Female Boxers Research Articles

Impact of three weeks of integrative neuromuscular training on the athletic performance of elite female boxers.

To investigate the effects of integrative neuromuscular training (INT) on the athletic performance of elite female boxers. A before-and-after controlled experiment was conducted on 37 elite Chinese female boxers (Age: 26.00±3.11 years). All included athletes have competed at the international level. The INT intervention was administered 11 times per week for 3 weeks. This training includes strength training, explosive training, core stability, agility exercises, high intensity intervals and sprint intervals. Basic physical fitness tests, including the deep squat and bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM), vertical long jump, 30 m sprint run, 400 m run, 3,000 m run, 1-minute hexagonal jump, and 3-minute double shake; as well as specialized striking ability tests, including single-punch striking and 10-second, 30-second, and 3-minute continuous punching, were conducted before and after the intervention. Compared with pre-intervention baseline data, significant differences were found in the athletes' post-intervention baseline physical fitness, including squat and beach press (1RM), vertical jump, 30 m sprint run, 400 m run, 3,000 m run, 1-minute hexagonal jump, and 3-minute double shake (p<0.05). Additionally, 10-second, 30-second, and 3-minute continuous punching were significantly different compared with pre-intervention (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were found in single punch power (p>0.05). The 3-week INT can significantly improve the maximum strength, vertical explosive power, linear acceleration, agility, and continuous punching abilities of Chinese elite female boxers. The use of INT in physical training may enhance their athletic performance.

Effects of variable resistance training within complex training on strength and punch performance in elite amateur boxers.

This study explored the effects of 6 weeks of variable resistance training (VRT) and constant resistance training (CRT) within complex training, on muscle strength and punch performance. Twenty-four elite female boxers from the China National team were divided randomly between an experimental group (VRT) and a control group (CRT). Maximum strength of the upper and lower limbs, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, and punch performance (single, 10s and 30s continuous) were assessed pre- and post- intervention. VRT and CRT showed significant increases (p < 0.001) in the bench press (ES = 1.79 and 1.07, respectively), squat (ES = 1.77 and 1.10, respectively), and CMJ (ES = 1.13 and 0.75, respectively). The bench press (p < 0.05) and squat (p < 0.05) improved significantly more following VRT compared to CRT. Additionally, single punch performance (speed, force, and power) increased significantly in the experimental group (ES = 1.17-1.79) and in the control group (ES = 0.58-1.32), except for the lead punch force in the control group (p > 0.05, ES = 0.20). 10s continuous punch performance (number, speed, force, and power) increased significantly (both p < 0.05) in the experimental group (ES = 0.52-1.65) and in the control group (ES = 0.32-0.81). 30s continuous punch performance (number, force, and power) increased significantly increased significantly (both p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were found between groups for punch performance. These findings provide evidence that VRT may improve maximum muscle strength in both upper and lower limbs, vertical jump and punch performance in elite amateur boxers.

Relative age effect in male and female elite international amateur boxing

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine whether the Relative Age Effect (RAE) was present in different sexes and age categories in 12 elite-level international amateur boxing competitions. A total of 4813 athletes competing between 2013 and 2022 were analysed. Athletes were split into four quartiles according to their birth date and compared to the expected (equal) birth date distribution using chi-squared goodness of fit. The results revealed greater RAE prevalence in youth compared to the senior group. RAE was more prominent in males compared to females, with the female group showing an inverse RAE trend. Odds ratio (OR) showed an overrepresentation of male boxers born in Q1 compared to Q4 (OR > 1.19-1.33), while senior female boxers presented an inverse trend (OR < 0.95). Odds Ratios for medallists within the youth group were greater than 1.07 (except Q3 × Q4 = 0.93) highlighting an overrepresentation of boxers born earlier in the year. A shift in strategy to reduce the RAE in young boxers whereby coaches focus less on the short-term pursuit of sporting success is encouraged. Organisations and coaches should increase awareness and provide systematic education around RAE, whilst creating equal competitive opportunities for all young boxers to reduce the extent of RAE in boxing.

Assessment of Nutritional Status and Energy Availability of Indian Boxers.

