Fatty Oil Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of Biodiesel Properties Derived from Meat Stall Wastes through Optimized Parameters

Biodiesel is considered as alternative green fuels that can be used in Internal Combustion engines as a replacement fuel for conventional diesel. Biodiesel is extracted from vegetable and animal sources which are rich in triglycerides. In this work, an attempt has been made to obtain and characterize the biodiesel from animal wastes such as chicken skin and pig tallow which are available in abundance and at an economical cost within the authors’ geographical location. Initially, the feedstock is decontaminated and subjected to conventional heating to convert it into fatty oil. Heating is carried out at different temperatures and for varying time to find out the optimal combination of time and temperature, which would result in maximum fat yield. The fatty oil is then subjected to the trans-esterification process with methyl alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to extract crude biodiesel. A de-canter funnel is used to separate the glycerine and biodiesel from the crude extract. The extracted biodiesel is mixed in different volume percentages with conventional diesel, and various thermochemical properties were evaluated as per ASTM standards. The test result indicated that the properties of the biodiesel blends were well within the limits as prescribed by ASTM standards.

Identification of genes associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony \u2018Hangshao\u2019 (Paeonia lactiflora \u2018Hangshao\u2019) seeds based on transcriptome analysis

BackgroundPaeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’ is widely cultivated in China as a traditional Chinese medicine ‘Radix Paeoniae Alba’. Due to the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in its seed, it can also be regarded as a new oilseed plant. However, the process of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in it has remained unknown. Therefore, transcriptome analysis is helpful to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms.ResultsFive main fatty acids were detected, including stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and their absolute contents first increased and then decreased during seed development. A total of 150,156 unigenes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. There were 15,005 unigenes annotated in the seven functional databases, including NR, NT, GO, KOG, KEGG, Swiss-Prot and InterPro. Based on the KEGG database, 1766 unigenes were annotated in the lipid metabolism. There were 4635, 12,304, and 18,291 DEGs in Group I (60 vs 30 DAF), Group II (90 vs 60 DAF) and Group III (90 vs 30 DAF), respectively. A total of 1480 DEGs were detected in the intersection of the three groups. In 14 KEGG pathways of lipid metabolism, 503 DEGs were found, belonging to 111 enzymes. We screened out 123 DEGs involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (39 DEGs), fatty acid elongation (33 DEGs), biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid (24 DEGs), TAG assembly (17 DEGs) and lipid storage (10 DEGs). Furthermore, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of 16 genes, including BBCP, BC, MCAT, KASIII, KASII, FATA, FATB, KCR, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, FAD7, GPAT, DGAT, OLE and CLO, most of which showed the highest expression at 45 DAF, except for DGAT, OLE and CLO, which showed the highest expression at 75 DAF.ConclusionsWe predicted that MCAT, KASIII, FATA, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, DGAT and OLE were the key genes in the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony seed. This study provides the first comprehensive genomic resources characterizing herbaceous peony seed gene expression at the transcriptional level. These data lay the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation for herbaceous peony.

The assessment of water quality by STORET method in the northern waters of Banda Aceh

The STORET method is one of the methods commonly used to determine water quality. This water quality status can indicate the waters are in a polluted condition or in good condition referring to the predetermined water quality standard. This study aims to obtain an overview of the status of water quality in the northern waters of Banda Aceh. Activities in the area such as the transportation route of ships, port activities, tourism, aquaculture and disposal of household waste are source of pollutan in the waters. Water sampling was carried out at 10 points (stations) around the waters of Ulee Lheu, Krueng Aceh and Alue Naga. The parameters used are: ammonia content, sulfide, cyanide, phenol, surfactant, and fatty oil. The results showed that the water quality in Ulee Lheu classify into Class C (score –16), which was medium polluted, with ammonia and phenol content 1.1 mg/L and 0.014 mg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the estuary of Krueng Aceh and the waters around of Alue Naga are categorized in Class A (score 0), that means both are still in accordance with water quality standards.

