Father Education Research Articles

Sociodemographics and chronic stress in mother-toddler dyads living in poverty.

Experiencing chronic stress early in life is associated with later health disparities, and poverty may be a significant stressor for both mothers and children. With a sample of primarily Black and White mothers (N=75) and toddlers (N=71) living in poverty in the United States, we examined the direct relations between sociodemographic conditions of poverty and chronic physiological stress. Mothers completed questionnaires on sociodemographics, including mother/toddler race, mother's education, father's education, poverty level, economic hardship, marital status, unemployment status, and toddler sex. Physiological chronic stress was measured by assaying the cortisol content of 4cm samples of hair cut from the posterior vertex of mothers and toddlers (20-24 months of age) to represent 4 months of stress. Mothers' and toddlers' chronic stress was significantly, moderately, and positively associated. Toddlers had a trending relationship of moderately higher chronic stress if they were Black compared to not Black. Mothers had significantly, moderately higher chronic stress if they were Black or had a Black toddler (compared to not Black), not married (compared to married), or were working (compared to not working). The findings suggest that these mothers, simultaneously navigating poverty and parenting a toddler, need resources to reduce chronic stress.

Trends and determinants of vaccination among children aged 06\u201359\u2009months in Bangladesh: country representative survey from 1993 to 2014

BackgroundVaccination has important consequences for childhood development, mortality, and inequalities in health and well-being. This research explores the trend of vaccinations coverage from 1993 to 2014 and determines the significant factors for vaccinations coverage in Bangladesh, considering geospatial, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics.MethodsThis study uses a secondary dataset extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) from 1992 to 93 to 2014. The association between selected independent variables and vaccination coverage of children was examined through the Chi-square test. In addition, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression approaches were applied to determine the effects of covariates on vaccination status by using the BDHS-2014 dataset.ResultsThe results reveal that the trend of the vaccination coverage rate has gradually been increased over the study period. The coverage rate of BCG is observed maximum while the lowest for Measles vaccination among all types of vaccinations. The findings revealed that the significantly lower coverage of all vaccination had been observed in the Sylhet region. Children of higher educated mothers (OR 10.21; CI: 4.10–25.37) and father (OR 8.71; CI: 4.03–18.80), born at health facilities (OR 4.53; CI: 2.4–8.55) and whose mother has media exposure (OR 3.20; CI: 2.22–4.60) have more chance of receiving BCG vaccine. For DPT vaccination coverage, there is a significant difference from children whose mothers have primary (OR 1.7; CI: 1.35–2.15), secondary (OR 3.5; CI: 2.75–4.45), and higher (OR 9.6; CI: 5.28–17.42) educational qualification compared to children of illiterate mothers. Findings demonstrated that children born in wealthier households have a higher likelihood of being immunized against DPT, Polio, and Measles vaccination than children born in the poorest households.ConclusionsThe findings reveal that to enhance and make sustainable the overall country’s vaccination coverage, we should pay more attention to the mother’s education, socioeconomic condition, children’s age, birth order number, having media exposure, place of residence, and religion. The authors think that this finding would be helpful to accelerate the achievement target of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for children’s health in Bangladesh.

Examining the Attitudes of Candidate Social Studies Teachers’ Regarding the Contemporary World Problems

The world faces problems originating from environmental pollution, air pollution, unbalanced population growth, unemployment, climate changes, differences in vegetation, water problems, drought, disasters, wars, nuclear wars and weapons, unplanned urbanization, genocide, hunger, terrorism, energy, refugees, poverty, racism, technology, media, economy, communication, health, education, agricul-ture, women’s problems, problems originating from belief and sect. This research aims to determine the attitudes of social studies candidate teachers’ regarding contemporary world problems. The present study is quantitative research and it was figured in survey model. The survey model is a research ap-proach that aims to reveal a situation that existed in the past in its current form. The study group of the research was composed of 167 candidate teachers’ who continue their studies at Aksaray University, Faculty of Education, Department of Social Studies Education. Convenient sampling, which is one of the sampling types of the research, was used. The data in the research were collected through the “Attitude Scale Intended for Contemporary World Issues” developed by Kılıçoğlu, Karakuş and Öztürk (2012). Looking at the results of the research, it was concluded that there was no significant difference between the total scores of the participants' attitudes towards contemporary world problems and the variable of gender, class variable, following daily newspaper news in printed and electronic media, being a member of an NGO, and father's education level. It was concluded that there was a significant difference only between the education level of the mother.