Inadequate dietary intake and low energy availability (LEA) negatively impact athlete's health, recovery, and performance outcomes. Currently, there is no Indian study that assessed the energy availability (EA) of Indian boxers and studied the contributing factors to LEA. This study was undertaken with the objectives of assessing the EA of Indian boxers (lightweight category) and correlating it with contributing factors such as anthropometric measurements, body composition, dietary intake, nutrient intake, and exercise energy expenditure. This descriptive cross-sectional study recruited 30 state-level boxers of the lightweight category (females: nine) residing in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, using purposive sampling. Body composition was assessed using a body composition monitor. Anthropometric measurements were assessed using standard methods. Three-day exercise energy expenditure was calculated. Three-day dietary intake was assessed, which included two training days and one rest day using the three-day multiple-pass method. Dietary intake assessment included intake of all the meals, snacks, sports foods, sports, and dietary supplements. EA was calculated and participants were classified as moderate EA (30-45 kcal/kg FFM/day) and low EA (< 30 kcal/kg FFM/day). Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were conducted using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 23; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY). Male boxers had a mean age of 18.43±0.93 years, and females had a mean age of 18.44±0.88 years. Among boxers, 36.67% (n=11) of participants were underweight, 46.67% (n=14) had a normal BMI, and 16.67% (n=5) were overweight. The mean body fat (%) for boxers was 13.11±1.8. Participants had insufficient consumption of different food groups before and after the energy intake adjustment. Processed packaged food consumption was popular among the participants. Various kinds of sports foods and supplements were consumed by a few athletes. Dietary supplements were not common among participants. The nutrient intake of the participants was inadequate. Participants could not fulfill energy/kg/day, carbohydrate/kg/day, protein/kg/day, and fat/kg/day requirements by 29%, 36.2%, 34.8%, and 23.9%, respectively. Iron and calcium intake was inadequate among female participants by 1.4% and 12.8%, respectively. Among male boxers, the mean EA was 29.71±3.74 kcal/kg FFM/day, and the mean EA of female boxers was 28.3±3.95 kcal/kg FFM/day. Around 66.67% of boxers in the present study had LEA, while the rest had reduced EA. EA had a moderately significant inverse relationship with fat-free mass (%). Energy intake was significantly related to EA and total body muscle % significantly moderated that relationship. The influence of fat-free mass (%), EEE (kcal), and energy intake (kcal)on the EA (kcal/kg FFM/day) was significant usingmultiplelinear regression analysis. The majority of the participants could not meet the food intake and nutrient recommendations. The majority of the participants had LEA. The higher the energy and nutrient intake, the higher the EA in the present study. EA had a moderately significant inverse relationship with fat-free mass (%) and exercise energy expenditure.

Physical Capacities and Combat Performance Characteristics of Male and Female Olympic Boxers

ABSTRACT Purpose: The study characterized the anthropometrical and cardiorespiratory profile, and the cardiorespiratory, bio-chemical and immunological responses to 3 × 3 min round (R) free-contact/combat boxing simulation, in elite Olympic Boxers (4 female and 10 male). Methods: The evaluation consisted of resting metabolic rate, anthropometric measurement, maximal graded test exercise (visit 1), free combat simulation (3 × 3 min R, 1 minute rest), and blood samples collected before, during and after the combat (visit 2). Results: Respectively, females and males had (mean±SD; or median: for non-parametric data) body fat percentage (17.2[3.5] and 4.6[0.8]%), predominantly mesomorphic somatotyping, and V ˙ O 2 MAX (50.0 ± 2.5 and 56.2 ± 5.2 ml.kg−1.min−1). The free combat simulation resulted in high cardiovascular strain [mean heart rate corresponding to R1: 92 ± 3; R2: 94 ± 2; and R3: 95 ± 2% of maximal HR] and blood chemistry indicative of acidosis (following R3: 7.21 ± 0.08 pH, bicarbonate 13.1 ± 3.6 mmol.L−1, carbon dioxide 13.9 ± 3.8 mmol.L−1, lactate 15.1 ± 3.8 mmol.L−1, and glucose 8.4 ± 1.3 mmol.L−1). Further, notable general catabolism, hematological and immune responses were evident post combat simulation (1-hour post R3: creatinine 95.2 ± 14.5 µmol.L−1, urea 6.4 ± 1.3 mmol.L−1, white blood cell accumulation 7.8 ± 2.6 × 109.L−1, hemoglobin 14.9 ± 0.8 g.dL−1 and hematocrit 43.7 ± 1.9%). Conclusions: Notable cardiovascular strain and acidosis are seen from the 3 × 3 free combat simulation whilst pronounced catabolism and immune responses are evident 1-hour post R3. This characterization is the first in male and female (who recently adopted the 3 × 3 min R format, as used by males) elite Olympic boxers and provides a characterization framework to assist practitioners and athletes in their attempts to deliver evidence-informed practice for specific conditioning session design.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE U22 WOMEN EUROPEAN BOXING CHAMPIONSHIPS

