Female Participation Rates Research Articles

Participation of women in management positions in an institution of higher education of public management - Ciudad Del Este - Paraguay

the objective of this study is to determine the rate of female participation in management positions in a public management university in Paraguay. responds to a documentary design developed through three categories of analysis: shared power, individual power, and access possibilities. The data were collected from institutional documents available on the web and provided by the institution. The Atlas.ti software and electronic spreadsheets were used for data processing. The results reveal a greater male presence either in positions of individual power and shared power, which leads to a low probability of access by women to those positions in the short and medium term. In conclusion, the power is inversely proportional to the presence of women, the greater the power granted by the position, the lower the representation of women; the permanence of cultural models that guide the male at the highest hierarchical level; the monopolization of positions and decisions in favor of men.

The comparative economics of financial access in gender economic inclusion

PurposeThe study has investigated the comparative importance of financial access in promoting gender inclusion in African countries.Design/methodology/approachGender inclusion is proxied by the female labour participation rate while financial channels include: financial system deposits and private domestic credit. The empirical evidence is based on non-contemporary fixed effects regressions.FindingsIn order to provide more implications on comparative relevance, the dataset is categorised into income levels (middle income versus (vs.) low income); legal origins (French civil law vs. English common law); religious domination (Islam vs. Christianity); openness to sea (coastal vs. landlocked); resource-wealth (oil-poor vs. oil-rich) and political stability (stable vs. unstable). Six main hypotheses are tested, notably, that middle income, English common law, Christianity, coastal, oil-rich and stable countries enjoy better levels of “financial access”-induced gender inclusion compared to respectively, low income, French civil law, Islam, landlocked, oil-poor and unstable countries. All six tested hypotheses are validated.Originality/valueThis is the first study on the comparative importance of financial access in gender economic participation.

Female workforce participation and household expenditure for culture and recreation: macroeconomic evidence from the Italian regions

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the effects of labour force participation on the share of private expenditure for cultural and recreational goods and services. We consider a panel of macroeconomic data, coming from the 20 Italian regions observed over the period 1995–2015. We document that female participation rate positively and significantly affects the share of household consumption devoted to culture and entertainment. The effect of male labour participation rate appears to be less clear-cut. We propose some theoretical and empirical considerations, to investigate the bases and the policy implications of such gender asymmetry.

The Factors Determining the Female Labor Participation Rates: A Regional Approach

Bu çalışmanın amacı İBBS Düzey 2 kapsamında yer alan 26 bölgede kaba boşanma oranları, eğitim düzeyi, erkek işsizlik oranları ve kişi başına düşen gelirin kadınların işgücüne katılım oranları üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmektir. 2004-2017 dönemini kapsayan çalışmada dinamik panel veri analizi kullanılmıştır. Analizden elde edilen sonuçlara göre kişi başına düşen GSYİH, eğitim düzeyi ve boşanma oranları ile kadınların işgücüne katılım oranları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif bir ilişki vardır. Kişi başına düşen gelir düzeyindeki % 1’lik artış, kadınların işgücüne katılım oranlarını % 0.29 artırırken, üniversite mezunu kadın sayısındaki artış, kadınların işgücüne katılım oranlarını % 0.44 artırmaktadır. Boşanma oranlarındaki % 1’lik artışın ise kadınların işgücüne katılım oranlarını % 0.40 arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca erkeklerin işsizlik oranları ile kadınların işgücüne katılım oranları arasında negatif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Buna göre erkeklerin işsizlik oranlarındaki yüzde 1'lik artış, kadınların işgücüne katılım oranlarını yüzde 0.39 oranında azalmaktadır.