STATUS GIZI TERHADAP USIA MENARCHE REMAJA PUTRI

Background: Nutritional status is an important factor for assessing someone in good health or not suffering from diseases due to nutritional disorders. Abnormal nutritional status disrupts reproductive function. In this case, nutritional status is associated with the age of menarche. It is known that early age menarche has a risk of breast cancer.
 Objective: To determine the relationship between nutritional status and age of menarche.
 Method: Using a cross-sectional design. The sample size of 50 respondents, was selected using simple random sampling. Data collection includes assessing nutritional status, employment, and education of parents, both fathers and mothers, and physical activity using the PAQ-C questionnaire. Analysis of the data used in this study is the Chi-Square test and logistic regression test.
 Results: The results of the bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between father's education and physical activity on the age of menarche with a p-value <0.05 and the results of the multiple logistic regression test showed there was a relationship between overweight status and physical activity on the age of menarche with a p-value < 0.05.
 Conclusion: Overweight nutritional status and mild physical activity show a significant relationship to the age of early menarche.

Screen Time and Autism: Current Situation and Risk Factors for Screen Time Among Pre-school Children With ASD.

Objective: To investigate the current status of screen time in children with ASD, its correlation with autistic symptoms and developmental quotient (DQ), and the factors affecting screen time.Method: One hundred ninety-three Chinese children with ASD were recruited. We collected the demographic and screen time data using a questionnaire. The ASD core symptoms and developmental quotient (DQ) were measured by the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2), Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese Language Edition (GDS-C), and Chinese Children's Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (CPCIS). Then, we analyzed the correlations between the screen time of children with ASD and the ABC, CARS, ADOS, GDS-C DQs, and CPCIS scores. Linear regression was used to analyze the risk factors that affect screen time.Results: The children's average daily screen time was 2.64 ± 2.24 h. Forty eight percent children were exposed to two or more types of electronic devices. Their favorite activity of screen time was watching cartoons. Only 34% children spent screen time accompanied by parents and with communication. 50.26% children had no screen time before sleeping. The screen time of children with ASD had a negative correlation with the GDS-C CQ (r = −0.234, P = 0.001) and the CPCIS score (r = −0.180, P = 0.012) and a positive correlation with the CARS score (r = 0.192, P = 0.009). A low father's education level (P = 0.010), less restriction of the child's screen time by the guardian (P = 0.001), greater caregiver screen time (P < 0.001), the use of the screen as a tool for child rearing (P = 0.001), and the child's ownership of independent electronic equipment (P = 0.027) are risk factors for long screen time in children with ASD.Conclusion: The screen time of children with ASD in China is higher than the recommended standard, and the current situation is serious. The screen time of ASD children is related to their autism symptoms, DQ and parent-child interaction. Low paternal education levels, less restriction of children's screen time by guardians, greater guardian screen time, the use of screens in child rearing, and children's ownership of independent electronic equipment can lead to an increase in children's screen time. These findings may have implications for family intervention strategies.

Predicting the Adult Clinical and Academic Outcomes in Boys With ADHD: A 7- to 10-Year Follow-Up Study in China.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood and causes adverse effects on social functioning. The present study aimed to widely investigate the predictors, particularly childhood intelligence quotient (IQ) and family environment factors, on adult clinical and academic outcomes in boys with ADHD.Methods: A total of 101 boys with ADHD in a Chinese Han ADHD cohort were followed up 7–10 years later. Baseline ADHD symptoms were evaluated using the parent version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) and the Chinese version of the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-48). The intelligence of the child was tested by the China-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC), and family function was assessed by the Family Environment Scale-Chinese Edition (FES-CV). Adult ADHD persistence was defined using DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, and academic outcome fell into two categories: higher academic level group (studying in senior middle school or above) and lower academic level group (studying in vocational secondary schools or below).Results: Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the father's character, impulsive–hyperactive index as measured by the CPRS-48, and intellectual–cultural index as measured by the FES-CV independently predicted clinical outcomes in adults, with an AUC of 0.770 (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.678–0.863). The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.743 and 0.727, respectively. The father's education level, family economic level, and verbal IQ (VIQ) on the C-WISC independently predicted adult academic outcomes, with an AUC of 0.870 (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.796–0.944). The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.813 and 0.783, respectively.Conclusion: Initial ADHD symptom severity and IQ, father's character and education level, and family atmosphere and function affect adult clinical and academic outcomes. Addressing these areas early may help to improve the prognosis of ADHD into adulthood.

