Female Participation Rates Research Articles

Sex Differences in Marathon Running: Physiology and Participation

ABSTRACT Introduction Males are faster than females in the marathon, largely due to sex differences in physiology, but sociological factors influencing lower participation rates of females than males may also contribute. Purpose This study aimed to determine whether the sex difference in marathon performance is predicted by the proportion of male to female runners and how this prediction changes among lower-placed runners across age groups. Methods The number of male and female finishers within 5-yr age groups (20–79 yr) and times of the first 10 age-group runners in the Chicago (CHI; 1996–2018) and New York City (NYC; 1980–2019) marathons were analyzed. Results The male/female participation ratio declined across years for the CHI (1996–2018: 2.19–1.16, P < 0.001) and NYC (1980–2019: 6.76–1.36, P < 0.001) marathons, but increased with age (P < 0.001) and place (1st–10th place, P < 0.001). Male runners were faster than female runners across all age groups for the CHI (17.2% ± 6.8%, n = 2328) and NYC (18.8% ± 7.4%, n = 4226) marathons. The sex difference in performance was smallest for 1st-place and largest for 10th-place finishers for both marathons. The ratio of the number of male to female runners was associated with the sex difference in velocity for NYC (r 2 = 0.32, P < 0.001) and CHI (r 2 = 0.28, P < 0.001). The strength of the associations increased between 1st and 10th places. Conclusions Fewer female relative to male runners in an age group predicted a larger sex difference in performance in two world-class marathons. Low participation rates of female runners mask an accurate understanding of the sex differences in marathon performance due to physiology, with broader implications for women’s health in biomedical research.

An Explorative Analysis of the Labour Market structure in the Peri-Urban area of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region

The study was undertaken during June–August, 2020 in the peri-urban areas of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region of Telangana under the department of Agricultural Economics, Professor Jayashanker Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telengana state, India. The objective was to explore the nature of gender gap in the labour market since peri-urban spaces capture changes better. Based on the Census survey data, descriptive analysis was employed in the study. The study revealed that urban sprawl did not guarantee working environment to men and women equally and women were either pushed out of workforce or rendered with marginal works. A gendered society in developing world was clearly pictured and occupational segregation was also observed in the study locations. The results also revealed the existence of distress employment with a rise in the female marginal workers compared to their male counterparts. Women workers were more into agricultural labour than male workers in the peri-urban study locations confirming feminisation of agriculture whereas other worker category which needs specialized skills were dominated by male workers. A decline in female work participation rate was indeed observed but a detailed look identified it as a rural phenomenon. In a nut shell, the results reflected that the rapid developments in the peri-urban region did not provide a similar working environment to both genders and further, the benefits of urbanization is yet to reach the rural continuum.

Did Expanding Sports Opportunities for Women Reduce Crime?

<h3>Abstract</h3> Advocates of youth sports programs, including the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, argue that athletic competition reduces crime among participants, thereby generating external social benefits. However, next to nothing is known about the impact of sports participation on crime. Using the introduction of Title IX as a natural experiment, we find that exposure to a 10 percentage-point higher female sports participation rate while in high school reduced adult female arrests for Part I offenses by approximately 0.5 arrests per 1,000 population. This result is consistent with sports participation-induced gains in educational attainment and labor market outcomes and suggests important external benefits of the 1972 educational amendments to Title IX.

The Relationship of Gender Differences to Economic Development Worldwide

This paper examined the changing participation rates of women in the Olympics across several decades. We investigated the relationship between equity in participation rates with economic development. A regression analysis predicting GDP based on female participation rates showed that an increase of 1% in female participation rates was associated with an $11.93 billion increase in GDP. We also examined the career persistence of male and female athletes. In 75% of countries, women have longer Olympic careers than men. We also compared the persistence of men and the persistence of women after males or females win a gold medal.