Participation of women in the South Asian microfinance industry: An observation

Considering the definitive role of women in microfinance industries, the study has examined the participation of women in various management roles and clients base of the South Asian microfinance market. By so doing, secondary data were obtained from the World Bank database, which incorporated the microfinance information exchange (MIX) dataset for free and easy access to global data on microfinance institutions (MFIs). The data used in this study span the period 2011–2018 (excluding female borrowers), and include six South Asian countries –Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Methodologically, the study relied on descriptive types of analysis in line with the context of the research. The findings revealed a disadvantageous and disproportionate representation of women in various management roles relative to the client base of MFIs. Moreover, average female participation rates (excluding female borrowers) in the South Asian microfinance market in tandem with the female labor force participation rate were observed to be lower than the global average; thereby, raising concerns about the poor gender diversity in this part of the world.

The Nexus of Economic Growth, Education, Fertility Rate and Female Labour Supply: Empirical Evidence in Malaysia

Malaysia, a fast-growing developing country in Asia, has envisioned Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 to become a developed economy with high income via sustainable and inclusive economic growth by the year 2030. To accomplish this vision, female labour participation is needed as the female population constitutes almost half of Malaysia’s total population. However, female labour participation rate is way lower than Malaysia’s overall labour force participation rate.The relatively low female labour participation rate can be a barrier to Malaysia’s economic development and thus the realization of its goal of a high income nation.Therefore, this paper makes an attempt to examine empirically the long-run causal association among female labour force participation, economic growth, education, and fertility rate. The interrelationships among the variables are examined using the bounds test and Toda-Yamamoto granger non-causality methodology. The result of the study indicates a strong evidence of long-run relationship among the variables. Besides, we have found a significant inverted-U-shaped association linking the female labour force participation to the economic growth in Malaysia. The results of Granger causality tests further confirm that there is a strong evidence of bidirectional causality from education to economic growth as well as female labour participation. Besides, the results also show significant unidirectional causality from female labour force participation and fertility to economic growth.

Determinants of regional inequality in female work participation in Lower Gangetic Plain Region of India

The present study is aimed at analysing the pattern of female work participation by disaggregating the information at regional level and further by inter-district variation. Moreover, this study tries to explore the factors which affect inter-regional variation in the percentage of female workers in rural areas and analyses the reasons of such. An attempt to reveal the differentiation in male and female work participation rate in different physiographic regions of West Bengal based on the secondary data collected from Census of India, 2011. Different statistical measures are employed to assess the level of inequality in work participation in different social strata of the society. Spatial pattern of work participation has been identified with the help of GIS techniques. The study reveled that the all-India pattern shows a great accentuation in regional differences in female work participation rate depending upon agro-ecological conditions prevailing within a physiographic region. The result has shown that female participation is generally lower (16.69%) compared to their male (41.63%) counterparts in 2011. The study found that socially deprived segments such as the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribe women display much higher level of participation compared to their more fortunate sisters belonging to the non-scheduled category. The study found that disparity is far less in geographically difficult areas and where agriculture is not well developed due to physiographic constraints such as in Hill and Terai region or in West Rarh Plateau Fringe.

Gender differences and patenting in Latin America: understanding female participation in commercial science

Although female involvement in science and technology has been growing over recent years, it is still low. Latin America is no exception. Even though the Latin American region has achieved significant accomplishments in terms of gender parity, women’s participation in patenting activities remains small compared to that of men. The aim of this study is to explain the rate of female participation in patenting activity. We gather information from 3081 US patents granted to assignees in Latin America. The countries of our sample are Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, Cuba, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The study period is from 1976 to 2011. This study reveals that the number of US patent granted with female involvement to the countries in our sample is only 22%. We use a probit model to explain women participation in patenting. Results suggest that external and internal collaboration, the institutional sector of the grantee, and innovations related to the life sciences have an effect on the probability of having female participation in patenting in Latin America. Our findings also show that the fertility rate and the human development of countries impact women participation in patenting in the Latin American region.

Rural Indian Dairy Sector and Women Empowerment: Truth or Fallacy?

