, tend to choose agents with a supporting role, are not competitive, and are passive in communicating.

The Representation of Women in Saudi Film: The Case of Amra and the Second Marriage

Female representation in film continues to be a new area of research in Gulf countries, particularly Saudi Arabia. Mahmoud Sabbagh, the writer and director of the Netflix film Amra and the Second Marriage, has portrayed Saudi women in various ways. His work was recognized with the Best Film award at the Cinematic Festival of Film Across Three Continents in Milan. The current study examines female stereotypes as portrayed in this film, employing a mixed-method approach of quantitative content analysis and qualitative thematic analysis. The study’s conceptual framework draws on representation theory and feminist theory to explore the depiction of female stereotypes in this digital Saudi film. A total of 20 females were recruited in this study from the online film. The findings revealed that Amra and the Second Marriage represented twenty Saudi female characters, with half of them being mature adults. Approximately 40% of these characters were portrayed as modern, and around 35% were depicted as belonging to the upper class. Less than half of the characters were shown without wearing the hijab. The film also depicted several stereotypes of Saudi women as weak and sacrificial, reinforcing negative stereotypes about Saudi culture as traditional and masculine. Furthermore, the movie showcased both ‘religious’ and ‘gossip’ stereotypes that mirror aspects of Saudi culture. Interestingly, the film also explored the theme of ‘corrupt women,’ a less common portrayal in Saudi culture.

A Research of Impact of TikTok on Gender Stereotypes in China

Now, with the development of the Internet, advanced communication technology continuously extends and expands peoples senses. Notwithstanding such a mind-boggling data society, individuals are handily caught in the pseudo climate developed by mass correspondence. The orientation jobs characterized by society are additionally communicated in various ways in the media. The media often portrays men as strong, brave, and capable of decision-making, while women are portrayed as weak, dependent, and gentle. This media promotion not only affects peoples way of thinking but also affects societys perception and evaluation of gender roles. When orientation generalizations are shaped, they are hard to break and can altogether affect individuals mental cycles. Through small-scale interviews, this study aims to investigate TikToks gender stereotypes. The examination subjects were a 17-year-old male and a 17-year-old female secondary school understudy, a 40-year-elderly person and a 40-year-elderly person. The results show that Tiktok has a positive impact on male and female stereotypes of high school students. The two high school students agreed that watching Tiktok helped them eliminate some inherent stereotypes. The two middle-aged people unanimously said that watching Tiktok eliminated some of their inherent stereotypes. The significance of the research is that the images of men and women presented by the media become more realistic and reasonable in terms of social roles, allowing women to truly break free from the stereotypes brought about by this deeply rooted patriarchal discourse.

Rethinking Languange and Gender Research

Language is the main means of human communication. While the main problem of language is always related to the actors, in this case men and women. Language and gender have a very close relationship. This linkage raises another product in communication. Language diversity based on gender arises because language as a social phenomenon is closely related to social attitudes. Socially, men and women are different because society determines different social roles for them, and society expects different behavior patterns. The purpose of this study is to analyze issues related to language and gender differences that trigger male power over women. This phenomenon is included as an object of research in sociolinguistic studies. The method used in this study is a quantitative method with data collection techniques using literature studies. The results of the study show that the language differences are none other than people's perceptions of male and female (gender) stereotypes in various sectors which are then reflected in their language. This is the background why women use more standard forms than men.