In recent years, women's boxing has undergone a significant transformation, becoming not only a popular sport but also an important phenomenon within the contexts of globalization and gender equality. The refinement of athletes' training programs through analytical examination of competitive performances is deemed a critical aspect. However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted exploring the performance indicators of amateur women's boxing. The aim of the research is to determine the performance indicators of female boxers at the U22 European Championship 2023 and to conduct a comparative analysis of winners and losers. The study employs the following methods: analysis of scientific literature, video analysis of boxing bouts, and methods of mathematical statistics. This investigation analysed 12 concluding matches with 24 contenders, identifying punches and movements via video review. It was found that winners, on average, deliver 8.4% more punches and execute 13.2% more movements than their opponents throughout the bout. Analysis revealed that winners are statistically significantly more active in moving around the ring during the second and third rounds and deliver more punches in the third round.

The level of technical and technical-tactical skill of girls engaged in boxing at the stage of preliminary basic training

The article presents a study on determining the level of technical and technical-tactical preparedness of young female boxers from the "boxing school", direct blows and defense against them. The level of preparedness was carried out according to control tests, which were determined by boxing coaches and given in the previous studies of V.G. Savchenko, N.G. Dolbysheva, A.V. Chernokolenko, O.V. Shevchenko (2022). The obtained results indicate the "average" level of training of female boxers according to 5-level assessment criteria, which are developed on the basis of the use of the arithmetic mean and sigma deviation. The results of the study proved the insufficient level of technical and technical-tactical preparation of young female athletes who are engaged in boxing at the stage of preliminary basic training. . This can be explained by the fact that, firstly, the coaches do not carry out concentrated control over technical and technical-tactical preparation, secondly, in the educational and training sessions in the process of learning and improving the technique of performing strikes, defensive and attacking actions, they use standard physical exercises and methodological approaches. Therefore, a systematic correction of preparation for the selection of blocks of physical exercises is necessary to improve the technique of performing various types of movements, direct blows and protection against them, taking into account the anthropometric data of female athletes, their level of preparation, detection of errors during control tests and combat distance.

Comparative analysis of sensorimotor reactions of female boxers and non-boxing female university students

The subject of the study is sensorimotor reactions of female boxers and not boxers female university students. The study involved 20 female athletes who are members of the Uzbek national boxing team and 46 female students of the pedagogical university who are not engaged in boxing. Sensorimotor tests were performed on high-precision analog equipment. The study consisted of 6 tests. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Python programming language. Female boxers showed significantly higher results in instrumental tests evaluating motor responses to auditory and visual stimuli. The advantage of the athletes was manifested in both simple and complex sensorimotor reactions. Female athletes showed a shorter reaction time to auditory and visual stimuli, both in simple and complex sensorimotor tests: more target reactions to a moving object; more of target reactions under time constraints in a dynamic test; higher endurance of the nervous system during the tapping test. The high quality of sensorimotor reactions is a prerequisite for the success of athletes in female boxing. Sensorimotor tests are considered cognitive, so the results of the study show a high cognitive potential of female athletes. The results of sensorimotor tests are related to the quality of executive functions, including memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. A comparative analysis of the sensorimotor reactions of female boxers and female students using instrumental diagnostic methods was carried out for the first time. The data obtained complement the understanding of the relationship between human motor and cognitive development. A high level of development of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions contributes to success, both in sports and other activities. Playing sports can contribute not only to the physical development of a person, but also increase his cognitive potential.

The effect of optimal load training on punching ability in elite female boxers.