The results revealed that the neoliberal economic policies both feminization and defeminisation was observed in India but when it comes to the rural female workforce participation rates, there was a steady reduction which may be accounted for the difficulty of women to find productive work within their household premises. Rural women in India are willing to accept work at their household premises related to dairying and animal husbandry. Hence, dairy could come over as an important sector in making rural women empowered and improving their self-reliance status. There is an urgent need to correct gender biasedness for the empowerment of rural women. Recognition and support of women’s roles as livestock owners, processors, etc. need to be strengthened along with their decision-making capabilities, which would promote the women’s economic and social empowerment providing a way to break the viciousness of poverty.

‘95% of the time things have been okay’: the experience of undergraduate students in science disciplines with higher female representation

ABSTRACT Research has shown that achieving gender equality in science goes beyond equal gender ratios in the classroom. Female students in science disciplines with relatively higher female participation rates (e.g. biology and chemistry) still experience similar gender issues as students in male-dominated science disciplines (e.g. physics and mathematics). Yet, when studying gender inequality in science, these so-called ‘gender-balanced’ disciplines are frequently ignored. This study aimed to investigate gender issues for students in biology and chemistry and explore how these experiences were impacting their persistence in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) educational and career pipeline. Findings showed that both male and female students commonly believed that issues of gender were restricted to the male-dominated science disciplines. However, female students still reported experiences of gender bias, commonly through the form of implicit discrimination. The importance of the affective domains was also highlighted, with science identity and belonging impacting the female student experience and their intentions to persist in the sciences. Results from this study suggest further work is needed in ‘gender-balanced’ science disciplines, specifically in the emotional domains of science identity and belonging. This research may help educators develop more effective intervention programmes for increasing women’s persistence in the STEM pipeline.

STUDI JUMLAH ANAK YANG DIINGINKAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF MAKRO SOSIO-EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

Having a lot of children requires costs for fulfilling clothes, food, health, education and entertainment needs. Nowadays, families put more consideration at the value of children in terms of quality, not just quantity. The value of children is related to the number of children desired that mainly influenced by micro-level factors in the household. Nevertheless, there are indications that macro socio-economic factors also influence the number of desired fertility. This study uses correlation analysis to see the relationship between the average number of wanted children and macro variables such as contraceptive use, human development index (HDI), income per capita, proportion of poor population, age of first marriage, expenditure per capita per year, and woman’s work participation. The results show that the variables of contraceptive use, HDI, percentage of poor people, expenditure per capita, and female labour participation rate are statistically proven to affect the average number of desired children, while the variable income per capita and age at first marriage are not statistically significant. This study argued that the number of desired children is not only influenced by household micro variables but also socio-economic macro variables.

Women's Football: An Examination of Factors That Influence Movement Patterns.

Griffin, J, Larsen, B, Horan, S, Keogh, J, Dodd, K, Andretta, M, and Minahan, C. Title: Women's football: An examination of factors that influence movement patterns. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2384-2393, 2020-The popularity and professionalism of women's football has increased in conjunction with participation rates over the last 10 years, with projected female participation rates to double worldwide by 2026. Scientific interest has also increased, in part due to Fédération Internationale de Football Association now allowing global positioning system (GPS) units to be worn during all competitive matches, resulting in investigations into the match demands of women's football. Therefore, the purpose of the present review is to provide a summary of the literature specific to the movement patterns of women's football matches. Contemporary scientific investigation using GPS match data has led to a greater understanding of the movement patterns of football. Greater emphasis has been placed on high-speed running and sprinting during matches because of the strong link to scoring opportunities and being a distinguishing factor between international and national along with elite and subelite competition levels. Further research, however, is warranted in regard to accelerations and decelerations, given the high metabolic and mechanical loads and contribution to high-speed running and sprinting. With an influx of research into the movement patterns of match-play, investigators have begun to examine factors affecting match performance such as positional demands, age, level of competition, opponent, scoreline, and phase of the game. An understanding of the factors that influence match demands is vital to ultimately be able to understand the effects on performance and how manipulating these factors may improve football performance and reduce the risk of injury.