Assessment of Disease-related Knowledge Among Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and their Family Using IBD-KID2: Evaluating Tool Generalizability.

Children with IBD and family members were recruited from tertiary IBD clinics in New Zealand, Australia, and Canada. All participants completed IBD-KID2 online at baseline, and the children with IBD again after 2 weeks to assess reliability. Participants included 130 children with IBD, 118 mothers, 55 fathers, and 37 siblings. Children with IBD had a mean score of 9.1 (SD 2.9) (maximum 15 points), significantly lower than parents (P < 0.005) and higher than siblings (P < 0.005). Scores of children with IBD were positively associated with current age (P < 0.005), age at diagnosis (P = 0.04) and fathers education level (P = 0.02). Significant score correlations were seen between children with IBD and their mother (P < 0.005) but not father. Sibling scores were not correlated with either parent. Test-retest reliability was high. The cohorts from each country were comparable, and no difference in group scores was seen between countries. IBD-KID2 is a generalizable and reliable tool for the assessment of disease and treatment knowledge for children with IBD and their families. Score correlations between parents and children with IBD suggest transfer of knowledge, but sibling knowledge is low and targeted education may be beneficial.

Intergenerational educational mobility in Bangladesh.

Social mobility is considered as an important indicator of the economic development of a country. However, it varies widely across geographical regions and social groups in developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper intends to evaluate the intergenerational mobility in Bangladesh across generations. This paper considers a nationally representative sample survey of 8,403 respondents (rural: 5,436 and urban: 2,967). The male and female respondents aged 23 years and above were included in the sample. The education attainment of a son or daughter as compared to their father's education level was considered as the measure of intergenerational mobility. Transition probability matrix and different social mobility indices were used to find out the intergenerational education mobility in Bangladesh. The findings reveal that approximately three-fourth (74.5%) of the respondents attained formal education, while more than half (58.3%) of the respondents' father was illiterate. The educational status of the respondents and their father who lived in urban areas was relatively better than who lived in rural areas. It is also observed that 91.2% and 81.6% of the intergenerational class movement was upward among sons and daughters respectively. The probability of a higher educated father will have a higher educated child is higher in urban areas than in rural areas of Bangladesh. The intergenerational mobility is higher in the primary, secondary, and higher secondary educational levels, though the illiterate and higher education levels are the least mobile classes. In addition, the limiting probabilities reveal that the chance of sending sons to schools by an illiterate father is less as compared to their daughters. Such difference is more obvious in the urban areas, i.e., it is highly likely that sons of the illiterate father are also illiterate. Bangladesh has been progressing remarkably in recent years. To keep the pace of the ongoing economic development in the country, it is necessary to give more attention to the illiterate people especially the girls who live in rural areas. The authors anticipate that the findings will be helpful for the policymakers as the relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility is vital for several aspects of the economic development of a country.

Sex Ed Dads: what Australian fathers want their teens to know about relationships and sexuality

ABSTRACT This article reports on the findings of a quantitative online survey investigating Australian fathers’ perspectives on communicating with their children about relationships and sexuality. A diverse sample of 612 Australian fathers of children aged 3 to 12 years completed the Sex Ed Dads survey, sharing their views on sexuality education and their role within it. Here, we discuss the relationships and sexuality-related outcomes fathers say they will value for their children during the teen years. We argue that contrary to assumptions perpetuated by the media, the outcomes Australian fathers value most reflect modern and holistic understandings of relationships and sexuality. The study found that fathers’ top priorities for their teenage children were their capacity to avoid violent relationships, understand consent, and recognise and report sexual abuse, while their lowest priorities were delaying sex until marriage, and avoiding pornography. A slightly elevated level of concern for daughters compared to sons was evident in the data, and religious status was the socio-demographic characteristic responsible for most of the significant differences found. The findings offer insights for media, as well as schools, resource developers, and sexuality education providers seeking to support the increased engagement of fathers in sexuality education.