Patterns and Causes of Female Labor Force Participation: An Age–Period–Cohort Analysis for Pakistan

Female participation rates in Pakistan’s labor force are well below regional averages despite approximately 9 percent growth in the past three decades. To probe the underlying causes of the dynamics of female labor force participation in Pakistan, we use a synthetic panel constructed from nationally representative labor force surveys (1990–2017). The results indicate that the rising population share of working-age women does not account for changes in aggregate labor force participation rates. The age–period–cohort analysis demonstrates that for cohorts born since the 1900s, urban females’ age effects follow a slight M-shaped curve, representing the child-raising phase during which females reduce labor force participation. The cohort effects signal an increase in the labor force participation of cohorts born after the 1950s. This is particularly the case for married females and females with less education that traditionally have weaker attachments to the labor market due to social norms. Therefore, understanding and identifying the factors that can have an effect on the inhibiting role of social norms are central to devising policies to foster female labor force participation.

The Determinants of Female Unemployment and Participation in the Jordanian Labor Market 1970-2017

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the determinants of female unemployment rates and female economic participation rates in the Jordanian labor market during the period 1970-2017.&#x0D; Methods: To achieve the objectives of this study, both descriptive analysis and econometric methods were adopted to investigate the determinants of economic participation and unemployment for females, where the Auto Regressive Distribution Lag Model (ARDL) was used.&#x0D; Results: The study finds that female unemployment rates were positively affected by both real GDP and the numbers of the female labor force. It also found that female economic participation rates were positively affected by the average annual income and numbers of the female labor force, but they were negatively affected by the volume of foreign direct investment. The study concludes that there are many determinants affecting female participation rates in the Jordanian labor market, most notably the occupational, sectoral, educational, and demographic factors.&#x0D; Conclusions: The study recommends taking all possible means to stimulate economic growth, and thus create new job opportunities in the national economy. It also recommends linking the incentives and exemptions granted to foreign investment to the employment of Jordanians, especially females.

Detecting the socio-economic drivers of confidence in government with eXplainable Artificial Intelligence

The European Quality of Government Index (EQI) measures the perceived level of government quality by European Union citizens, combining surveys on corruption, impartiality and quality of provided services. It is, thus, an index based on individual subjective evaluations. Understanding the most relevant objective factors affecting the EQI outcomes is important for both evaluators and policy makers, especially in view of the fact that perception of government integrity contributes to determine the level of civic engagement. In our research, we employ methods of Artificial Intelligence and complex systems physics to measure the impact on the perceived government quality of multifaceted variables, describing territorial development and citizen well-being, from an economic, social and environmental viewpoint. Our study, focused on a set of regions in European Union at a subnational scale, leads to identifying the territorial and demographic drivers of citizens’ confidence in government institutions. In particular, we find that the 2021 EQI values are significantly related to two indicators: the first one is the difference between female and male labour participation rates, and the second one is a proxy of wealth and welfare such as the average number of rooms per inhabitant. This result corroborates the idea of a central role played by labour gender equity and housing policies in government confidence building. In particular, the relevance of the former indicator in EQI prediction results from a combination of positive conditions such as equal job opportunities, vital labour market, welfare and availability of income sources, while the role of the latter is possibly amplified by the lockdown policies related to the COVID-19 pandemics. The analysis is based on combining regression, to predict EQI from a set of publicly available indicators, with the eXplainable Artificial Intelligence approach, that quantifies the impact of each indicator on the prediction. Such a procedure does not require any ad-hoc hypotheses on the functional dependence of EQI on the indicators used to predict it. Finally, using network science methods concerning community detection, we investigate how the impact of relevant indicators on EQI prediction changes throughout European regions. Thus, the proposed approach enables to identify the objective factors at the basis of government quality perception by citizens in different territorial contexts, providing the methodological basis for the development of a quantitative tool for policy design.

Reliability of the running vertical jump test in female team sport athletes

Injury rates to the lower limb have increased over the past 40 years, coinciding with increases in female sport participation rates. Sport specific tests such as the running vertical jump (RVJ) are utilised for injury risk profiling, however the test-retest reliability is unknown. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of the thorax, pelvis and lower limb joint angular kinematics and kinetics for the RVJ test in female team sport athletes. DesignThree-dimensional motion capture with force plate integration was utilised as participants performed five trials on each limb on three separate days. SettingTesting occurred in a biomechanics laboratory. ParticipantsThirty-four females (Australian Rules Football = 15, Netball = 12, Soccer = 7) participated in this study. Main Outcome MeasuresIntraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), effect sizes and typical errors (TE) of segment and joint angular kinematics and kinetics were calculated. ResultsPoor to excellent reliability (ICC = −0.12 – 0.92), small to large effect sizes (0.00–0.90) and TE (0.02–289.24) were observed across segment and joint angular kinematics and kinetics. ConclusionsThe RVJ test is recommended when analysing ground reaction forces and joint angular kinematics in female team sport athletes.