Synthesis of Biodiesel by Transesterification of Used Frying Oils (UFO) through Basic Homogeneous Catalysts (NaOH and KOH)

The quest for an alternative sustainable source without petroleum technology and its refining has prompted the development of biofuels, such as biodiesel, from the transesterification of new or utilized vegetable oil. This work is devoted to the investigation of the transesterification of a used vegetable oil and optimization of the various parameters influencing the synthesis of biodiesel, such as the molar proportion (alcohol/oil), the amount of catalyst added and their weight percentage, the type of alcohol, the temperature T(°C) and the reaction time. From this standpoint, the current work's significant target is to propel the preliminary conditions of the transesterification response of fatty oils to create biodiesel from utilized vegetable oils. Diverse physicochemical characteristics were investigated (in terms of density, viscosity, acidity index, pour point, and flash point) to obtain biodiesel accordingly with international standards and commercial biodiesel.

Restructuration Fatty Acid Oil Castor Being Cocoa Butter Substitute Through Dehydration Reaction Castor Oil And This Interesterification With Coconut Oil

The purpose of this research to restructuring its acid fatty oils castor result of dehydration with coconut oil through the process interesterification to produce cocoa butter substitute (CBS). Coconut oil is obtained from coconut milk by heating it slowly over low heat. The resulting coconut oil has a FFA is 1.667%, a peroxide is 10.229 MekO2 / Kg and an iodine is 7,7080 gI2/100g, which meets the second quality standard according to SNI 01-3741-2002. The restructuring was carried out by interesterification of dehydrated castor oil with coconut oil with a ratio (50:50); (60:40); (70:30); (80:20) dan(90:10)with a NaOCH3 catalyst. The results showed that the interesterification of dehydrated castor oil with coconut oil with a ratio (50:50) was the most optimal ratio with a melting point of 33 oC which corresponds to cocoa oil (32 oC-35 oC) and contain omega-6 fats (linoleic acid).

Essential Oils as Natural Sources of Fragrance Compounds for Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals.

Fragrance is an integral part of cosmetic products and is often regarded as an overriding factor in the selection of cosmetics among consumers. Fragrances also play a considerable role in masking undesirable smells arising from fatty acids, oils and surfactants that are commonly used in cosmetic formulations. Essential oils are vital assets in the cosmetic industry, as along with imparting pleasant aromas in different products, they are able to act as preservatives and active agents and, simultaneously, offer various benefits to the skin. Moreover, the stimulating demand for natural ingredients has contributed massively to a renewed interest in cosmetic and wellness industries in plant derivatives, especially essential oils. This has led popular cosmetic companies to endorse natural fragrances and opt for minimally processed natural ingredients, given the potentially adverse health risks associated with artificial fragrance chemicals, which are major elements of cosmetics. Among the high-valued essential oils used as fragrances are citrus, lavender, eucalyptus, tea tree and other floral oils, among others, while linalool, geraniol, limonene, citronellol, and citral are much-appreciated fragrance components used in different cosmetics. Thus, this review aimed to highlight the enormous versatility of essential oils as significant sources of natural fragrances in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Moreover, a special focus will be laid on the different aspects related to essential oils such as their sources, market demand, chemistry, fragrance classification, aroma profile, authenticity and safety.

Legume proteins are smart carriers to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds and probiotic bacteria: A review.

Encapsulation is a promising technological process enabling the protection of bioactive compounds against harsh storage, processing, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions. Legume proteins (LPs) are unique carriers that can efficiently encapsulate these unstable and highly reactive ingredients. Stable LPs-based microcapsules loaded with active ingredients can thus develop to be embedded into processed functional foods. The recent advances in micro- and nanoencapsulation process of an extensive span of bioactive health-promoting probiotics and chemical compounds such as marine and plant fatty acid-rich oils, carotenoid pigments, vitamins, flavors, essential oils, phenolic and anthocyanin-rich extracts, iron, and phytase by LPs as single wall materials were highlighted. A technical summary of the use of single LP-based carriers in designing innovative delivery systems for natural bioactive molecules and probiotics was made. The encapsulation mechanisms, encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical and thermal stability, as well as the release and absorption behavior of bioactives were comprehensively discussed. Protein isolates and concentrates of soy and pea were the most common LPs to encapsulate nutraceuticals and probiotics. The microencapsulation of probiotics using LPs improved bacteria survivability, storage stability, and tolerance in the in vitro GIT conditions. Moreover, homogenization and high-pressure pretreatments as well as enzymatic cross-linking of LPs significantly modify their structure and functionality to better encapsulate the bioactive core materials. LPs can be attractive delivery devices for the controlled release and increased bioaccessibility of the main food-grade bioactives.