The intergenerational impact of house prices on education: evidence from China

We investigate heterogeneous and nonlinear intergenerational transmission of education and the impact on this of house prices. Using the China Household Finance Survey, we construct household history of property purchases and educational investment over the past 16 years with current filial educational achievement. High house prices tighten the household's credit constraints, resulting in the concave slopes of filial education as a function of father's education. On average one standard deviation in father's (mother's) education accounts for 0.375 (0.098) standard deviations of filial education. Decomposition reveals the “glass ceiling” and the “glass floor” in two tails of education distribution.

Growth Characteristics of Four Low-and Middle-Income Countries Children Born just After the Millennium Development Goals

Introduction: Socioeconomic inequality among low- and middle-income countries has an immense impact on the growth characteristics of children. Consequently, the millennium development goals were established for action to fight poverty and reduce the health problems for most disadvantaged groups. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth characteristics and correlates of height growth among children in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Data from the Young Lives study conducted in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam for 15 years were used. A linear mixed-effects fractional polynomial modeling approach was used to analyze the growth characteristics and to assess the determinants. Results: There was a significant growth difference in height among children in low- and middle-income countries. Children in Vietnam grew at a faster rate during the entire period considered (1-15 years). In four countries, children grew very quickly in early childhood and the growth rates slow down gradually during the consecutive years. The results show that factors such as gender, parents’ education, household size, wealth index, access to sanitation, fathers’ age and residence area are significantly associated with child growth. Conclusion: The functional relationship between height growth and time is nonlinear. Males are taller than females at an early childhood age. Children from the most educated father and mother had been taller than those from the least educated father and mother. The effect of the household wealth index is positive on height growth, while the effect of household size is negative.

Association of Life-Course Educational Attainment and Breast Cancer Grade in the MEND Study.

Background:Nigeria reports the highest age-standardized mortality rate for breast cancer (BC) among African countries and disproportionately high rates of high-grade cancer. Histological grade is a strong predictor of mortality, and evidence suggests that educational attainment influences cancer outcomes.Objective:We characterize the association between educational trends across the life-course and BC grade at diagnosis.Methods:Data on 224 BC patients enrolled in the Mechanisms for Established and Novel Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Nigerian Women (MEND) study was analyzed. Participant and parental (mother and father) education was categorized as low (primary school or less) or high (secondary school or greater). Accordingly, the educational trend across the life-course was determined for each participant relative to each parent: stable high, increasing, decreasing, or stable low. BC grade was classified as high (grade 3) or low (grades 1–2).Findings:About 34% of participants, 71% of fathers, and 85% of mothers had low education. Approximately one-third of participants were diagnosed with high-grade BC. Participants with low-grade BC were more likely to have highly educated fathers (p = 0.04). After adjusting for age, comorbidities, marital status and mammogram screening, participants with highly educated fathers were 60% less likely to have high-grade BC (aOR 0.41; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.84) compared to those with less-educated fathers. Stable high life-course education relative to father was also associated with a significantly lower likelihood of having high-grade BC (aOR 0.36; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.87) compared to stable low life-course education. No significant associations were observed for the participant’s education, mother’s education, or life-course education relative to mother.Conclusions:Early-life socioeconomic status (SES) may influence BC grade. This deserves further study to inform policies that may be useful in reducing high-grade BC in Nigeria.

Effect of Homebased parent child interaction therapy for families having children with disruptive behavior problems at selected community of Khurda, Odisha, India

Background: Disruptive and inappropriate behaviors of children are actions that interfere with the instructional, administrative or service functions of the organization and family or school. In the early lives of children, the significant risk factors for occurrence of antisocial behavior and criminal activity are the presence of oppositional and disruptive behaviors. Related to this concept, current study was conducted with objectives to identify the families having children with disruptive behavior problems, to determine the effect of (parent child interactive therapy) PCIT on disruptive behavior level, to find out the association between disruptive behavior of the children with selected demographic variable. Methods: A quasi –experimental study was carried out with total 40 number of samples by using total enumeration sampling technique. The intervention was carried out under the guidance of guide and experts. Each Individual was exposed to the therapy for duration of 1 hour, twice a week. Child Directed Session 30 MIN and Parent Directed Session 30 mins. Total no. of 5 session was carried out. After completion of intervention, changing behaviour was assessed by eyeberg scale. Conclusion: Result concluded that in experimental group 90% children shown mild disruptive behavior and 10% children found moderate disruptive behavior before giving intervention, and after intervention 10% children did not show any disruptive behavior and, 90% children had mild disruptive behavior.There was significant difference between the scores of pre-test and post -test level of disruptive behavior of the children in experimental group as ’p’ value (0.025*) at 0.05 level of significant. And there was statistically significant association between disruptive behavior of children with type of family, education of father, education of mother.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge regarding Blood Donation among Non Medical Students of selected Colleges of Mount Abu, (Rajasthan)