A Persistent Academic Ethical Dilemma: Too Few Female Students in STEM Five Decades after Title IX

Research over the past three decades on the gender gap in STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) has consistently found an underrepresentation of females pursuing STEM degrees and careers. This is, at its foundation, an educational ethics issue. Schools at all levels, ranging all the way from middle school to graduate school, have a responsibility to prepare more females for careers in STEM. Experts have proposed a variety of fixes to encourage female students to study STEM, including increased funding, some of which have helped, and yet the gap remains. This paper examines one such effort to address this education and ethics issue - voluntary (elective) programs outside of normal school hours that provide young female students’ opportunities for active participation and engagement in STEM. Are these enrichment programs actually increasing subsequent female participation rates? The authors use a correlational study in an attempt to determine whether there is a positive correlation between participation in a voluntary before school STEM program (in grades 6–8), and their subsequent enrollment in STEM courses in high school, and/or in college and career. The authors surveyed intermediate school students, and the results showed that although voluntary before-school programs may not increase female interest in STEM, they do help to maintain long-term interest by those who have already demonstrated an inclination toward STEM. This is a pilot study with a limited number of subjects from one geographical area. Future research should be conducted that focuses on a larger nationwide sample to determine if school enrichment programs indeed act as career influencers for female students.

Feminism, sexual violence and the times of #MeToo in India

ABSTRACT This article begins with the aftermath of the Delhi gangrape in 2012, which shook India and the wider world. It examines what new insights emerged as sexual violence and harassment became a touchstone for naming what ails women in India, in public life and for feminist politics. The essay goes on to point out how the special focus on violence has obscured the contexts structuring and constraining young women students’ aspirations, namely the peculiar twin developments of near parity in access to higher education coupled with one of the lowest female work participation rates in the world. The arrival of #MeToo in India from 1917, first in academia and then in several workplaces, brings in a further twist. Through the controversial staging of anonymous lists and collective testimonies through social media, the experience of #MeToo in India has revealed the ongoing force of a politics of naming acts of sexual harassment in a hostile climate where “job loss growth” is only going to increase most women’s exclusion from employment and their greater dependency on men. I liken this contradiction to a new form of “hermeneutic injustice,” which calls for vigilance and understanding as protests change their face yet again.

Assessment of Regional Inequality in Female Work Participation: Measurement of Disparity and Determinants

The regional difference of complex Indian social structure and customs have a different impact on the nature of women’s work participation. The present study aims at unravelling the influence of social, cultural and economic forces in differentiating the level of women work participation in different eco-regions of West Bengal. The study is based purely on secondary sources and data have been collected from the Census of India. It is in the rural areas that the female work participation is directly linked to agriculture and allied activities and the study confines itself to an understanding of work participation of women only in the rural areas. The modern technological implication as a result of green revolution has a worse impact on women work participation particularly in the South Bengal plain and some parts of East Rarh Plain region. The high gender gap is noticed in Nadia district located in the middle part of South Bengal Plain causes very high withdrawn of female from there. Effect of socioeconomic variables, work participation of Scheduled component in main economic activity is also varied from the non-scheduled component. Non-scheduled worker participated more in non-agricultural sector rather than the scheduled counter parts. Subsequently, the low growth rate of female work participation represents a distress picture in work force structure which is a cause of worried also.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF EMPLOYMENT AMONG PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Available literature on the subject indicates that the higher reservation wage and a lower market wage generally leads to lower probability of employment among the PWDs. The preset study carries out a systematic analysis of employment experiences of PWDs in different age cohorts and across gender, regions and social groups. A comparative study is also undertaken between the two time periods using 2001 and 2011 census data. In the last section of our study, the factors affecting work force participation rates for persons with disabilities is estimated, separately for rural and urban regions. The findings of the study suggest that there is lower employment outcomes for the persons with disabilities (PWDs). The work participation rate (WPR) has significantly increased in 2011 but it is attributed to increase in marginal workers. Thus, it can be inferred that there is growing informalisation in the disability sector as well. The SCs have the lowest employment rates and STs recorded the highest values of WPR. The female work force participation rates (WPR) is far lower, however female WPR has slightly increased in 2011. Further, the regression analysis of factors affecting workforce participation rates for persons with disabilities suggest that the rural and urban areas have different factors contributing to their employment. The findings reveal that individuals with disabilities have different employment outcomes depending on their disability types, gender and social compositions, levels of literacy, and whether they live in rural or urban regions. Understanding the economic experiences of PWDs is critical for disability advocates and policy-makers. The problems faced the persons with disabilities is multifaceted and require coordinated efforts to tackle them, at all the levels, social, economic and political.