The Early Rise of Female Consciousness and Long-Term Female Labor Force Participation

In traditional culture, the gender concepts of “men dominating outside the home and women dominating inside the home” have a profound impact on the orientation of female social roles. The intergenerational transmission of these concepts may be an important reason for the low rate of contemporary female labor force participation (FLFP). Based on the publication of female periodicals during the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China and the survey data of China Family Panel Studies in 2010, this article finds that the awakening of early female independent consciousness and the breaking of feudal gender concepts are conducive to improving the employability of contemporary women. Research results show that FLFP rate is generally higher in regions where more female periodicals are issued from 1840 to 1949. The reason may be that the general promotion of female human capital and intergenerational transmission of concepts of equality may have important explanatory power as well as enhancement of marital quality. This article provides new evidence for the role of attitudes for local development stated by Max Weber.

The impact of women’s labor resources on economic growth in Uzbekistan

One of the main economic and social wealth of Uzbekistan is its people. Although policymaker pay the special attention at the gender equality in almost every aspect of our lives, we still have gender bias in our labor market. The current study empirically investigated the relationship between female labor force participation and economic prosperity of the country. The paper implemented Granger casualty test to define which variable causes to change another variable amongst the gathered secondary data, after it employed Last Squares method to define the long term relationship amongst variables such as GDP, female labor force participation rates (FLFPR), fertility rates, female unemployment rates, female higher educational attainment and women in business and law index. The study showed that GDP influences the tribulations in rates of female labor force participation, and not on the contrary. Meanwhile, OLS regression gave a negative output of the correlations amongst GDP, Female Unemployment Rate, and Female in Business and Law Index regarding to the FLFPR. The significance of Women in Business and Law index is insignificant. In contrast the long term positive relationship is defined among fertility rate and higher education attainment with FLFPR. But in case of fertility rates the variable is insignificant.

TIME POVERTY: CONCEPTUALIZATION, GENDER DIFFERENCES, AND POLICY SOLUTIONS

AbstractIndividuals with heavy paid and unpaid work burdens may experience time deprivations that restrict their well-being and put them at risk of becoming or remaining income poor. Because unpaid work outside of the market is not captured in most large survey-based datasets, time poverty is rarely recognized in policy and practice. Yet income poverty and time poverty are mutually reinforcing; they can sap energy and impede effective decision-making, thus perpetuating the state of poverty. This essay offers a five-step approach to conceptualizing and measuring time poverty and it compares time poverty rates by gender across a range of developing countries. Results show that women have higher time poverty rates than men in most cases, with the main exception being countries with low rates of female labor force participation. Policies that strengthen physical and social infrastructure, thereby decreasing the time needed for unpaid household work, have demonstrable effects on reducing time poverty.

Changes in the Structure of the Employment Population in China (2010-2020)

Demographic changes have a profound impact on the labor market. From 2010 to 2020, due to changes in age, gender, education level, industry, and other aspects, the labor market presents four trends: (1) The proportion of the working age population in China decreases year by year, population ageing becomes more serious, and the ‘demographic dividend’ gradually disappears. (2) The higher education employment population tends to be younger and more concentrated, and the "demographic dividend" is transforming into the ‘brain dividend’. (3) The level of female education has improved faster than men, and the number of young women in higher education level is higher than that of men, so the "gender dividend" arrives. (4) As more women enter the labor market, all industries require higher levels of female education. As the working population is getting younger education, higher education and higher female labour participation rate, China has ushered in the "human brain dividend" and "gender dividend".