Introduction: Blood transfusion is a medical procedure that is designed to provide patients who need Blood or blood products to correct a defect .Secure supply of safe blood components; Based on voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation is an important national goal to Prevent blood shortages. Now a day, in many low and middle income countries, blood Supply is critically inadequate. We therefore set out to determine knowledge regarding Blood donation among non-medical students. Design: A Descriptive Survey research design. Participants: 100 Non Medical Students were selected using Probability Simple random sampling technique in selected colleges of Mount Abu, Rajasthan. Tool: Self Structured Questionnaire was used to assess the level of Knowledge of Non Medical Students regarding Blood Donation. Results: In this study overall the highest percentage in the demographic data including the Age group 50% (20- 22), Gender 54% (Female), Religion 90% (Hindu), Residence 46% (Rural), Monthly Income 644% (less than 10000), father education 36% (primary education), mother’s education 64% (no formal education), father occupation 50% (others), mothers occupation 88% (house wife). Majority of students (46%) of non-medical students were having poor knowledge regarding blood donation, (32%) having average knowledge, (18%) having good knowledge and only 4% having excellent knowledge. Findings revealed that there was significant association between age and level of knowledge at 0.05.Conclusion: The result of study clearly shows that there is poor knowledge regarding blood donation among Non-Medical Students. Further research and multi centric studies required to assess the real problem behind their lacking knowledge.

Analyzing School Attachment of Secondary School Students’ for Regards to Various Variables

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether school attachment levels of secondary school students change according to gender, class level, family income level, academic achievement, parents' age level, parents' job and parents' education level variables or not. The sample of the study consists of 382 (211 female, 171 male) students studying in 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades of two secondary schools in Beylikdüzü district of Istanbul in the 2019-2020 academic year. In this study, the "Personal Information Form" developed by the researcher and the "School Attachment Scale for Children and Adolescents" adapted to Turkish by Savi (2011) were used as data collection tools. T-test for binary variables and ANOVA statistical technique for multiple variables were used. According to the findings of the study, there was no significant difference between the variables of gender, academic achievement, parents’ age level, mother's job, family income level and father's education level. However, A significant difference was found between the groups in the variables of the class level of the student, father's job and mother's education level. The findings were discussed and suggestions presented.

Westernization of self-perception in modern affluent Indonesian school children

Background&#x0D; Subjective Social Status is used as an important predictor for psychological and physiological findings, most commonly measured with the MacArthur Scale (Ladder Test). Previous studies have shown that this test fits better in Western cultures. The idea of a social ladder itself and ranking oneself “higher” or “lower” is a concept that accords to the Western thinking.&#x0D; Objectives&#x0D; We hypothesize that in a culture where only the elites have adapted to a Western lifestyle, the test results reflect a higher level of accuracy for this stratum. We also expect that self-perception differs per sex.&#x0D; Sample and Methods&#x0D; We implemented the Ladder Test in a study of Indonesian schoolchildren aged between 5 and 13 years (boys N = 369, girls N= 364) from non-private and private schools in Kupang in 2020. &#x0D; Results&#x0D; Our analysis showed that the Ladder Test results were according to the Western expectations only for the private school, as the Ladder Scores significantly decreased with age (LM: p = 0.04). The Ladder Test results are best explained by “Education Father” for the non-private school pupils (p = 0.01) and all boys (p = 0.04), by “School Grades” for the private school cohort (p = 0.06) and by “Household Score” for girls (p =0.09).&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; This finding indicates that the concept of ranking oneself “high” or “low” on a social ladder is strongly implicated with Western ideas. A ladder implies social movement by “climbing” up or down. According to that, reflection of self-perception is influenced by culture.

Childhood Socioeconomic Status Does Not Predict Late-Life Cognitive Decline in the 1936 Lothian Birth Cohort.