Optimal load training is a method of training that aims to maximize power output. This is achieved by arranging optimal loads (optimal ratios of load intensity and load volume) during strength training. The fixed load intensity and number of repetitions employed in traditional strength training. The present study will investigate the applicability of these two load arrangements to female elite boxers. Twenty-four elite female boxers were divided into three groups [optimal load (OL = 8), traditional load (TL = 8) and control group (CG = 8)]. The six-week intervention consisted of strength training with different loading arrangements. The punching ability and strength were tested before and after the intervention. We found that optimal load training enhances a boxer's punching ability and economy, which aligns with the demands of boxing and is suitable for high-level athletes, whose strength training loads require a more individualised and targeted approach.

Effect training on inflammatory variables of female boxers

Effect training on inflammatory variables of female boxers

Neurological typology and its role in enhancing technical and tactical skills in adolescent female boxers

Background This article delves into the intricate typological characteristics of the nervous system and temperament, exploring their profound impact on accelerating the training and enhancement of technical and tactical skills in adolescent female boxers aged 12-15 years. Situated at the crucial stage of basic training, this study illuminates how individual neurotypological traits can significantly influence the efficacy and pace of skill acquisition in young athletes. Purpose To identify individual typological features of girls aged 12-15 years in the process of boxing education at the stage of basic preparation. Material and Methods The study was attended by skilled athletes (participants, prizes, championships of regional and international tournaments, Ukrainian championships in their age groups). Boxers, which are trained using basic preparation of Children's and Youth Sports School № 1 of Melitopol. To solve the tasks, the following methods of research have been used: theoretical analysis of special and scientific literature, materials of the Internet, summarizing data, mathematical statistics. Results It has been found out that all participants of the study are the same type of nervous system that corresponds to a weak type. The results revealed varied correlations across participants, ranging from strong positive correlations to negative or negligible ones. This suggests differing levels of bilateral coordination among the athletes. Notably, two participants (P2 and P9) displayed statistically significant differences in performance between their hands. When considering the group as a whole, the overall paired t-test did not indicate a statistically significant difference in performance between the right and left hands (T-Stat = 1.6885, P-Value = 0.0945). The overall correlation across all participants was found to be relatively low (0.0889), suggesting only a slight positive linear relationship between the movements of both hands. Conclusions The technical and tactical skills, a totality of estimates of typological features of athletes, which can be divided into several blocks is appropriate to increase more informative tests for the accuracy of identifying individual typological features of athletes. These findings underscore the importance of individualized training programs in boxing, particularly for those exhibiting significant differences in hand performance or less coordinated bilateral movements. The study contributes to the understanding of physical asymmetries and coordination in young female athletes, providing a foundation for tailored training approaches to enhance their boxing skills.

Traumatic brain injuries caused by knockout in Japanese amateur boxers: A questionnaire-based survey.

The aim of the present study is to conduct a trauma and disability survey in amateur boxers and show the actual conditions of injuries based on the current situations. We have obtained 663 valid responses from male and female boxers. In the questionnaire survey who was carried out on a Web questionnaire form. The questions involve that Face Sheet (gender, height, weight, athletic experience, etc.) and prepared 10 questions about trauma and impairment, 7 questions with concussion or damage on head. and, set 11 self-evaluations, which the boxers assessed their boxing skills. The subjects include amateur boxers who are all high school students (15 years old) and retired boxers. We had analyzed relation between the skills and the injuries. And, main outcome was that make a measure to setting whether or not questionnaires have been knockout (KO) as a variable, we applied a method of multiple logistic regression analysis. Moreover, as for the group who got KO in the past, we have also applied multiple regression analysis by using stepwise regression to factors affecting numbers of symptoms. The number of hits they experienced was smaller in international tournament matches, and the odds rate for KO was 0.669. And, KO experience group was compared with non-KO experience group, and the factors influencing the number of severity symptoms were examined. As a result, 2 factors were selected what "Seriousness in practice" and "Fighting spirit in games". It might be possible that the relation between the experience of being KO and self-assessment of boxing performance.