Heterogeneity in labor income profiles: evidence from Turkey

In this paper, we investigate labor income profiles in Turkey. In doing so, we study the role of educational attainment, gender and the public versus private sector employment on labor income profiles by using the Turkish Statistical Institute’s Household Labour Force Survey micro-data from 2004 to 2018. We first report that while the average labor income profile in Turkey exhibits a moderate hump-shape over age, there exists an immense degree of heterogeneity in labor income trajectories over education, gender and the sector of employment. Second, while the public sector employment is more advantageous for low-educated Turkish employees, university graduates in Turkey’s labor market face a risk versus return trade-off in their choice of the sector of employment: the private sector labor income profiles display a similar level of average income but a higher degree of cross-sectional variation compared to their public sector counterparts. Third, we report a significant gender pay gap, especially among low-educated workers, which aligns well with historically low female participation rates in Turkey. Our findings via distributional clustering analysis, ordinary least squares and pseudo-panel estimations all indicate that in attempts to infer economy-wide average labor income profiles, abstracting away from any of these listed factors could lead to misleading inferences.

Female labor participation in Iran: a structural model estimation

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine why female labor force participation in Iran has been less than 20 percent.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate a structural dynamic matching model of female participation using individual panel data in Iran. The study incorporates many factors such as wage, child cost, education, spouse employment and job market search parameters.FindingsThe study finds that gender discrimination in job finding has the biggest effect in reducing the rate of women's participation. If all market differences disappear, the female participation rate will increase by 12 percentage points to almost 27 percent, which is still much lower than that of developed countries with the average of 60 percent.Originality/valueThis study provides the first structural search model using a developing country's microdata to study female labor participation.

Does a relationship between fertility and labor participation of women really exist? Perspectives from time series analysis

The purpose of this study is to revalidate the relationship between total fertility rate (TFR) and labor female participation rate using time series data in Japan. The discussion about the positive correlation between female labor participation and TFR continues, and there is a possibility that this positive relationship is spurious. Considering endogeneity of the two variables, it could be pointed out that a potential variable such as female wage might be the true cause affecting both these variables. The female wage plays an important role in this framework of TFR and labor market of women. Thus, wage is the third variable that has an influence on both the TFR and labor participation rate. From the result of a structural VAR model analysis, female wage has a negative impact on both TFR and labor participation rate simultaneously. In Japan, from the early 1990s, the government implemented various policies to improve fertility rate. To confirm the effectiveness of government policies in improving the TFR, we added policy variable to the structural VAR model and found that government policies have a strong positive impact on the TFR. It could be argued that these policies improve the rather incompatible situation of rearing a child while simultaneously providing labor.

Determinants of Turkish female labour force participation: an analysis with manufacturing firm-level data

ABSTRACT Compared to other developing countries, Turkey has a very low female labour participation rate. Previous studies usually focus on the labour supply side of female employment. Unlike the previous literature, this paper investigates firm-level determinants of female employment in manufacturing firms using a unique micro data set constructed using different sources. After controlling for geographical variation, firm, and industry-specific factors, our results show that larger firms, exporter firms, firms with higher part-time worker ratio, and foreign-owned firms have higher female employment rate whereas younger firms, firms with higher labour productivity, and firms with long working hours have lower female employment rate.