This study examined childhood socioeconomic status (SES) as a predictor of later life cognitive decline. Data came from 519 participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) study. SES measures at 11 years of age included parental educational attainment, father’s occupational status, household characteristics and a composite measure of global childhood SES (i.e., a total of low SES childhood indicators). Cognitive abilities were assessed by the Mini-Mental State Exam at ages 69.8, 72.8 and 76.7 years. Most indicators of low childhood SES (i.e., father manual worker, less than secondary school father education, household overcrowding, exterior located toilet, and global childhood SES) did not predict cognitive decline between the ages of 69.8 and 76.7. Participants with less educated mothers showed an increase in cognitive decline (β = −0.132, p = 0.048, and CI = −0.80, −0.00). The relationship between maternal educational attainment and cognitive decline became non-significant when controlling for adult SES (i.e., participant educational attainment and occupation). Adult SES did not mediate the latter relationship. This study provides new evidence that childhood SES alone is not strongly associated with cognitive decline. New knowledge is critical to improving population health by identifying life span stages in which interventions might be effective in preventing cognitive decline.

Role strain: a duo-ethnography of fathers in online doctoral education in the United States

PurposeWithin the USA, current trends in higher education show more women than men achieving graduate degrees. Among the potential reasons for this disparity is that fathers are reporting challenges in balancing their additional responsibilities while increasing their housework and childcare investment. Many fathers are turning to online graduate education to more effectively balance home and school responsibilities. However, limited portrayals of fathers' experiences in online education exist.Design/methodology/approachIn this duoethnography of two online doctoral student fathers, the authors add to the limited literature on both fathers and online students in navigating home, school and work responsibilities. The authors use Goode’s role strain theory to examine the challenges to achieving a balance between each sphere of responsibility and explore strategies for managing these tensions.FindingsThe authors discuss the need for ongoing flexibility and change, the process of navigating feelings of guilt and self-doubt and the ability to engage in daily role bargains. They argue that online education is generally not a panacea for easing role conflict and find that integration is an effective strategy to aid online students' persistence in their programs.Practical implicationsThe authors conclude with policy and practice recommendations for future online doctoral student fathers and doctoral program designers.Originality/valueLittle research has been conducted from the online doctoral student father lens. This research fills in this gap and lends a voice to fathers who are navigating the doctoral journey.

Senam Menuju Lansia Sehat dan Bugar

Old age is a natural process experienced by both men and women who have reached the age of 60 years and over. Aging means that you have experienced a process of decline both physically and mentally. The elderly can still be productive when they have a healthy and fit body. Health can be maintained through a balanced nutritional intake and through physical activities such as gymnastics. Efforts to prevent disease in the elderly can be carried out through health checks. As for the purpose of this activity, the elderly are expected to be able to live healthy and fit to carry out their daily life. Methods: carry out elderly exercise together followed by health education and blood pressure checks for elderly mothers and fathers at the Sumarah Sukomoro Nursing Home, totaling 31 people. The results of blood pressure measurement showed that 33.3% had pre-hypertension (BP 120-139mmHg), 20% had grade 1 hypertension (140-159 mmHg), and 13.3% had grade 2 hypertension (≥160 mmHg).

Family Characteristics and Parenting Quality in Relation to at Home Secondhand Smoking Exposure on Infants

Secondhand Smoking (SHS) exposure had a great impact on health, especially among a vulnerable grouplike breastfeeding mothers and infants. No previous research was found on the risk of lower parentingquality with the risk of SHS exposure among infants. This research aimed to analyze the prevalence of SHSexposure at home in infants with family characteristics and parenting quality. A cross-sectional study wasconducted in Magelang with 216 households that had an infant as a household member. SHS exposure athome and family characteristics assessed with a questionnaire and parenting quality assessed with HOMESF,divided into emotional support and cognitive stimulation. The prevalence of SHS at home was 81%.Family characteristics related were higher means of sum of children (t= -2.494; p=0.013), shorter birthspacing (t= -3.146; p=0.002), younger age of mother (t= -3.798; p=0.000) and father (t= -3.766; p=0.000), andshorter years of father education (t= -2.933; p=0.004) were significantly related to higher prevalence of SHSexposure at home.and also lower cognitive stimulation (F=2.705- p=0.046). Several family characteristicsand also the quality of parenting identified as factors associated with infant SHS exposure at home. The highprevalence needs attention for intensive health promotion and consistent implementation of smoke-freelegislation to protect infant and breastfeeding mothers from SHS exposure at home.