Modification of Cooper’s 12-min Run Test for Valid Prediction of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Male and Female Boxers of India

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the authenticity for application of Cooper’s 12 min run test (CRT) to predict VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; in male and female boxers in India.Methods: Participants of both sexes (male=70, female=60) were recruited from different boxing clubs in India, and randomly allocated to the study group (male = 40, female = 30) and cross-validation group (male = 30, female = 30). VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; was directly estimated by bicycle exercise with progressive workload followed by expired gas analysis in a Scholander micro-gas analyzer. CRT method was used for indirect prediction of VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;.Results: Predicted VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; (PVO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;) and directly measured VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; were found to be significantly (p&lt;0.001) different in the study groups of both sexes, with wide range of limit of agreement between PVO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; and VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;. This indicates the inapplicability of existing CRT protocol in the male and female boxers. Simple linear regression was computed owing to existence of significant positive correlation (r = 0.84 and 0.89 in males and females, respectively; p&lt;0.001) between VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; and distance covered in the run test. These newly derived norms depicted insignificant variation between PVO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; and VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; in the confirmatory group of both sexes.Conclusions: Modified equations computed in this study for the prediction of cardiorespiratory fitness in terms of VO&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; by CRT were recommended in male and female Indian boxers.

Comparison of kinematic performance and analysis of the effect of punching speed of rear hook of college boxers of different sexes

ABSTRACT The paper aims to compare the kinematic performance of the rear hooks of college boxers of different sexes and analyse the influence of the kinematic indexes on punching speed. Thirteen kinematic indexes were selected to analyse the rear hook of male (n = 20) and female (n = 20) college boxers through a three-dimensional framework and high-speed camera. Additionally, a stepwise multiple linear regression equation was established to analyse the influence of these parameters on the maximum punching speed. The results revealed that the rear hook punching speed of college male boxers was 26% faster than that of female boxers. Also, there were statistically significant differences in the maximum angular velocity of the shoulder joint, hip joint angle, and knee joint angle (p < 0.01). In addition, the differences between their X- and Y-axis centre of gravity positions were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Moreover, the multiple regression analysis revealed that the maximum shoulder velocity was the most influential factor in the maximum punching speed of the rear hooks for both male and female boxers. This study provides recommendations for the daily training of college boxers and their coaches, to develop targeted training interventions for the rear hook.

Peculiarities and stages of development of sportsmanship of qualified athletes in the system of long- term performances in professional boxing

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of the highest sportsmanship of athletes in professional boxing. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of competitive activity of men and women during many years of performances in the professional arena was carried out. Considered options for building a professional career of boxers, taking into account the experience of performances in prestigious amateur competitions, as well as existing trends of liberalization and globalization of the modern Olympic movement. The individual dynamics of the long-term career of famous male and female professional boxers, who at one time owned championship belts in various weight categories, are presented. The optimal age range for demonstrating the highest sports results in boxing has been determined. The influence of international sports organizations (WBC, WBA, WBO, IBF, etc.) on the formation of sports careers of athletes in professional boxing is analyzed.&#x0D; Systematized and considered stages of formation of the highest sportsmanship in professional boxing: 1) formative stage of 18-24 years (quantitative intensification of competitive activity); 2) - the stage of optimal opportunities (championship phase) - 25-35 years; 3) the stage of preservation and gradual decline of sports results - 35 years and more. It has been established that men have a longer formative phase of their professional career, which is characterized by a significantly greater number of preparatory matches in the initial stages of its formation and a longer period of time to maintain the achieved results in the final stages of multi-year improvement. The need to take into account the important regularities of the formation of the highest sportsmanship in boxing and the rational logistics of planning matches during the annual training cycle, taking into account the stage of the sports career and the age of the athletes, is substantiated.