The Arab Spring, a setback for gender equality? Evidence from the Gallup World Poll

Combining a unique dataset from the Gallup World Poll for the period 2009–2018 with Wolfsfeld et al.’s (2013) protest index, we evaluate the impact of the Arab Spring pro-democracy protests on gender equality in eleven Middle Eastern and North African countries. We use a difference-in-differences approach and find a negative impact of mass protests on female access to labor markets and support for women’s rights in the years following the events. In particular, a one-standard-deviation increase in the protest intensity lowered female participation rates by 3.7 % points. Likewise, Arab Spring protests significantly lowered support for women’s legal rights, occupational rights, and divorce rights. Findings are robust to different samples, alternative model specifications, omitted variable bias, and an alternative protest measure from Steinert-Threlkeld (2017). Regarding potential mechanisms, we suggest that a shift in the Arab zeitgeist towards a less secular society might help explain our findings.

Exploring Whether Female Economic Participation Rates in India are Correlated with Educational Attainment Using a Capability Approach

Exploring Whether Female Economic Participation Rates in India are Correlated with Educational Attainment Using a Capability Approach

Rocky road? Driving gender diversity &amp; inclusion in Cummins India through inclusive leadership

Learning outcomes 1. To understand the importance of creating and implementing a vision for enhancing gender diversity and inclusion relevant to the manufacturing and engineering sector in an emerging market. 2. To develop insights into the vision and characteristics of an inclusive leader. 3. To evaluate the strategies and organizational levers that created and nurtured a climate of gender diversity and inclusion in Cummins India. 4. To identify organizational levers that will enable the sustenance and institutionalization of a climate of inclusion. Case overview/synopsis This case study traces a 16-year journey of diversity and inclusion at Cummins India, a subsidiary of the Fortune 500 manufacturing organization Cummins Inc. headquartered in the US. Initially spearheaded by Anant Talaulicar, and then continued by Ashwath Ram, gender D&amp;I initiative at Cummins India has made significant strides. Talaulicar had an opportunity to immerse himself in the ethos of the parent company before joining the Indian subsidiary. In India during the early 2000s the external environment was characterized by rapid technological and regulatory changes and increasing complexity. To make matters more difficult, the internal culture was steeped in a traditional manufacturing mindset marked by dismal female participation rate and an over-representation of locals with similar beliefs and value systems. Given the mammoth task already taken up by Talaulicar by improving the diversity numbers from 3% to 33%, Ram had big shoes to fill. On one hand, he had to drive the business amidst uncertain market conditions; on the other hand, he had to carry on a legacy. Given that he himself had a lived experience of Cummins global values, he knew D&amp;I was an integral part of the Cummins way of life. His familiarity with the socio-cultural challenges of the country coupled with his drive to continue and rejuvenate the D&amp;I agenda, brought some interesting, yet challenging, questions for him. With the internal and external pressures looming large before him, could he institutionalize a climate of inclusion that could serve as a strategic lever to place the company on the path of growth, vibrancy and economic prosperity? Through qualitative research conducted by the authors, this case study brought out learnings pertaining to linkage of leadership in creating a climate of inclusion and expansion of talent diversity through a set of people strategies and HR practices. The contribution of this case study is primarily to theory and practice in the field of Human Resource Management, D&amp;I as well as in developing inclusive leadership. Complexity academic level MBA programs and leadership development programs Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 6: Human Resource Management.

DETERMINANT ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN GDP PER CAPITA 1991-2020: ECM METHOD

Indonesia's economic growth is known to fluctuate. The government and banks have taken a number of policies to maintain macroeconomic stability that have an impact on the domestic economy in order to prevent a recession from occurring on economic growth. This study aims to determine the factors that can affect GDP per capita in the long term and short term. This study uses descriptive and quantitative methods, and the methodology used is econometrics and processed using statistical software EVIEWS. In this study, the data used is secondary data in the form of time series or time series. The variables tested include Final Consumption Expenditure, Foreign Investment, and the Female Labor Participation Rate. The results of the analysis on short-term tests, all variables tested have no significant effect on GDP per capita. Meanwhile, in the long run it is known that only the final consumption expenditure variable has an effect on Indonesia's GDP per capita for the 1991-2020 period.