Evaluating species-specific responses to camera-trap survey designs

Camera traps are widely used to collect information on the distribution and abundance of multiple species simultaneously. However, we still lack important guidance for designing camera-trap surveys to monitor multiple species, and the consequences of species-specific responses to survey design strategies are often overlooked. Using camera-trap data collected on ten medium-to-large North-American carnivores in northern Minnesota, USA, between 2016 and 2018 (23 337 active trap-days), we evaluated: 1) two different survey-design frameworks (random- versus road-based), 2) two different lure types (salmon oil versus fatty acid scent oil), 3) two different placement strategies (completely random versus randomly-selected sites with feature-based placement), 4) survey timing (spring versus fall) and 5) temporal trends in daily encounter probabilities. Using generalized linear mixed models, we found evidence of differential responses to all of these design strategies. For 9 out of 10 species, we found strong responses to survey design frameworks: red foxes Vulpes vulpes, coyotes Canis latrans, bobcats, Lynx rufus, striped skunks Mephitis mephitis, wolves C. lupus and gray foxes Urocyon cinereoargenteus, had estimated encounter frequencies that were 9- to 106-fold higher at unlured sites along secondary roads; black bears Ursus americanus, martens Martes americana and fishers Pekania pennanti had estimated encounter frequencies that were 15- to > 3600-fold higher at lured, randomly selected sites. For six species, salmon oil provided 2- to 4-fold more encounters than fatty acid scent oil, but feature-basedplacement only improved detections of fishers. Daily encounter probabilities differed between spring and fall for all species, and usually decreased slightly within each sampling period Our study confirms that even similar-sized or closely-related species respond differently to survey-design choices. To maximize encounter frequencies, we recommend that multi-species camera-trap studies use a mix of survey-design strategies and include these design features during statistical analysis.

Avaliação físico-química do óleo extraído de amendoim (arachis hypogaea)

O óleo extraído da semente de amendoim tem propriedades benéficas á saúde por ser antioxidante, antinflamatório e prevenir doenças coronárias. Apesar desta qualidade, o processamento e armazenamento inadequado pode causar degradações como as oxidações lipídicas devida sua poli-insaturação. O trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar as características físico-químicas do óleo extraído de amendoim e do óleo comercial de amendoim. A extração e análises do índice de acidez, % de Ácidos Graxos Livres (AGL), índice de peróxido e índice de iodo do óleo foram realizadas nos laboratórios do Instituto Federal do Piauí (IFPI), campus Teresina Central. O óleo de amendoim foi extraído com hexano, pelo método Bligh & Dyer e o óleo de amendoim comercializado foi obtido no mercado local. O óleo extraído pelos dois métodos estava com os índices óleoquímicos dentro do preconizado pela legislação enquanto o óleo industrializado estava acima do padrão. O método de extração de maior rendimento foi Bligh & Dyer, demonstrando que o método de extração interfere nas características físico-químicas e rendimento do óleo.

Nutraceutical delivery through nano-emulsions: General aspects, recent applications and patented inventions

Nanostructured emulsions have a significant potential for encasing, transport and delivery of hydrophilic and lipophilic nutraceuticals and other bioactive compounds by providing enhanced stability and functionality in food and pharmaceutical applications. As highlighted in recent researches, essential fatty acids (EFA) and oils (EO), antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, pro and prebiotics, and co-enzymes, are common bioactives encapsulated in nanoscale delivery systems in order to protect them from degradation during processing and storage, and to improve bioavailability after their consumption. Nanoemulsions (NEs) as delivery systems for nutraceuticals comprise either oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) biphasic dispersion with nano-sized droplets, which are stabilized through an active surfactant. Both high- and low- energy methods are used to produce well-structured and stable NEs with advanced structural and rheological features. The in vitro and in vivo studies are focused to assess the nutraceutical releasing profile, gastrointestinal transportation and cytotoxicity of nutraceutical loaded NE. Within the last three decades, a number of NE systems have been developed for certain purposes and submitted for patent approval. Currently, there are many issued patents published as well as and applications under process. This review focus on the current status of food-grade NEs in terms of formation, characterization, relevant applications of nutraceutical delivery, and the recent developments including patented systems.