Survey of Supplement Use and Effects Felt by Amateur Boxers

Study purpose. To investigate type of supplement and amount of supplement used as well as the perceived effect and needs of boxers. Materials and methods. This research is a survey conducted from December 2022 to January 2023. The instrument used a questionnaire (google form).Boxers have 2 criteria, namely: 1) are still active as athletes and 2) have been champions at the provincial level with a total of 155 boxers, 116 male boxers and 39 female boxers. Results. 74 boxers used more than 1 type of supplement (48%), 81 boxers used only 1 type of supplement (52%). Type of supplement, Creatine 23 boxers (8.1%). Whey Protein 14 boxers (4.9%), Fat Burner 93 boxers (32.9%). BCAA 26 boxers (9.2%). Amino 12 boxers (4.2%). Multivitamins and minerals 114 boxers (40.7%). The effect felt, 22 boxers felt effect is "very low" (14.21%), 40 boxers felt effect is “low” (25.80%), 53 boxers felt effect is "enough" (34.19%), 14 boxers felt effect is “high” (9.03%), 26 boxers felt effect is “very high” (16.77%). The need to use supplements, namely 7 boxers need supplements is "very low" (4.54%), 13 boxers need supplements is “low” (8.38%). 52 boxers need supplements is “enough” (33.54%). 44 boxers need supplements is "high" (28.38%). 39 boxers need supplements is "very high" (25.16%). Conclusion. Multivitamins and minerals and fat burners are popular supplements used by boxers because of their convenience and more beneficial benefits. However, boxers are still less concerned about how to use supplements. It is evident from the results that show that many boxers feel in the categories of "enough", "low" and "very low" in the use of supplements but boxers think that the use of supplements is really needed. Further research is expected, to determine the amount and type of supplement recommended specifically for boxing athletes.

‘Making Weight’: The Perception and Impact of Weight Management on Female Boxers

Introduction Boxing is a weight categorised sport in which athletes are expected to be weighed prior to competition so that the athletes are matched with similar size, strength and power attributes. By obtaining and maintaining a certain weight may result in boxers typically engaging in extreme weight loss practices to ‘make weight’, irrespective of their overall health and well-being. Therefore, this research aimed to establish the experiences and perceptions of weight management of female boxers how they engage with ‘making weight’ practices and the impact on their overall well-being. Methods In-depth semi-structured one-to-one interview’s were conducted with five elite level female amateur boxers over a digital, online platform. A six-stage thematic analysis was used and data collated into themes and sub-themes. Results Data identified 5 key themes and consisted of: emotions surrounding weight gain; long-term behavioural impacts; guidance and justifications; comparison to other boxers; and weight management methods. These accounts highlighted the long-term impact engaging in such weight loss methods had on female boxers both physically and psychologically. Conclusion Typically, boxers engaged in strict and extreme weight-loss behaviours due to negative emotions surrounding weight gain. Significantly these behaviours and emotions have a long-term impact and continue after retirement from boxing.

Sex-related differences in perceptual indices, serum cortisol and blood lactate responses to endurance exertion in competitive male and female athletes in a field setting

Background: Boxing requires very high aerobic fitness from male and female practitioners, therefore, endurance exercises play an important role in the preparation to competition. One of the way for rating of the state of demanded physical adaptation is monitoring of biological responses to endurance training units. The aim of the study was to examine psycho-hormonal responses to a 10km cross-country run in male and female boxers. Material and methods: Twenty-four amateur adult boxers, 12 women and 12 men, of various weight categories, excluding heavyweight athletes, performed field a 10km run. Capillary blood was sampled in the morning at 8:00, 5 minutes prior to the run (11:00 am), and within 5 minutes after exercise. Plasma cortisol concentration (C) was determined using a commercial ELISA kit (IBL, GERMANY). Post-exercise blood lactate was determined with a Lactate Scout analyzer. Pre-run anticipatory stress (AS) was estimated on a numerical scale of 1 to 10 points, with the same tool used to measure the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results: Morning plasma cortisol levels in females (54082 nM) and males (52073 nM) did not differ significantly but the pre-and post-run levels were higher in females. Furthermore, males rather than females showed lower pre-exercise compared to post-exercise C levels, meaning that blood lactate level was significantly higher in males (6.31.1 mM) compared to that in females (5.40.7 mM). There were no significant differences between the sexes for AS and RPE. However, both perceptual parameters were slightly higher in females. Conclusion: Based on blood cortisol measurements and perceptual parameters it can be concluded that the psychophysiological cost of exercise is higher in female athletes, even in the case of non-competitive exercise.