Exploring beliefs around low rates of female participation in Canadian police emergency response teams

We present findings from an exploratory study on women’s participation in Emergency Response Teams (ERT). Our findings are based on a qualitative analysis of open-ended questions in a survey of ERT units ( n = 30) across Canada. We find women rarely apply for positions on ERT. While respondent answers cite many of the usual barriers—from “lack of interest” to “physical fitness standards”—our interpretation of these themes suggests that appraisals of the requirements to attain and retain these positions may lead potential women applicants to conclude the requirements are too steep, or too biased in favor of men.

Women Beedi Workers of Cooch Behar, West Bengal: Accessibility of Welfare Programmes

The labour market in India is largely unorganised in character, employing 93 per cent of the country’s labour force. India is a country where female work participation rate is very low, yet some specific sectors like beedi manufacturing have an overwhelming female work participation. Today, beedi manufacturing is a traditional and largely home-based industry in India in which 98 per cent of beedi workers are females. This article attempts to capture the accessibility of labour welfare programmes by female beedi workers in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. As a welfare state, the Government of India, along with the state government of West Bengal, has enacted several welfare schemes to protect the basic social needs of these women workers. But their backwardness, illiteracy combined with poverty, and a lack of administrative transparency appear to be major constraints in female beedi workers having any access to welfare programmes.

Considering sex in mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials: A meta‐analysis of ADCS trials

AbstractBackgroundNearly two thirds (62%) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients in the United States are women (Nebel 2018; Rajan, 2021). Our goal in this project was to assess whether women are proportionately represented in AD clinical trials and whether sex was associated with other baseline patient characteristics.MethodsWe used data from nine mild‐to‐moderate AD trials conducted by the AD Cooperative Study (ADCS): Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), FYN Kinase, Homocysteine, Huperzine (Hu), IV immunoglobulin (IVIg), nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Resveratrol (Res), Simvastatin, Valproate. Sample sizes ranged from 120 (Res) to 642 (IVIg) participants. We compared the proportions of females enrolled to disease prevalence estimates. We conducted a random effects meta‐analysis to estimate female participation rates across the nine trials. Specifically, we used a generalized linear mixed effects model with logit link and random intercept to estimate the marginal and trial specific prevalence of female participants. To compare participant characteristics by sex we pooled samples across trials and used unadjusted chi‐square (categorical variables) and t‐tests (continuous variables).ResultsThe proportion of females enrolled exceeded 50% in each trial, with the exception of the FYN Kinase trial (44.7%). In all but the Hu trial, the rate of female enrollment was less than the estimated female disease prevalence. The estimated prevalence of female participants across all trials was estimated to be 56% (95% CI 0.53 to 0.58) (Figure 1). Females were similar to males in terms of age and APOE genotypes. Compared to males, females had lower education, less often enrolled with a spouse, less often lived with their study partner, and more often were from an underrepresented racial or ethnic group.ConclusionsThough these trials recruited more females than males, on average, women were still underrepresented compared to national disease prevalence estimates. Female and male participants exhibited psychosocial differences in education, race, and study partner characteristics that could affect trial outcomes and should be further investigated.

Perspectives on the Psychological and Physiological Effects of Forest Therapy: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

The effects of urbanization on the health of city dwellers have spurred research on the health-promoting benefits of forest exposure, and potential health-promoting benefits of human-nature relationships. In this meta-analysis, meta-regression, and systematic review, we aimed to analyze how forest-based interventions improved overall well-being through psychological and physiological changes by examining psychological scores and biomarkers. In December 2021, systematic searches were conducted on bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane) for studies involving psychological scores and physiological indicators. Data from 17 studies with 1418 participants showed that psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, vigor), systolic blood pressure (BP), and malondialdehyde levels significantly improved in the forest-exposed group compared to in the nonexposed group, with high heterogeneity (I2 = 66%–93%). Well-being-related psychological symptoms (friendliness, well-being, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, self-esteem) and physiological markers (diastolic BP and cortisol) exhibited better tendencies in the forest-exposed group, with high heterogeneity (I2 = 16%–91%), and meta-regression showed that moderators (age, country group, number of participants, study design, female participation rate, BMI) were significantly associated with forest-related therapeutic effects. In conclusion, forest visits have health-promoting effects that reduce the incidence of stress and lifestyle-related diseases, and are positively associated with psychological and physiological health.