Anthracnose Disease of <i>Capsicum annuum </i>L. and Its Bio Control Management: A Review

Capsicum annuum L. is an important tropical and subtropical vegetable and spice crop due to its high consumption, nutritional and cash value to farmers and consumers. It has a specific nutritional value due to presence of biochemical compounds such as capsteam; a volatile fatty oil, capsaicinoids, carotenoids, potassium, folic acid, protein, fiber, mineral elements and vitamins etc. Despite serious threats have been posed by many fungal pathogens to the chili crop worldwide; maximum losses occur in capsicum are due to the Anthracnose disease caused by fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sp. The biocontrol management is playing crucial role and promoted widely in control of Anthracnose disease, mainly because of its ability to control variety of fungal diseases and also enhancing the crop production in an environment friendly manner. This review article attempts to highlight an occurrence of Anthracnose disease on an economically important Capsicum annuum L. (chilli) along with its biocontrol management strategies.

Brazilian açaí berry seeds: an abundant waste applied in the synthesis of carbon-based acid catalysts for transesterification of low free fatty acid waste cooking oil.

Residues of açaí seeds (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) were a novel source for the synthesis of the acid heterogeneous catalyst applied in the conversion of low free fatty acid waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. Yield of activated carbon (AC) and catalyst (CAT), as well as density of SO3H groups and total acidity, was analyzed in an entirely random designed experiment using multiple linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test. Time, temperature, dosage of KOH, and ratio of H2SO4/AC were the predictor variables with 3 levels each, at a significance level of α = .05. A significant yield variation portion of AC was explained by the experimental factors (R2 = .891, F (3, 23) = 62.9, p < .0001), as did the yield of CAT (R2 = .960, F (3, 23) = 185.7, p < .0001), density of SO3H (R2 = .969, F (3, 23) = 242.2, p < .0001), and total acidity (R2 = .973, F (3, 23) = 280.6, p < .0001). Levels of time (p = .001) and KOH dosage (p = .006) were significant to the yield of AC, and temperature levels were not influent on density of SO3H (p = .731) or total acidity (p = .762). CAT showed a SBET of 249m2g-1, Vpore of 0.104cm3g-1, low crystallinity, high thermal stability, and a mesoporous amorphous structure. Optimized catalytic tests resulted in 89% conversion of WCO and 11cycles of reuse, better than pure H2SO4 or pure KOH (p < .0001) and also better than many biomass-derived catalysts reported in the literature.

Evaluation of changes in fatty acid profile, grain, and oil yield of Carthamus tinctorius L. in response to foliar application of polyamine compounds under deficit irrigation conditions

Safflower is an oilseed plant rich source of omega 3 and 6 whose fatty acids composition may be affected by water deficit stress. Thus, filed experiments were conducted in Tehran, Iran during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons to investigate the influence of foliar application polyamines on fatty acid compositions and agronomic traits under deficit irrigation stress as a split plot with four replications. The studied treatments included irrigation at two levels of normal irrigation (I1, 50 %) and deficit irrigation at flowering stage (I2, 75 %) (irrigation after depletion of 50 % and 75 % moisture of field capacity, respectively) as the main plot and foliar application treatments at 10 levels included (water foliar application or control, foliar application putrescine, spermidine and spermine each in concentrations (50, 100, 200 μmol L−1)) as the subplot. Foliar application of putrescine under I2 enhanced grain and oil yield by 721.7 and 120.7 kg ha-1, respectively, on average in the two years of experiment compared with the control treatment. The total polyunsaturated and unsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA and ∑UFA), UFA (omega 3 and 6), ratio of ∑PUFA to saturated fatty acids (∑SFA), harvest index and oil content rose under I2 conditions in both years of the experiment with spermine foliar application. Foliar application of putrescine also increased omega 6, ∑PUFA and ∑UFA under I1 conditions in both years. The results of this experiment indicate that foliar application of polyamines can improve grain and oil yield and quality of fatty acids of safflower under irrigation regimes.