Physical and Physiological Factors in the Athletıc Performance Process of Junior Female Boxers in the Preparation Process of the Turkish Individual Boxing Championship

Bu çalışma, Elit düzeydeki Yıldız Kadın Boks sporcularının hazırlık kampı atletik performans sürecinde antrenmanlar sonrası oluşan fiziksel ve fizyolojik değerlere etkisinin araştırılması amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmamıza Çankırı ilinin Özel Çankırı Çınar Spor kulübü adına yarışan ve farklı seviyelerde derecesi olan yaşları 14-16 aralığın da elit düzeydeki sporcular katılım sağlamıştır. Gönüllü katılımcılara Teknik Direktör ve antrenörleri nezaretinde antrenman programı hazırlanmış olup seçilen performans parametrelerine yönelik değişimleri belirlemek amacıyla sekiz haftalık hazırlık kampı öncesinde ön test ve kamp sonrasında turnuvaya bir gün kala ise son test uygulanmıştır. Testlerde katılımcılara antropometrik ölçümler, fiziksel performans testleri (dikey sıçrama, durarak uzun atlama, denge testi) ve kuvvete yönelik testler (şınav, mekik, ip atlama, el kavrama) testleri ön test – son test olacak şekilde uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde katılımcıların yaş değişkenlerinin belirlenmesinde frekans analizi; vücut kompozisyonu, fiziksel parametreler için yapılan deneylerin ortalamalarını belirlemek için tanımlayıcı istatistik ve katılımcılara yapılan ön test ve son testteki durumu belirlemek ve aralarındaki ilişkiyi saptamak için Wilcoxon Testi uygulanmıştır. Ip atlama testi dışındaki diğer tüm testler arasında anlamlı farklılığa rastlanırken, ip atlama testinde anlamlı farklılık bulunamamıştır (p&gt;0,05). Sonuç olarak; 14-16 yaş grubu bayan boksörlerde, hazırlık kampına yönelik 8 haftalık atletik performans antrenmanların, boks sporuna özgü bazı spesifik performans testlerinde olumlu yönde etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Особливості когнітивної сфери кваліфікованих жінок-боксерок

The purpose of the study is to analyze a set of characteristics of the cognitive sphere of qualified women-boxers in the preparatory and training period. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of a pedagogical experiment that took place at the Koncha-Zaspa sports base with the participation of 19 qualified female boxers. According to the purpose of the study, a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive sphere of combatants in the preparatory period was carried out. The computer complex "Multipsychometer-05" was used to study the features of the cognitive sphere in the preparatory period of women-boxers. To assess the cognitive functions of skilled boxers the techniques of "Regularity" was used to solve verbal problems, which is designed to study the thinking process, including: activity, intelligence, flexibility and RAM and the Domino test to determine nonverbal intellectual abilities. The reliability and validity of the results of scientific research was provided by modern methodological approaches widely used in the theory and methodology of sports training; the use of informative research methods that meet the goals and objectives; a sufficient sample size and the use of modern methods of mathematical statistics in the processing. Results and discussion. The peculiarities of the manifestation of cognitive organization in skilled women-boxers in the conditions of psycho-emotional load were determined. Performing the test task "Establishing patterns" gave us the opportunity to determine verbal intelligence, namely, performance indicators of the function of perception, thinking and attention. Thus, 47.4% (n = 9) of athletes had a low level of verbal intelligence, 31.6% (n = 6) had a medium level and 21.0% (n = 4) had a high level of productivity. The presence of high and medium levels of performance in boxers indicates an increased level of verbal intelligence in women-boxers. The Domino test was used to study nonverbal intellectual abilities. Low values of performance on the Domino test were found in 42.1% (n = 8) of female boxers. The average level was found in 26.4% (n = 5) of athletes, and the remaining 31.6% (n = 6) had a high level of nonverbal intelligence. In most groups boxers showed a high level of nonverbal intelligence, which determines the peculiarities of perception in the process of training to succeed in sports. The remaining female boxers are characterized by nonverbal intellectual abilities. Their intellect is associated with the perception of external factors associated with the opponent's action. They have the ability to quickly respond to situations that develop in a duel. Conclusion. The results of the performance of the verbal test task by athletes, indicate a high degree of expression of the processes of perception and processing of verbal information and an increased level of correctly solved tasks in 52.3% of boxers. In the course of scientific research we found that 52.3% (n = 10) women-boxers have the ability to operate with real objects, images of objects, images, perceive and process information of varying complexity due to sufficient manifestation of nonverbal intelligence