Docosahexaenoic acid nanoencapsulated with anti-PECAM-1 as co-therapy for atherosclerosis regression

Atherosclerosis is a non-resolving inflammatory condition that underlies major cardiovascular diseases.Recent clinical trial using an anti-inflammatory drug has showna reduction of cardiovascular mortality, but increased the susceptibility to infections. For this reason, tissue target anti-inflammatory therapies can represent a better option to regress atherosclerotic plaques. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a natural omega 3 fatty acidcomponentof algae oil and acts asaprecursor of several anti-inflammatory compounds, such the specialized proresolving lipid mediators(SPMs). During the atherosclerosis process, the inflammatory condition of the endothelium leads to the higher expression of adhesion molecules, such as Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Plate 1 (PECAM-1 or CD31), as part of the innate immune response. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop lipid-core nanocapsules with DHA constituting the nucleus and anti-PECAM-1 on their surface and drive this structure to the inflamed endothelium. Nanocapsules were prepared by interfacial deposition of pre-formed polymer method. Zinc-II was added to bind anti-PECAM-1 to the nanocapsule surface by forming an organometallic complex. Swelling experiment showed that the algae oil act as non-solvent for the polymer (weight constant weight for 60 days, p > 0.428) indicating an adequate material to produce kinetically stable lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC). Five formulations were synthesized: Lipid-core nanocapsules containing DHA (LNC-DHA) or containing Medium-chain triglycerides (LNC-MCT), multi-wall nanocapsules containing DHA (MLNC-DHA) or containing MCT (MLNC-MCT) and the surface-functionalized (anti-PECAM-1) metal-complex multi-wall nanocapsules containing DHA (MCMN-DHA-a1). All formulations showed homogeneous macroscopic aspects without aggregation. The mean size of the nanocapsules measured by laser diffraction did not show difference among the samples (p = 0.241). Multi-wall nanocapsules (MLNC) showed a slight increase in the mean diameter and polydispersity index (PDI) measured by DLS, lower pH and an inversion in the zeta-potential (ξP) compared to LNCs. Conjugation test for anti-PECAM-1 showed 94.80% of efficiency. The mean diameter of the formulation had slightly increased from 160 nm (LCN-DHA) and 162 nm (MLNC-DHA) to 164 nm (MCMN-DHA-a1) indicating that the surface functionalization did not induce aggregation of the nanocapsules. Biological assays showed that the MCMN-DHA-a1 were uptaken by the HUVEC cells and did not decrease their viability. The surface-functionalized (anti- PECAM-1) metal-complex multi-wall nanocapsules containing DHA (MCMN-DHA-a1) can be considered adequate for pharmaceutical approaches.

Investigation of using egg shell powder for bleaching of soybean oil

Egg shell that accounts about 11% of egg weight is one of the industrial wastes that in this research has been used for soybean oil bleaching. The effects of using 1% and 2% of five different types of adsorbents; egg shell powder, egg shell ash, acid activated egg shell powder, acid activated egg shell ash and commercial bleaching earth have been investigated on the bleaching of neutralized soybean oil. The peroxide value, free fatty acid, chlorophyll, carotenoids, metals (copper and iron) and oil retention were determined. Egg shell structure was investigated. According to the results, the bulk of the egg shell consists of calcium and some other compounds such as magnesium, iron and manganese while silicate is the main composition of commercial bleaching earths. The results indicated that soybean oil bleaching with 2% egg shell powder reduced carotenoids and chlorophyll contents up to 82.56% and 46.33%, respectively. Also using of adsorbents based on egg shell reduced significantly (p < 0.05) the peroxide value, free fatty acid contents and oil retention as compared to commercial bleaching earth. It might be concluded that egg shell powder as an industrial waste can be employed as an adsorbent and regarded as a good alternative for bleaching of edible oils due to its high efficiency to remove undesirable components (pigments, iron, copper, oxidation products and free fatty acids) from neutralized oils and environmental protection against acid pollution.

Использование натуральных масел в уходе за кожей новорожденных и младенцев

The skin of a newborn is a delicate structure that is the first barrier protecting from exposures. Skin conditions in newborns are common due to adaptation to novel environment. The choice of an adequate moisturizing and skincare product is still an important issue. This paper discusses the structural and functional specificity of the skin of newborns and the role of lipids in the healthy functioning of skin barrier. Inadequate acid mantle and skin microbiome, gradual maturation of immune defense account for the frequent occurrence of infective inflammatory skin disorders, in particular, in skincare defects. Fatty oils are commonly used as emollients or the basis of care products, while essential oils and aromatic compounds are widely applied in perfume and cosmetic industries (including the production of skincare products for babies and toddlers). The effects of natural oils (e.g., olive, sunflower-seed, mustard-seed oil etc.) on skin hydration and permeability and their ability to induce inflammation. A single standard for certifying natural cosmetics including skincare products for babies is highlighted. KEYWORDS: skin, newborn, care product, natural oil, essential oil. FOR CITATION: Ryumina I.I. Natural oils for skincare of newborns and infants. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(2):178– 183. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-2-178-183.

K2CO3 in NH4OH as an Effective Catalyst Mixture for the Transesterification of High Acid Value Mahua Oil

In present study, biodiesel was synthesized from high free fatty acid content Mahua oil using K2CO3 in NH4OH catalyst mixture through transesterification process. Addition of NH4OH to K2CO3, enhanced the basic strength of the catalyst (K2CO3) by generating in-situ KOH in ammonium carbonate medium. The presence of ammonium carbonate in the reaction medium controlled the generation of intermediate water during methoxide formation and thereby increased the biodiesel yield. The maximum yield of 98.5% with a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of 98.95% was obtained at the optimized condition of catalyst mixture of 1g K2CO3 in 0.5 g of NH4OH, oil to methanol molar ratio 1:7 at 55 ºC in 75 min. Characterization of the obtained biodiesel has been carried out using GC-MS and 1H NMR techniques. The physico-chemical properties of the oil and the synthesized biodiesel were tested according to the ASTM D6751 standards and the values are within the range.

Production of medium chain fatty acid rich single cell oil using whole de-oiled mustard meal from soil fungus

Screening of fungal strain was done from soil collected from the rice bran oil industry to search for important fatty acids with health beneficial effects. This study investigates the exceptional production of microbial oil medium-chain fatty acids like caproic acid (6:0), caprylic acid (8:0), capric acid (10:0), by the cultivated fungal culture in a media containing whole mustard meal as a supplement. This paper presents the result on the production of oil with such type of fatty acid composition which makes the oil more stable during cooking and gives fewer calories after consumption which is beneficial for health.

Heterogeneous ZnO-containing catalysts for efficient biodiesel production.

Biodiesel is one of the main biofuels used to replace fossil resources, and is mainly produced from esterification and transesterification of fatty acids and oils catalyzed by acids, bases or enzymes. Among the existing catalysts, metal oxides and their derivatives play an important role because of their high catalytic activity and low cost. ZnO is a metal oxide and its related nanomaterials are easy to prepare, which gives ZnO superior reactivity and extensive applications. Suitably modified ZnO nanomaterials typically have high specific surface areas, suitable pore sizes, and enhanced catalytic performance in the production of biodiesel. The present review introduces the application progress of ZnO catalysts in biodiesel preparation. The current shortcomings and future challenges of the basic heterogeneous catalytic systems for biodiesel production are also discussed.

The effects of high-oleic peanuts as an alternate feed ingredient on performance, ileal digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy, and histology of the small intestine in laying hens.

We aimed to determine the effects of feeding a high-oleic peanut (HOPN) diet to egg-producing laying hens on egg quality, digestibility, and feed conversion. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric dietary treatments were formulated with 1) Control diet (CON)-a corn-soybean meal conventional diet with 7.8 % added poultry fat, 2) HOPN diet-dietary inclusion of ~20% coarse-ground whole HOPN, and 3) oleic acid (CON-OA) diet-a control diet supplemented with 2.6% oleic fatty acid oil. Ninety-nine 57-wk-old brown Leghorn laying hens were randomly assigned to 33 animals per treatment. Animals were housed individually for 8 wk. Body and feed weights were recorded weekly and feed conversation ratio was calculated. Bi-weekly, shell eggs were analyzed for quality (yolk color, albumen height, and Haugh unit [HU]). Jejunum samples were collected at week 8 for histomorphometric analysis. Analysis of variance was performed on all variables using a general linear mixed model. Laying hens fed the CON-OA diet produced greater number of eggs relative to those fed the HOPN and control diets (P < 0.05). The roche yolk color value was higher (P < 0.001) in eggs from hens fed the HOPN diet. There were no differences in laying hen performance, eggshell color, eggshell strength, eggshell elasticity and egg albumen height, or egg HU, ileal fat digestibility, or villi surface among treatment groups. However, the apparent metabolizable energy (P < 0.01) and ileal protein digestibility (P = 0.02) were greater in laying hens fed the HOPN diet relative to the CON diet. This study suggests that whole unblanched high-oleic peanuts may be an acceptable alternative feed ingredient for laying hens.